Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomyassets.cambridge.org › 97805210 › 04619 › index › 9780521004619... · 2007-06-20 · Name index Capra, Baldessar,

Name index

Abu’l Wefa (Abul Wafa) (940–998), 52Acquaviva, Claudio (1543–1615), 85Acuna, Mario, 431Adams, John Couch (1819–1892), 152n,

168–171, 172, 174–177, 206, 224Adams, Walter S. (1876–1956), 281, 299,

307, 383Adel, A., 317, 318Agucchi, Giovanni Battista (1570–1632),

91A’Hearn, Michael F., 497Ainslie, Maurice, 324Airy, George Biddell (1801–1892),

168–173, 175Al Mansur (c. 711–775), 41Aldrin, Buzz, 363, 365Alexander the Great (356–323 bc), 5, 25,

28al-Shatir, see Ibn al-ShatirAltenhoff, Wilhelm J., 497Alter, Dinsmore, 291Altobelli, Ilario (1560–c. 1630), 75Anaximander (c. 610–545 bc), 13–14,

16Andersson, Leif, 487Andre, Charles, 190Antoniadi, Eugene (1870–1944), 217, 276,

277, 304, 305, 308, 324Apian, Peter (or Apianus) (1495–1552), 136,

199Apollonius of Perga (c. 265–190 bc), 34,

41Appleton, Edward (1892–1965), 301, 302Apt, Jerome, 333Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274), 40, 42Arago, Dominique Francois Jean

(1786–1853), 171, 174, 196Archimedes (c. 287–212 bc) 18, 28, 72Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310–230 bc),

17–19, 21n, 28, 31, 45, 48

Aristotle (384–322 bc), 12, 16, 17, 21, 23,25–27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42, 50, 53,72–75, 77, 85, 86, 89, 90, 193n

Armstrong, Neil, 363, 365Arrhenius, Svante Augustus (1859–1927),

343Arzachel, see Ibn al–ZarqalaAumann, H.H. (George), 373Auteroche, Chappe d’, 143, 144Autolycus, 27

Baade, Walter (1893–1960), 286, 339, 496Babinet, Jacques, 176, 286Babington, Dr Humphrey, 112Backlund, Jons Oskar (1846–1916), 195,

213Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 303Bacon, Roger (c. 1220–1292), 42, 70Badger, 316Baldwin, J.M., 331Baldwin, Ralf, 402Ball, Robert, 191, 219Ball, William (c. 1627–1690), 96Banks, Joseph, 151Barnard, Edward Emerson (1857–1923),

191, 192, 217, 253, 259, 260, 268,321–323, 402

Barnett, Miles, 301Barr, 291Baumgardner, Jeff, 369Becker, Tammy, 486Becklin, Eric E., 374Beer, Wilhelm (1797–1850), 220, 221, 235Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert (1542–1621),

84, 85, 88Belopol’skii, Aristarkh A. (1854–1934), 278Belton, Michael J.S., 332, 497Benedetti, Giovanni Battista (1530–1590),

73Bentley, Richard, 159

534

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Name index

Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich (1777–1846),203

Bernal, 295, 315Bernard, A., 276, 282, 290, 305, 319, 341Besancon, 300Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846),

168, 169n, 195, 196, 200, 209, 215, 220,507

Bethe, Hans (b. 1906), 285Bhattacharyya, 331Biancani, Giuseppe (1566–1624), 91, 92,

108Bieberstein, C.W. von, 222Bieberstein, E.F.L.M. von, 222Biela, Wilhelm von (1782–1856), 210Biermann, Ludwig (1907–1986), 344, 353Bigg, Keith, 320Binder, A.B., 322Binzel, Richard, 492, 493Birch, Peter, 329Blackett, P.M.S. (1897–1974), 355Bobrovnikoff, Nicholas Theodore

(1896–1988), 341, 342Bode, Johann Elert (1747–1826), 151, 163,

164Boltwood, Bertram (1870–1927), 284, 286Bond, George Phillips (1825–1865), 248,

249, 253, 255, 256, 257, 262Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859), 253,

255, 256, 262, 267Bonnet, Charles, 162Borderies, Nicole, 336Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1608–1679),

116, 119Borri, 108Botham, J.H., 323Bouguer, Pierre (1698–1758), 130nBoulliau, Ismael (1605–1694), 95Bourne, William, 70Bouvard, Alexis (1767–1843), 166–170,

172, 177–180, 193Bouvard, Eugene, 170Bowell, Ted, 497Bower, Ernest, 273Boyer, Charles, 279Boyle, Robert, 113Bradley, Francis, 211

Bradley, James (1692–1762), 139, 140, 152nBrahe, see Tycho BraheBrahic, Andre, 335Brahmagupta (c. 598–665), 41Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm (1777–1834),

203Bredikhin, Fedor Alexandrovich

(1831–1904), 200Breit, Gregory, 302Bremiker, Carl, 173Bridgman, 298nBroughton, Peter, 135nBrown, Ernest William (1866–1938), 300Brown, Harrison, 370Brown, Kenneth, 370Brown, Robert, 428Brunhes, Bernard (1867–1910), 357Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600), 77n, 84–86Buffham, W., 264Buffon, Compte de (or Leclerc,

Georges-Louis) (1707–1788), 159, 160,248, 249

Buie, Marc, 497Bullen, 294Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm E. (1811–1899),

197Buridan, Jean (1297–1358), 48Burke, Bernard, 319Burney, Venetia, 273Burnight, Robert, 350Burton, A.C., 316Burton, C.E., 252Bus, Schelte J. (Bobby), 497Butler, Brian, 380Butler, Paul, 511

Caldwell, John, 458Callippus of Cyzicus (c. 370–300 bc),

23–24, 26, 27, 30, 31Cameron, Alastair Graham W., 371, 372nCamichel, Henri, 279Campani, Guiseppe, 96, 158Campbell, Leon, 307, 327Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938),

218, 243, 253, 261Capella, Martianus, of Carthage

(c. 365–440 ad), 53

535






Name index

Capra, Baldessar, 75Carleton, N.P., 333Carlson, Richard, 372Carpenter, Roland, 280, 281Carr, Michael, 424Carrigan, William, 270, 271Carrington, Richard Christopher

(1826–1875), 202, 232, 249Cassen, Patrick, 433, 434Cassini, Gian (or Giovanni) Domenico (or

Jean Dominique) (1625–1712), 96–98,100–102, 103, 104, 106, 129, 130, 137,138, 140, 155, 156, 234, 249, 252

Cassini, Jacques (1677–1756), 216Castelli, Benedetto (1578–1643), 83, 87Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), 249Cesi, Federico (1585–1630), 91Challis, James (1803–1882), 170–173, 175,

180, 268Chamberlain, Joseph, 383Chamberlin, Thomas, 288, 299Chandler, Seth Carlo (1846–1913), 229,

230Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan

(1910–1995), 289, 312Chapelain, Jean (1595–1674), 94Chapman, Sydney (1888–1970), 302, 353Charbonneau, David, 512Charlois, Auguste Honore P. (1864–1910),

187Cheseaux, Jean Philippe Loys de

(1718–1751), 134Chladni, Ernst Florenz F. (1756–1827),

202, 203Christie, William Henry M. (1845–1922),

213Christy, James W., 488Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713–1765), 130n,

134–136Clark, Alvan (1804–1887), 244, 508nClark, Alvan Graham (1832–1897), 508nClark, B.J., 283Clark, R.N., 333Clarke, W.B., 207Clavius, Christopher K. (1537–1612), 81,

83, 84Cleomedes (fl. 1st c. ad), 51

Clerke, Agnes M., 512Coblentz, W. (1873–1962), 279, 306, 310,

312Cohen, 489Collins, Andy, 455Collio, Marco Antonio, 122Colombe, Ludovico delle (1565 – ?), 84Comiers, Claud (d. 1693), 199Common, Andrew Ainslie (1841–1903),

438nConti, Cardinal Carlo, 86Cook, Captain James, 145Coolridge, 318Copeland, Ralf (1837–1905), 198, 211Copernicus, Nicolaus (Niklas

Koppernigk) (1473–1543), 40, 42, 44–48,52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67n, 74–76, 78, 83,84, 86, 88–90, 106, 110, 112

Corliss, C.H., 319Cosimo, Grand Duke, 79, 81, 82Cox, Allan, 357Crabtree, William, 103Critchfield, Charles, 285nCrommelin, Andrew Claude (1865–1939),

273Cruikshank, Dale P., 322, 332, 333, 478,

487, 488, 490, 503Curie, Pierre and Marie, 284Cusa, Nicholas of (1401–1464), 85nCyr, D.L., 402Cysat, Johann Baptiste (c. 1586–1657), 70,

86

D’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste L. (1717–1783),135, 140n

Dalrymple, Brent, 357Daly, Reginald, 372Danielson, Edward, 503Dante (1265–1321), 42, 43d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis (1822–1875), 173,

174Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882), 225,

244Darwin, George Howard (1845–1912), 225,

226, 284, 291Davis, Donald, 372Davis, J., 339

536






Name index

Dawes, William Rutter (1799–1868), 196,254, 256, 266

de Boer, 295De Freycinet, 186De Plantade, 213de Sitter, Willem (1872–1934), 300de Vaucouleurs, 282, 283, 308, 401Decuppis, 254Dee, John, 70Delaunay, Charles (1816–1872), 224,

299Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688–1768), 136,

142, 143Dellinger, Howard (1886–1962), 303Delporte, Eugene, 337, 338Delsemme, Armand, 345, 503Denning, William Frederic (1848–1931),

218, 251, 263Dennison, 317Descartes, Rene du Perron (1596–1650),

93, 111–112Deslandres, Henri Alexandre (1853–1948),

341Di (or De) Vico, Francesco P. (1805–1848),

210, 218, 254Digges, Leonard, 70Digges, Thomas (c. 1546–1595), 49Diogenes Laertius (fl. 3rd C. ad), 21Diogenes of Babylon (fl. 2nd C. bc), 36Divine, Neil T., 503Divini, Eustachio (c. 1620–1664), 91, 92,

96Dixon, Jeremiah (1733–1779), 143Doell, Richard, 357Dollfus, Audouin (b. 1924), 276, 304, 307,

325, 454Donati, Giovanni Battista (1826–1873),

197Dorffel, Georg Samuel (1643–1688),

119Douglas, Alexander E. (1867–1962),

341Douglass, Andrew, 241, 242, 252Drake, Frank, 320Drake, Stillman, 176Dugan, Raymond Smith, 345Duncan, Martin J., 498

Dunham, Edward, 329Dunham, Theodore, Jr. (1897–1984), 281,

307, 317, 383Dunkin, 213Dunthorne, Richard, 146Dyce, R., 277

Eccles, William, 301Ecphantus (fl. 4th C. bc), 14, 17Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1882–1944),

285Edgeworth, Kenneth, 340, 498Edlen, Bengt (1906–1993), 353Edmondson, Frank, 339Eichhorn, Heinrich, 509Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 185, 284Elliot, James, 329–331Empedokles (c. 494–434 bc), 25Encke, Johann Franz (1791–1865), 145,

173, 193, 195, 212, 213, 254Engelmann, 252Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276–195 bc),

28–29Erman, George Adolf (1806–1877), 205,

207Eucken, Arnold, 295, 297, 299Euclid (fl. c. 300 bc), 21Euctemon (fl. 430 bc), 24Eudemus, 21, 23, 24Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408–355 bc), 21–23,

24, 26Euler, Leonard (1707–1783), 128n, 135,

140n, 146, 227, 228, 230Evershed, John (1864–1956), 341

Fabri, Honore (1607–1688), 96Fabricius, Johann (1587–1616), 85Faye, Herve (1814–1902), 182Feibelman, Walter, 323Ferdinand, Archduke (1578–1637), 61, 62,

64, 111Fernandez, Julio A., 498Filiis, Angelo de, 87Finlay, William Henry (b. 1849), 212Finsen, 190, 495nFitzgerald, George, 343, 344Fix, John, 487

537






Name index

Flammarion, Camille (1842–1925), 180n,218, 219, 236, 269, 304

Flamsteed, John (1646–1719), 106,119–123, 128, 138, 152, 179, 213

Flaugergues, Honore, 213, 235Flemming, Friedrich, 168Flynn, Brian, 369Fontana, Francesco (c. 1580–1656), 91, 92,

102–104, 108, 216Forbes, George, 269Fountain, John, 325, 454Fournier, 308Fowler, Alfred (1868–1940), 341Fowler, Ralph Howard (1889–1944), 312Frail, Dale, 510Franklin, Kenneth, 319Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826), 197Frederick II, King of Denmark

(1534–1588), 50, 54Fremlin, 371French, R.G., 327Friedman, Herbert (1916–2000), 350, 351Fritsch, 218

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), 67n, 71,72–90, 91–94, 98–100, 101, 107, 108,112, 114, 115, 176, 177, 252

Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812–1910),173–176, 256, 269

Gallet, Father Jean Charles (1637–1713),121, 140

Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655), 70, 91, 100,103, 108, 109, 113

Gatewood, George, 509Gault, 380Gaultier, Joseph, 108Gauss, Karl (or Carl) Friedrich

(1777–1855), 145, 164, 165, 209, 300Gautier, Alfred, 231Gay–Lussac, 171Gerstenkorn, 292Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839–1903), 206Gibson, Everett Jr., 419, 421Gilbert, Grove K., 223, 291, 365nGilbert, William (1540–1603), 67, 77nGildemeister, 163Gill, Thomas, 274

Gillett, Fred, 373Gilvarry, 339Gingerich, Owen, 246Glaisher, James (b. 1809), 196, 232Gold, Thomas, 291, 360Goldader, Jeffrey, 492Goldreich, Peter, 277, 336, 455, 463, 482Goldstein, Richard M., 280, 281, 283Goodricke, John (1764–1786), 507Gould, 211, 212Gouy, A., 198Graff, 322Graham, 230Graham, George, 138Grassi, Orazio (1590–1654), 90Green, Nathaniel, 237, 238Green, Paul, 280Green, S., 339Greenacre, 291Greenstein, Jesse L., 342Gregory, David (1659–1708), 159, 162Gregory, James (1638–1675), 140Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618–1663),

91, 92, 96, 109Gruithuisen, Franz, 220, 222Guerin, Pierre, 323, 324, 457Guest, J. E., 380Guinan, Edward, 335Gutenberg, Beno (1889–1960), 293Guthnick, Paul (1879–1947), 321Gylden, 229

Hall, Asaph (1829–1907), 185, 228, 229,241, 244, 245, 263

Hall, Maxwell, 267, 331, 332Halley, Edmond (1656–1742), 116, 118,

120, 123, 124, 133–134, 136, 140–142,146, 202

Hamilton Brown, Robert, 332, 333, 485,486

Hansen, Candy, 432Hansen, Peter Andreas (1795–1874), 168,

224, 225Harch, Ann, 492Hardie, Robert, 275Harding, Karl Ludwig (1765–1834), 155n,

163, 166, 183, 215

538






Name index

Harkness, William (1837–1903), 228Harrington, Robert S., 488Harriot, Thomas (1560–1621), 76, 85, 107,

108Hartmann, William K., 369, 372Hay, William Thompson (1888–1949), 323Hayes, S.H., 332Heaviside, Oliver (1850–1925), 301Heinsius, Gottfried (1709–1769), 136Heintz, 509Helin, Eleanor, 339, 340Hell, Maximilian, 143Hemmel, Heidi, 332Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1793–1866), 186Henry, Paul Pierre (1848–1905), 265Henry, Prosper Mathieu (1849–1903), 265Hepburn, P.H., 157Heracleides of Pontus (c. 388–315 bc), 17,

32, 36, 37, 48, 53Herbig, George H., 374Hergenrother, Carl, 501Hermite, 300Herodotus (c. 484–425 bc), 12Herrick, 339Herrick, Edward C. (1811–1862), 211Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750–1848),

193Herschel, John Frederick W. (1792–1871),

153n, 176, 180, 196, 220, 236, 250, 254,266n

Herschel, William (1738–1822), 148–159,161, 163–165, 200, 201, 213, 216–220,233–236, 250, 252, 254, 492

Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf (1857–1894), 301Herzberg, Gerhard, 318, 319, 342Hess, Harry (1906–1969), 356, 358, 359Hevelius (or Hewelcke), Johannes

(1611–1687), 91, 92, 94, 96, 102, 109,110, 119, 193n, 220

Hicetas of Syracuse (fl. 5th C. bc), 17, 48Hind, John Russell (1823–1895), 173, 180,

186, 211Hiorter, 232Hipparchus (c. 185–120 bc), 30–32, 34,

47n, 51, 52Hippolytus, 13Hirayama, Kiyotsugu, 336

Hirst, George (1846–1915), 247, 248Hodgson, 232Hodierna, G. (1597–1660), 94Hoffman, Christian G., 135Holden, Edward S. (1846–1914), 241Holmes, Arthur, 356Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 104, 109,

116–118, 123, 124, 138, 158Horrocks (or Horrox), Jeremiah

(1618–1641), 102, 103Hough, George (1836–1909), 248, 251, 252Howard, W.E., 276Hubbard, 211, 227Hubbard, William, 334, 335, 484, 489Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889–1953), 285,

286Hudson, Scott, 491Huggins, William (1824–1910), 197, 198,

213, 218, 243, 249, 264, 265, 341Hulburt, E.O., 302Hulsmeyer, Christian, 302nHumason, Milton La Salle (1891–1972),

274, 285, 286Hunten, Donald, 458Huntingdon, 313Hussey, Rev. T.J., 168, 169, 218Huth, Johann S., 193Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695), 92–97,

101, 102, 104, 107n, 113, 129, 220nHvatum, Hein, 320

Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), 42, 48Ibn al-Zarqala (Arzachel) (1029–1087),

42Ibn Yunus (d. 1009), 51Ingram, 317

Jackson, 331, 332Jacob, W.S., 256Jacobi, 226nJames, 318Janisch, 211Jansky, Karl Guthe (1905–1950), 320nJanssen, Pierre Jules C. (1824–1907), 218,

243, 264Jeans, James Hopwood (1877–1946), 287,

288

539






Name index

Jeffreys, Harold (1892–1989), 294–296,299, 310, 311

Jewitt, David, 499, 501, 503Johnson, T.H., 303

Kamienski, Michael (1880–1973), 196Kaneda, E., 505Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 159, 160,

223, 224, 226, 235, 248Kaplan, Lewis, 307, 308, 401, 402Kater, Henry (1777–1835), 254Keeler, James Edward (1857–1900), 241,

260, 261Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson)

(1824–1907), 284Kempf, Paul (1856–1920), 277Kennelly, Arthur (1861–1939), 301Kepler, Johannes (Keppler) (1571–1630), 46,

49, 52, 55–70, 71, 74–76, 77n, 81–83, 85,88, 103n, 110–112, 118, 137, 141, 161,199, 245

Kiess, C.C. and H.K., 319Kirch, Gottfried (1639–1710), 119Kirchoff, Gustav Robert (1824–1887),

197Kirkwood, Daniel (1814–1895), 186, 207,

216Klein, Hermann, 222Klinkerfues, E.F. Wilhelm (1827–1884),

212Knight, John, 324Koestler, Arthur (b. 1905), 47nKomesaroff, Max, 320Korff, Serge, 303Korringa, 295Kothari, 312, 313Kowal, Charles T., 176, 338, 496Kozyrev, Nikolei, 291Kreutz, Heinrich Carl F. (1854–1907), 212Kron, Erich, 342, 503Kronig, 295Kuhn, Werner, 295Kuiper, Gerard P. (1905–1973), 289, 290,

299, 305, 307, 309, 319, 325, 327, 328n,333, 339, 341, 349, 369, 458, 498

Kunowsky, Georg, 235Kuppuswamy, 331

Kustner, Karl Friedrich (1856–1936), 228,229

Kuzmin, A.D., 283

La Condamine, Charles-Marie de(1701–1774), 130n

Lacaille, Nicolas-Louis de (1713–1762),142

Lacques, P., 454Lagrange, Joseph Louis de (1736–1813),

129n, 190, 213Lalande, Joseph Jerome le Francois de

(1732–1807), 134, 145, 151, 157, 163,164, 175,

Lalande, Michel de, 176Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728–1777),

161, 236Lamont, John (1805–1879), 176, 231Lampland, Carl Otto (1873–1951), 271,

272, 279, 306, 310, 312Lamy, Philippe, 507nLangranus, see Van Langren, MichaelLaplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de

(1749–1827), 129n, 146, 147, 151,155–157, 160, 161, 166, 201, 223, 224

Larmor, Joseph, 301Larson, Stephen M., 325, 332, 454, 505Lassell, William (1799–1880), 180, 254,

256, 262, 266Lau, Hans-Emil, 270Le Gentil, Guillaume H. (1725–1792), 143,

144Le Monnier, Pierre Charles (1715–1799),

152, 167Le Verrier (or Leverrier), Urbain Jean

Joseph (1811–1877), 171–178, 181–184,185, 191, 207–210, 269

Lebofsky, Larry, 334Lecacheaux, Jean, 454Ledger, Edmund, 191, 250, 251Lehmann, Inge, 294Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716),

93Leighton, Robert, 403Lepaute, Mme Nicole, 135Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste

(1814–1894), 183, 184

540






Name index

Lespiault, 187Leuschner, Armin O. (1868–1953), 273Levy, David, 438Lexell, Anders Johan (1740–1784), 145,

151, 192, 193Liais, Emmanuel (1826–1900), 184, 236,

242Liller, William C., 343Lippershey, Hans, 70Lissauer, Jack, 336Liviander, 331Locke, John (1792–1856), 205Lohrmann, Wilhelm Gotthelf

(1786–1840), 221, 222Lohse, J.G., 198Lomonsov, Mikhail Vasilievich

(1711–1765), 144, 216Lovell, Bernard, 361Lowell, Percival (1855–1916), 216–218,

241–243, 244, 270–271, 273–275, 291,304, 305, 307, 327

Lugmair, Gunter, 372Luther, 187Luu, Jane, 499, 501Lyapunov, A.M., 226Lyman, 217Lyot, Bernard (1897–1952), 276, 277, 282,

290, 304, 305, 307, 478

Mackay, Craig D., 333Maclaurin, Colin (1698–1746), 161, 226nMadan, Henry, 245nMadler, Johann Heinrich (1794–1874),

220–222, 235Madras, Claudine, 492Maestlin, Michael, see MastlinMaggini (1890–1941), 324Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1555–1617),

52, 81Malapert, 108Maraldi, Giacomo Filippo (1665–1729),

104, 233, 234Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1937), 301Marcy, Geoffrey, 511Marius, Simon (1573–1624), 71Marsden, Brian G., 213, 340, 499, 501Marth, Arthur (1828–1897), 259, 263

Martynov, 283Maskelyne, Nevil (1732–1811), 143, 145,

151, 220Mason, Charles (1728–1786), 143Mason, Ronald, 358Massey, 315Mastlin (or Maestlin), Michael

(1550–1631), 49, 50n, 55, 59, 68Matthews, Drummond, 358Matuyama, Motonori (1884–1958), 357Maunder, E. Walter (1851–1928), 218, 231Maupertuis, Perre Louis M. de

(1698–1759), 130nMaurolyco, Francesco (1494–1575), 49Mauvais, F.V., 176Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–1879), 258,

260n, 283, 343Mayer, Cornell H., 282, 320Mayer, Johann Tobias (1723–1762), 152Mayer, Thomas, 146Mayor, Michel, 510, 511Mayr, Simon (1570–1624), 75, 78nMcCrea, William Hunter (1904–1999), 289McCrosky, Richard, 338McCullough, 282McEwen, H., 278McKay, David, 419, 421McKinnon, William, 489McLaughlin, Dean, 305McLennan, J.C., 316Mechain, Pierre-Francois A. (1744–1804),

151, 193Mecke, 316, 317Meech, Karen J., 497Meeus, Jean, 80Mellan, Claud (1598–1688), 108, 109Mellish, John, 402Mendillo, Mike, 369Menzel, Donald Howard (1901–1976), 282,

306, 307, 310–312, 316, 327, 332, 333,382

Mersenne, Marin (1588–1647), 108Messier, Charles (1730–1817), 135, 136,

192, 209Meton (c. 460–400 bc), 3n, 24, 30Meyer, Wilhelm, 211Micanzio, Fulgenzio (1570–1654), 108

541






Name index

Miles, 314Millis, Robert L., 329, 331, 505Mink, Douglas, 329Mittlefehldt, David, 419Mohn, 202Mohorovii, Andrija (1857–1936), 294Moll, 213Molyneux, Samuel (1689–1728), 138, 139Montaigne, Jacques Leibax, 209Moore, Joseph H., 327, 332, 333Morabito, Linda, 434Morgan, Tom, 368Morrison, David, 487Moulton, Forest R., 288, 291, 322Mueller, Steve, 489Muhleman, Duane, 380Muller, Gustav (1851–1925), 214, 277, 331Muller, Johann, of Konigsberg

(Regiomontanus) (1436–1476), 43Munch, Guido, 307, 308, 401, 402Murray, Bruce, 370Mydorge, Claude, 108

Namiki, Noriyuki, 492Nasmyth, James (1808–1890), 217, 248Ness, Norman, 431Neugebauer, Gerry, 374Newcomb, Simon (1835–1909), 166, 185,

220, 224, 228, 230, 299Newton, Hubert Anson (1830–1896), 202,

206, 207Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 93, 112–132,

133, 136, 159, 181, 185, 199Nicholson, Seth B. (1891–1963), 277,

279n, 291Nicolai, Friedrich, 168Niesten, Louis (1844–1920), 188, 191, 247Nyren, 229

O’Dell, Robert, 374Offutt, Warren, 501Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm M. (1758–1840),

162, 163, 165, 166, 186, 193, 200, 204Oldham, Richard (1858–1936), 293Olmsted, Denison (1791–1859), 203,

205–207Oort, Jan Henrik (b. 1900), 348, 349

Opik, Ernst Julius (1893–1985), 331, 347,402

Oresme, Nicole (1320–1382), 48Oriani, Barnaba (1752–1832), 164Orsini, Cardinal Alessandro (1593–1626),

89Orton, Glenn, 470Osiander, Andreas (1498–1552), 46Ostro, Stephen, 491Owen, Tobias, 432, 490

Page, David, 381Page, Thornton, 342Palisa, Johann (1829–1925), 337Palitzsch, Johann Georg (1723–1788), 135,

136Parker, Eugene, 353, 354Parmenides of Elea (c. 504–450 bc), 15nParsons, Laurence (fourth Earl of Rosse)

(1840–1908), 247Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662), 93, 300Patterson, 286Payne (Payne-Gaposchkin), Cecilia, 312Peacock, George, 172Peale, Stanton, 432, 434Peirce, Benjamin (1809–1880), 176, 257,

270Peiresc, Nicholas de (1580–1637), 99n,

108, 109Perrotin, Henri Joseph A. (b. 1845), 218,

239, 265Peters, Carl Friedrich W. (1844–1894), 207Pettengill, G., 277Pettit, Edison, 277, 279n, 291Phillips, John, 236Philolaus (c. 450–400 bc), 15–17, 25, 48nPiazzi, Giuseppe (1746–1826), 163–165Picard, Jean (1620–1682), 101, 102, 106,

129, 138Pickering, Edward Charles (1846–1919),

191, 241n, 508Pickering, William Henry (1858–1938),

241–242, 252, 262, 270, 271, 274, 278,290, 327

Pilcher, Carl, 487Pingre, Alexandre-Gui (1711–1796), 143,

145

542






Name index

Planmann, Anders, 145Plato (c. 427–347 bc), 12, 17, 19–21, 25, 31Pliny (23–79 ad), 15Plutarch (46–120 ad), 16, 18Poincare, Jules Henri (1854–1912), 226nPolemarchus, 23Pons, Jean Louis (1761–1831), 193, 209Porco, Carolyn, 463Porter, William, 315Potter, Drew, 368Pound, James, 130Price, Bob, 280Prince, 215, 217Pritchett, Carl (1837–1888), 247Proctor, Richard Anthony (1837–1888),

222, 250, 286Prosperin, 213Ptolemy of Alexandria (Claudius

Ptolemaeus) (c. 100–170 ad), 30, 34–39,40–42, 44, 46–48, 51, 52, 63, 65, 74, 75,90

Purcell, 350, 351Pythagoras (c. 580–500 bc), 14–15

Queloz, Didier, 510, 511Quetelet, Lambert A.J. (1796–1874), 205,

254Quietanus, Remus, 70, 103nQuinn, Thomas, 498

Rabe, Eugene, 298nRabinowitz, David, 498Radau, Jean Charles R. (b. 1835), 184Radhakrishnan, Venkataraman, 320Raff, Arthur (b. 1917), 358Ramsey, William H., 296, 298, 313, 314,

430Ranyard, A.C., 244Ratcliffe, 302Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt)

(1842–1919), 296Regiomontanus, see Muller, JohannReid, William, 324Reinhold, Erasmus (1511–1553), 48Reinmuth, Karl (1892–1979), 337, 339Reitsema, Harold, 332, 334, 336n, 484Reymarus, Nicolaus, see Ursus

Reynaud, P., 273nReynolds, Ray, 433, 434Rheticus, Georg Joachim (1514–1576),

46Ricci, Ostilio (1540–1603), 72Riccioli, Giovanni Battista (1598–1671),

91, 92, 96, 103, 109Ricco, 217Richer, Jean (1630–1696), 106, 129Rittmann, Arnold, 295Roberts, James, 320Roberval, Giles P. de (1602–1675), 94Roche, Edouard Albert (1820–1883), 258Roeslin, Helisaeus (1544–1616), 54nRomer, Ole (1644–1710), 101, 102, 139Roseveare, N.T., 246Ross, James, 356Rosse, fourth Earl of, see Parsons,

LawrenceRudaux (d. 1947), 324Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor

(1552–1612), 54, 62, 68, 83Ruedy, 316Ruggieri, Guido, 324Rumker, Karl Ludwig C., 193Runcorn, Stanley (1922–1995), 355Russell, Henry Norris (1877–1957), 312,

318, 320, 345

Sabine, Edward (1788–1883), 231Safronov, Viktor S., 290Sagan, Carl, 282, 382, 384Samuelson, Robert, 458nSaron, Jean Baptiste de (1730–1794), 151Schaeberle, John M. (1853–1924), 241, 253,

343Schaer, 323Scheiner, Christoph (1573–1650), 71, 86,

87, 90, 91, 92, 108Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio

(1835–1910), 22–24, 27, 207, 215, 216,218, 237–241, 264, 407

Schmidt, Johann F. Julius (1825–1884), 221,222

Schmitt, Harrison, 368Schonberg, Cardinal Nicholas

(1472–1537), 46

543






Name index

Schroter, Johann Hieronymus(1745–1816), 155n, 163, 166, 213, 214,216–220, 235, 249

Schuler, Wolfgang, 49Schultz, 380Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich (1789–1875),

183, 231, 247, 249, 254Schwarzschild, Karl (1873–1916), 342–344,

503Scott, Captain Robert Falcon, 387nSecchi, Angelo (1818–1878), 197, 207, 214,

221, 236, 237n, 249, 253, 264, 265Sedgwick, W.F., 287See, T.J.J., 267Sekanina, Zdenek, 505Seleucus of Seleucia (fl. 2nd C. bc), 19Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c. 4 bc – 65 ad),

21Shain, Alex, 320Shao, Cheng-Yuan, 338Shapley, Harlow (1885–1972), 273Shaw, J. Scott, 335Shleicher, David, 505Shoemaker, Carolyn, 438Shoemaker, Eugene, 339, 438Short, James (1710–1768), 157Showalter, Mark, 437, 463Sill, Godfrey, 387Silvaggio, Peter, 333Simplicius (fl. c. 530 ad), 21, 23, 24Sizzi, Francesco (1585–1618), 84Slade, Martin, 380Slavinsky, 167Slipher, E.C., 304Slipher, Vesto Melvin (1875–1969),

272–275, 278, 281, 305, 307, 315–318,327

Sloanaker, 282, 320Smart, W.M., 175Smith, Bradford A., 332, 455, 509Smith, Robert, 149Smith, William B., 280Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio, 303Socrates (c. 470–399 bc), 19Soderblom, Lawrence, 486Sola, J. Cornas, 324Sorby, Henry (1826–1908), 377

Sosigenes, 21, 23Spencer Jones, Harold (1890–1960), 175,

300, 345Spinrad, Hyron, 307, 308, 383, 401, 402Spitzer, Lyman (1914–1997), 288St Augustine (354–430), 40St John, Edward (1857–1935), 307Steavenson, W.H., 278Stebbins, Joel (1878–1966), 321Stern, Alan, 369Stevenson, Thomas, 134Stewart, John Quincy, 345Stone, Edward James (1833–1897), 181nStoney, George Johnstone (1826–1911),

244Stoyko, N., 300Streete, Thomas (1622–1689), 137Strom, Robert, 380Stromgren, Svante Elis (1870–1947), 346Struve, Otto Wilhelm (1819–1905),

266–268Struve, Otto (1897–1963), 289Struve, Wilhelm (1793–1864), 196, 254Stumpff, Peter, 497Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), 245, 246Swings, Polydore F. (1906–1983), 342, 344,

345, 503

Tacchini, Pietro (b. 1838), 217Taylor, Frank, 303Taylor, Geoffrey, 299Taylor, Gordon, 328Terrile, Richard J., 332, 455, 456, 509Thales of Miletus (c. 625–547 bc), 12–13,

14, 16, 18Tharp, Marie, 356Tholen, David J., 334, 497Thollon, Louis (1829–1887), 198, 239Thury, Cesar-Francois Cassini de

(1714–1784), 143Tikhov, Gavril Adrianovich (1875–1960),

305Timocharis, 31Titius, Johann Daniel (1729–1796), 162,

163Todd, David P., 269Tokunaga, Alan, 332

544






Name index

Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906–1997),272, 274, 275, 402

Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647), 104Tousey, 350, 351Trask, Newell, 380Tremaine, Scott D., 336, 455, 463, 498Trout, Dan, 329Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold (1827–1895),

256, 257, 324Trumpler, Robert Julius (1886–1956),

304Tuttle, Charles W. (1829–1881), 255,

256Tuttle, Horace P. (1837–1923), 187Tuve, Merle, 302Twining, Alexander C. (1801–1884), 203Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), 48–54, 61, 62,

64–66, 68, 69, 74–76, 83, 86, 89, 90, 101,106, 137

Urban VIII, Pope, 90Urey, Harold (1893–1981), 290, 296–299,

305Ursus (Nicolaus Reymarus) (1550–1599),

54n

Vaisala, Yrjo, 339Valz, Jean E. Benjamin, 168Van Allen, James, 351–353Van Biesbroeck, G., 338, 347van de Kamp, Peter (b. 1901), 508, 509van den Bos, 190, 495nVan Langren, Michael (Langranus)

(1600–1675), 109Van Woerkom, Adrianus J.J., 347, 348Vegard, Lars, 302Very, Frank, 307Veverka, Joseph, 453nVine, Frederick, 358Vinta, Belisario (1542–1613), 82Vogel, Hermann Carl (1841–1907), 214,

218, 243, 249, 508von Asten, Friedrich Emil (1842–1878),

195, 213von Ende, 163von Helmholtz, Hermann (1821–1894),

284

von Humboldt, Friedrich W.H. Alexander(1769–1859), 203, 231, 303

von Oppolzer, Egon, 190von Oppolzer, Theodor (1841–1886), 207,

209, 212von Weizsacker, Carl (b. 1912), 285, 289von Zach, Franz Xaver (1754–1832), 163,

164

Wagman, Nicholas, 509Walker, Alistair, 489Walker, Merle, 275Walker, Richard, 325Walker, Sears Cooke (1805–1853), 175,

176, 207Ward, William, 372nWatanabe, 350, 351Watson, James, 187Watson, William, 150, 151Watson-Watt, Robert, 302Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930), 303, 304,

355–356Weiss, Edmund (1837–1917), 211Welser, Marcus (1558–1614), 86, 87Whipple, Fred Lawrence (b. 1906), 196,

273, 282, 298, 341, 344, 345, 382, 402,498, 502, 503

Whiston, William (1667–1752), 115Wiechert, Emil (1861–1928), 293, 294Wigner, 313Wild, Paul, 338Wildt, Rupert (1905–1976), 281, 307,

312–314, 316, 317Williams, Arthur Stanley (1861–1938),

264Williams, Elizabeth, 271Williams, James, 340Williams, Stanley (1861–1938), 322Winthrop, John (1714–1779), 143Witt, Gustav (1866–1946), 187Wolf, Max Franz J.C. (1863–1932), 186Wolf, Rudolf (1816–1893), 184, 231Wolszczan, Alex, 510Wren, Christopher (1631–1723), 91, 94, 95,

123, 124Wright, Thomas of Durham (1711–1786),

159, 161, 166

545






Name index

Wright, W.H. (1871–1959), 279n,309

Wurm, Karl, 344, 345

Young, Andrew, 387Young, Charles Augustus (1834–1908),

241, 264

Young, Leslie, 490Young, Louise, 387

Zare, Richard, 420Zollner, Johann C. Friedrich (1834–1882),

214, 217, 249Zupus (or Zupo), Father Giovanni, 102

546






Subject index

Main references are in bold type

Alfonsine Tables, 42, 44, 48Almagest (Ptolemy), 35, 41, 46, 47, 74Arabs, 41, 42Assyrians, 4asteroids, 161–166, 186–192, 275, 322, 334,

336–341, 348, 491–502general

atmospheres, 191binary asteroids, 187Centaurs, 496, 498, 501C-types, 494families, 336Kirkwood gaps, 186, 187Koronis family, 493Kuiper belt, 340–341, 498–501Kuiper belt objects, 499–502

1992 QB1, 499–5001993 FW, 499–500

orbits, 188, 191scattered disc objects, 501–502

1996 TL66, 501S-types, 494total mass, 191Trojans, 190Vulcanoids, 340

namedAchilles (588), 190Adonis (2101), 338Aethra (132), 187, 188Albert (719), 337Amor (1221), 337, 338Apollo (1862), 337, 338Astrea, 186Aten (2062), 340Brucia (323), 186Castalia (4769), 491Ceres

albedo, 191, 192n

diameter, 165, 191, 192ndiscovery, 163–165orbit, 164–166

Chiron (2060), 496–499Eros (433), 187–190, 337, 494–496Fides (37), 187Flora, 186Gaspra (951), 491, 492, 494Hebe, 186Hermes, 339Icarus (1566), 339, 340, 491Ida (243), 492–494

Dactyl, 492–494Isis, 186Juno, 166, 191, 192nMaia (66), 187Mathilde (253), 494Nessus (7066), 501Pallas, 191

albedo, 191, 192ndiameter, 165, 191, 192ndiscovery, 165orbit, 165, 166

Patroclus (617), 190Phaethon (3200), 339Pholus (5145), 498, 499Polyhymnia (33), 191Quetzalcoatl, 340Toro (1685), 340Vesta, 166, 191, 192

Astronomia Nova (Kepler), 63, 68, 88n,110, 111

atmospheric refraction, 51, 136–138

Babylonians, 4–11, 12–14, 28, 30, 31

calendar, 2–4, 21, 28, 42, 43, 103n

547






Subject index

comets, 50, 52, 90n, 192–202, 339,341–349, 496, 497, 502–507

generalcomposition, 341–342

carbon, 198cyanogen, 198iron, 198sodium, 198, 199

density, 342–343dirty snowball theory, 196, 344–345,

502, 506effect of solar radiation pressure,

199heads, 341, 342

density, 196Kreutz sungrazing, 211–213nucleus, 200, 342–344, 348n

composition, 344–345jets, 195, 196size, 345–346

orbits, 118–123, 133–136, 192–196,201, 202, 269, 346–349

effect of Jupiter, 193, 202, 211effect of solar repulsive force,

199–201resisting medium, 193–196, 212

origin, 201–202, 346–349Oort cloud, 348–349, 498

tails, 199–201, 341, 342, 343–344antitail, 199hydrocarbons in, 197, 201hydrogen in, 201

individualArend-Roland (1957 III), 343Bennett, 504Bester (1948 I), 342Biela, 196, 209, 210Borrelly, 506–507Chiron, see asteroidscomet 1887 I, 213Cunningham (1941 I), 342Daniel (1907 IV), 341Delavan, 347Donati (1858 VI), 196, 345Encke, 193, 195, 196, 213Giacobini–Zinner, 502–503Great Comet of 1811, 200

Great March Comet of 1843 (1843 I),200, 201, 211–213

Great September Comet (1882 II), 195,198, 212, 213, 345

Great Southern Comet of 1880 (1880I), 211–213

Grigg–Skjellerup, 506Hale–Bopp, 503nHalley, 133–136, 168, 193n–194n, 195,

196, 341, 342, 345, 502–506bow shock, 504inner coma, constituents, 505ionopause, 504nucleus, 503–505

Ikeya-Seki (1965 VIII), 342Kohoutek, 504Lexell, 192Morehouse (1908 III), 341Mrkos (1957 V), 343of 1305, 134of 1456, 134of 1531, see Halleyof 1607, see Halleyof 1664, 119of 1680, 118–123, 133of 1682, see Halleyof 1683, 133Shoemaker–Levy 9, 438–439Swift–Tuttle (1862 III), 197, 207Tago–Sato–Kosaka, 503Tebbutt (1861 II), 197Tebbutt (1881 III), 197–198Tempel (1864 II), 197Tempel–Tuttle (1866 I), 197, 207–209Tralles (1819 II), 196Wells (1882 I), 198

De Revolutionibus (Copernicus), 44–47,74, 89

Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems(Galileo), 89, 90

Divine Comedy (Dante), 42, 43

earth, 7, 25, 26, 103n, 227–233, 292–304,350–360

age, 284–286atmosphere, 325

548






Subject index

constituents, 308pressure, 300, 309temperature, 300

aurora, 232–233bow shock, 354continental drift, see plate tectonicsdensity, 126, 127, 250, 294diameter, 29earthquakes, 356, 358equatorial bulge, 106, 129, 130, 147, 292inclination of equatorial plane, see

ecliptic, obliquityinternal structure, 292–296, 297

core, 293–297crust, 292–294, 296, 356, 359lithosphere, 359mantle, 293–297, 356, 358, 359, 372Mohorovicic discontinuity, 294Wiechert–Gutenberg discontinuity,

293internal temperature, 292ionosphere, 300–303, 350–351

D layer, 302E or Heaviside layer, 301, 302F layer, 302

longitude determination, 99, 108, 109longitude, 43magnetic field, 354, 355, 357, 358,

427magnetic storms, 231–233magnetic variations, 230–233magnetopause, 354, 427magnetosphere, 352, 353–355mass, 126, 127nutation of axis, 139, 140ocean ridges, 356–360ocean trenches, 356, 358–360, 398norbit, 66

eccentricity, effect of planetaryperturbations, 146

origin of life, 13nplate tectonics/continental drift,

303–304, 355–360polar flattening, see equatorial bulgepolar motion, 227–230precession of equinoxes, 28, 30, 47 130,

131

precession of perihelion, 7radiation belts, 351–353radioactive heating, 296, 297rotation period, 299–300seasons, 2, 24, 31, 32spherical shape, 12, 15, 26spin axis precession, see precession of

equinoxesspin rate, 146spins on its axis? 16–18, 26, 35, 44, 48,

74, 116tidal friction, 299tides, 110volcanoes, 293, 356

eclipseslunar, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 16, 19, 26, 31, 32solar, 12, 13, 16, 27, 32

eclipticobliquity, 14, 29, 106

Egyptians, 2, 4, 14, 27, 28, 31epicycles, 32–39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae

(Kepler), 69, 88nequant, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 52, 63, 64, 66ether, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 193n, 199,

202extra-solar system planets, 507–512

around 47 Ursae Majoris, 511around 51 Pegasi, 510around HD 209458, 512around millisecond pulsar

PSR B1257 + 12, 510

Galileo, dispute with the Church, 87–90gravity, 106, 110, 111, 114–118, 123–132Greeks, 7, 12–32, 38, 40, 41

Harmonice Mundi (Kepler), 69heliacal

rising, 8, 11, 27setting, 9, 11

hippopede, 22

Indians, 41, 42interplanetary magnetic field, 362, 383,

410, 504Ishtar, 4

549






Subject index

Jupiter, 3, 5, 11, 103n, 247–254, 319–322,426–451, 452, 507

albedo, 249atmosphere, 248–251, 430, 438, 440,

441constituents, 428, 439–441pressure and temperature profile, 428,

440, 441aurorae, 249, 449belts, 104bow shock, 426, 427, 429, 431bright zones, 250cloud layers, 441constituents, 312–319dark belts, 250dark spots, 248, 250–252density, 126, 127, 249, 310, 311edge (or limb) darkening, 249, 252effect on cometary orbits, 135Great Red Spot (GRS), 105, 247, 248,

250–252, 429–431, 435, 436, 479helium abundance, 428, 440, 469internal heat, 248, 249, 310–312, 428,

440internal structure, 310–315, 430liquid surface, 250, 252magnetic field, 320, 426, 427, 429, 449,

468magnetopause, 426, 427, 429, 431magnetosphere, 426, 428, 429, 436,

443–445, 449mass, 125, 127mountain, 251orbit, 17, 39

inclination, 101polar flattening, 104, 129, 130radiation belts, 319–320, 426–428, 440radio emission, 319–320radioactive heating, 311red spot, see also Great Red Spot, 83nRed Spot Hollow, 247rings, 431, 432, 437, 472rotation period, 104, 248, 249, 251satellites, 78–82, 84, 98–102, 108, 128,

321–322, 341Adrastea, 437Amalthea, 254, 428, 432

Callisto, 79, 80, 98, 125, 252, 253, 321,325, 428, 443–445

atmosphere, 445craters, 434, 444internal structure, 445magnetic field, 445radioactive heating, 445sub-surface ocean, 445surface, 432

constituents, 444temperature, 429

Valhalla, 435, 443, 444water ice, 432

dark transits, 252, 253Europa, 80, 98, 252, 253, 310, 320, 325,

428, 445–448core, 448craters, 436

Manann’an, 447Pwyll, 446, 447

ice floes, 436Conamara, 446, 448

magnetic field, 448palimpsests, 436sub-surface ocean, 448surface, 432, 434

age, 436, 447triple bands, 436, 445–447water ice, 432

Ganymede, 80, 98, 252, 253, 321, 325,428, 441–443, 448

atmosphere, 443core, 443craters, 434, 443Galileo Regio, 434, 442, 443ionosphere, 443magnetic field, 443magnetosphere, 443surface, 432, 434

age, 443constituents, 443temperature, 429, 443

tectonic activity, 442water ice, 432, 442, 443

Io, 79, 80, 98, 252, 253, 310, 320–322,325, 428, 432–434, 437,448–451

550






Subject index

atmosphere, 428core, 449flux tubes, 449ionosphere, 428, 449magnetic field, 449surface, 432

age, 433constituents, 432, 437, 450temperature, 437, 449–451

volcanoes/geysers, 433, 434, 437,444, 449Loki, 437, 450Pele, 436, 437, 450–452Pillan Patera, 450–452Prometheus, 433, 450, 451

Metis, 437self-luminous?, see Jupiter, internal heatSouth Equatorial Belt, 247South Tropical Zone, 429spectrum, 249spin axis inclination, 101temperature, 310–312, 428, 429, 441volcanoes, 248, 251water, 107nwhite spots, 248, 250–252, 320wind velocity, 436, 440, 455, 456

Kepler’slaws

first, 67, 117, 123, 128second, 67, 118, 123, 124third, 61n, 69, 118, 123, 124, 128

star, 75–76theory of solar system forces

magnetism, 67vortices, 67

Letters on Sunspots (Galileo), 87, 89life

in other solar systems, 85in solar system, 107n

lightaberration of, 138–140, 228finite velocity of, 101, 139

Mars, 3, 10 11, 103n, 105, 106, 233–246,287, 304–309, 400–425

Ares Vallis, 417, 422atmosphere, 234, 306–309, 325, 403

clouds, 308, 404dust, 405–410, 415n

constituents, 305, 307, 308, 402, 404,408, 412, 413, 416

oxygen, 243pressure, 307–309, 401, 402, 404, 412,

415temperature, 412, 414, 416water vapour, 243

axial inclination, 234‘canals’, 237–243, 304Chryse Planitia, 408, 409, 411, 412, 415,

417craters, 402–404, 424density, 127, 294Hellas basin/plain, 404, 408Hellespontus, 404internal structure, 294, 298

core, 403, 423life, 235, 236, 242–244, 305, 403, 404,

408, 410, 412–414, 420, 421magnetic field, 403, 410, 423meteorite ALH 84001, 419–421mountains, 298Nix Olympica, 239, 407Olympus Mons, 406, 407, 424orbit, 17, 22, 23, 27, 39, 52, 54, 61, 62–68

inclination, 64longitude of aphelion, 64, 65longitude of the ascending node, 64

plate tectonics, 408polar caps, 104, 233–236, 238, 242–244,

305, 306, 309, 404, 405, 408, 412,415, 418

radiation belts, 403rotation period, 104, 235satellites, 82n

Deimos, 244–245, 405, 417–418Phobos, 244–245, 405, 406, 417–419

seas, 236, 239, 242Solis Lacus, 305surface, 304–306

age, 403, 423, 424constituents, 413images from, 412–414

551






Subject index

Mars (cont.)lava flows, 423magnetic particles, 413temperature, 243, 306, 403, 415, 417volcanic rocks, 422

Syrtis Major, 104, 233, 235, 238Tharsis, 406, 407, 416Utopia Planitia, 414Valles Marineris, 408, 416volcanoes, 298, 305, 403, 406, 407water, 402–411, 415, 420, 422–424, 425nwind velocity, 409, 412, 415

Mercury, 3, 9, 11, 213–216, 276–278, 287,288, 379–382

albedo, 214atmosphere, 213–216, 277, 325, 380

water vapour, 214axial inclination, 215Caloris Basin, 379, 381craters, 379density, 127, 294, 298ndiameter, 103internal structure, 294

core, 382life, 235, 244magnetic field, 382mass, 193n, 213orbit, 16, 17, 20, 23, 27, 36, 46, 53, 63,

69, 181eccentricity, 191inclination, 184, 185period, 184precession of perihelion, 182, 185,

194radius, 184

phases, 102rotation period, 215, 216, 276–277surface, 214, 277–278temperature, 278, 380, 381transits, 69, 70, 85, 140–143, 181, 182,

213of 1677, 140–142of 1743, 142of 1753, 142, 143of 1845, 171

water ice, 380weird terrain, 380

meteors (shooting stars)heights, 203showers, 202–211

Geminids, 339Perseids (August meteors), 204–208Leonids (November meteors), 203–

210links to comets, 206–211radiant, 203, 204

orbits, 203, 205–211effect of Jupiter, 206effect of Saturn, 206effect of Uranus, 206, 209

meteorites, 286, 296–298, 348, 377, 378composition, 197

Metonic cycle, 3, 28, 30month

anomalistic, 7intercalary, 3synodic, 3, 5–7, 28, 30

moon, 2–8, 16, 28, 36, 106–110, 111,114–116, 129–131, 219–226,290–292, 325, 360–372

age, 367annual equation, 52Apennines, 365, 366atmosphere, 106, 107, 220, 362, 368cometary impacts, 370craters, 109, 222, 223, 291, 367

Linne, 221–222density, 294diameter, 19distance, 18, 19, 32dust, 291earthshine, 77eclipses, 108, 109evection (or second anomaly), 51, 52fire fountains, 367, 368Genesis rock, 366heat flow, 367highlands, 370impact rocks, breccia, 363, 365, 368inclination of orbital plane, 8, 51, 52internal structure, 294, 297

core, 360, 363, 367crust, 366, 367, 370, 372mantle, 367

552






Subject index

libration, 107, 108life, 107, 220, 290, 363magnetic field, 360–362, 367maps, 108–110maria, 361–364, 367, 370

Mare Imbrium, 364–366, 368, 369,380n

Mare Orientale, 370, 372, 380nSea of Crises (Mare Crisium), 368,

369Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis),

368Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis), 368,

369Sea of Tranquillity (Mare

Tranquillitatis), 362, 363mascons, 362, 369meteorite impacts, 291, 362, 365–369,

372mountains, 77, 84Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum),

361–363orbital inclination, 107origin and development, 225–226,

291–292, 299, 367, 371–372precession of apogee, 51radioactive heating, 297regression of line of nodes, 5, 23, 51, 52,

131, 140rock density, 362secular acceleration, 146–147, 223–225,

299South Pole–Aitken basin, 369, 370spherical shape, 26spin axis orientation, 107, 108surface, 219–223, 290–291

age, 363, 364, 366, 372dust, 361regolith, 367, 370

‘variation’, 52, 131–132variation in angular size, 27, 36, 44, 47,

48volcanic rock

basalt, 362, 363, 367, 370KREEPy lavas, 365

volcanoes, 220, 222, 226, 291water, 107, 363, 370, 371

motion in a circle, 111, 113–114music of the spheres, 15Mysterium Cosmographicum (Kepler), 59,

61, 74, 111

Neptune, 166–180, 267–268, 270, 287,331–336, 469, 477–487, 489, 499,500

atmosphere, 479, 480constituents, 312, 314–319D2 spot, 479, 480density, 268, 314diameter, 267, 268discovery, 173–174Great Dark Spot (GDS), 479, 480helium abundance, 470high-altitude cirrus, 480internal heat, 310, 481internal structure, 310, 314, 315magnetic field, 427, 468, 481magnetopause, 427mass, 267naming the planet, 174orbit, 176–179post-discovery events, 173–180predicted orbit, 170–172, 176, 178pre-discovery observations, 175, 176

Galileo’s observation, 176–177rings, 334–336, 482–484rotation period, 267, 331–332, 480satellites, 332–334

Despina, 481n, 484Galatea, 481n, 484Larissa, 481n, 482, 484Naiad, 481n, 482Nereid, 333, 334, 481, 482Proteus, 481, 482Thalassa, 481nTriton, 267, 325, 332–334, 481, 482,

484–487, 489, 491, 498albedo, 485atmosphere

constituents, 478, 485surface pressure, 485

craters, 486density, 484diameter, 484

553






Subject index

Neptune (cont.)discovery, 180geysers/volcanoes, 485, 486polar cap, 485surface, 487

constituents, 478, 487temperature, 478, 485

Scooter, 479, 480shepherd satellites, 484wind velocity, 481

Newton’s second law, 124Nile floods, 27, 28

observatoriesoptical

Allegheny, 260, 323, 509Ann Arbor, 187Athens, 221Berlin, 173, 187, 228, 229, 254, 256Bologna, 137Brera, 215, 237Brussels, 247, 254, 273Cambridge (UK), 169, 172, 175Cape (SA), 212Catalina, 325, 454Cerro Tololo (CTIO), 335Cloudcroft, 501Crimea, 291Dearborn, 247Dun Echt, 198European Southern (ESO), 335Flagstaff (Lowell), 217, 241, 242,

270–275, 291, 305–307, 315Florence, 197French Naval, 135Gottingen, 231Greenwich, 232, 323Harvard, 188, 229, 242, 252, 255, 267,

270, 271, 327, 328, 339, 508Heidelberg, 186, 337Kavalur, 330Kempshot, 267Kew, 232Kuiper Airborne (KAO), 328, 329, 497Las Campana, 332Lick, 217, 218, 241, 243, 261, 304, 309,

332, 511

Lowell, see FlagstaffMcDonald, 307Meudon, 217, 276, 290, 304Morrison, 247Mount John, 335Mount Wilson, 274, 278, 279n, 281,

291, 307, 317, 338Munich, 231Nice, 187, 198, 239, 241Palermo, 163Palomar (Hale), 438, 496Paramatta, 193Paris, 96, 101, 233Perth, 329Pic du Midi, 276, 304, 325, 454Potsdam, 214Pulkovo, 229, 267, 278Sproul, 508Tartu, 331Uraniborg, 101US Naval, 244, 269, 320, 325, 488Van Vleck, 509Vilna, 167Washington, 227Yale, 322Yerkes, 323, 338

radioArecibo, 277, 281, 283Goldstone, 280Haystack, 283Millstone Hill, 280Owens Valley, 320Parkes, 320US Naval, 282VLA, 458, 510

planetsdensities, 124–127, 213distances of, 20, 47n, 56–58, 103forces keeping them in orbit, 59, 62, 63,

66, 67, 69nanima motrix, 111magnetism, 111, 120–122vortices, 111–112, 115, 116, 118 120see also gravity

intramercurial, 182–185masses, 124–127

554






Subject index

numbers of satellites, 246periods, 60, 69trans-Neptunian, 269–275velocities, 56, 59

Planet X, 271–274Pluto, 269–275, 288, 485, 487–491,

500–502albedo, 487, 490atmosphere, 275, 490

constituents, 490pressure, 491

Charon, 488–491albedo, 490density, 491diameter, 489surface constituents, 490

density, 491diameter, 488, 490mass, 275naming the planet, 273–274orbit, 273–275rotation period, 275spin axis orientation, 488, 490surface, 275

constituents, 487, 490Prutenic Tables (Reinhold), 48Principia Philosophiae (Descartes), 111Principia (Newton), 123–132

relativitygeneral theory, 185special theory, 285

Romans, 40Rudophine Tables (Kepler), 69, 137

saros, 5, 7Saturn, 3, 11, 91–98, 103n, 155–159,

254–264, 322–326, 452–466, 508atmosphere, 263, 264bow shock, 453constituents, 311–318dark spots, 264density, 126, 127, 310, 311effect on cometary orbits, 135equatorial current, 322helium abundance, 470internal heat, 310–312, 455

internal structure, 310–315magnetic field, 427, 452n, 453, 457, 458,

468magnetopause, 427, 453magnetosphere, 452–454, 459mass, 125, 127orbit, 17, 39polar flattening, 92, 158radiation belts, 452, 453radioactive heating, 311rings, 83, 91–97, 155–156, 323–324, 457,

461, 472, 484A ring, 97, 157, 254, 255n, 257, 324,

453, 455, 456, 462–464, 473B ring, 97, 157, 254, 256, 257, 260, 324,

455, 457, 462–464, 473C ring, 256, 257, 259, 260, 323–324,

457, 462, 473possible pre-discovery observation,

158Cassini division, 97, 156, 157, 256,

259, 456, 462–464, 473D ring, 457dimensions, 157E ring, 323, 458Encke division, 254, 463F ring, 453, 455, 457, 462, 463fine structure, 456, 462G ring, 454, 458particle sizes, 324rotation rate, 157spokes, 455, 457, 462, 463theory of, 257–260, 462, 463velocities, 260, 261

rotation period, 159, 263, 264, 454satellites, 324–326 341

Atlas, 456Calypso, 455nDione, 97, 259, 323, 325, 454, 459,

460, 466Enceladus, 259, 260n, 459, 465–466

discovery, 158Epimetheus, 453, 454, 466Helene, 454Hyperion, 259, 262, 459, 460Iapetus, 97, 158, 259–262, 453, 459,

460, 465

555






Subject index

Saturn (cont.)Janus, 325, 454, 466Mimas, 259, 459, 462, 463

discovery, 158Pan, 463Pandora, 455Phoebe, 259, 262, 263Prometheus, 455Rhea, 97, 259, 325, 453, 459, 460Telesto, 455nTethys, 97, 259, 260n, 325, 455n, 459,

466Titan, 93, 94, 125, 259, 261, 310, 324,

325, 453, 458–459, 463atmosphere, 458, 459, 464

constituents, 458, 459surface pressure, 458temperature, 459

clouds, 464surface, 459

temperature, 458, 459shepherd satellites, 455, 462, 463south equatorial belt, 98spectrum, 264temperature, 310–312water vapour, 264white spots, 263, 322, 323wind velocity, 455, 456

shepherd satellites, see also under Saturnand Uranus, 336

Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger)(Galileo), 77–82

Sirius, 2, 27solar nebula, 428, 440, 469, 470, 509solar system

age, 284–286origin and evolution, 159–161, 284–290,

294, 372–379, 441, 512bipolar outflows, 376Buffon’s theory, 159–160collision theory, 287condensing nebula, 286, 289–290, 295,

297, 299, 349Kant’s theory, 159–160Laplace’s theory, 160–161Orion Nebula

proplyds, 374, 375BN object, 374

planetesimals, 288–290, 298, 341, 377,378, 489, 498, 499

protoplanets, 379solar nebula, 377, 378, 389T Tauri stars, 373–374tidal theory, 287–288Vega dust cloud, 373β-Pictoris dust cloud, 373, 374

spacecraft (individual or series)Apollo, 363–369, 371, 372Clementine, 369–370DS 1, 507Explorer, 351, 352, 354Galileo, 438, 439–451, 452, 491–493Giotto, 502–506Hubble Space Telescope, 374, 375, 443,

450, 480n, 497, 507n, 512ICE, 502, 503IMP 1, 354IRAS, 373, 509IUE, 467n, 505Luna, 354, 360–362, 368Lunar Orbiter 1, 362Lunar Prospector, 370–371Magellan, 392n, 394–400Mariner 2, 382–383Mariner 4, 402–403Mariner 5, 383, 386Mariner 6 and 7, 403–405Mariner 9, 405–411, 415nMariner 10, 379–382, 388nMars 2 and 3, 410Mars Global Surveyor, 422–425Mars Odyssey, 425nNEAR, 494–495OAO-2, 503Pathfinder, 421–422Phobos, 418–419Pioneer 3 and 4, 353Pioneer 10, 426–429Pioneer 11, 426, 429–430, 452–454Pioneer Venus, 387–389Ranger 7, 361Sakigake, 502

556






Subject index

Suisei, 502, 504, 505Surveyor, 362Vega 1 and 2, 392–394, 502–503, 505Venera 4, 383Venera 7 and 8, 384–385Venera 9 and 10, 385–387Venera 11 and 12, 389–390Venera 13 and 14, 390–391Venera 15 and 16, 391–392Viking, 411–418Voyager 1, 430–435, 436, 454–460, 461,

462Voyager 2, 430, 434, 435–437, 461–487

sun, 2, 3, 5–7, 16, 24, 28, 129, 130age, 284–285corona, 196n, 343, 351, 353diameter, 19distance, 18, 103, 106, 139, 140, 145, 181flares, 302–303, 351helium abundance, 428nhydrogen, 312parallax, 32, 105–106, 126, 127, 137, 138,

140–145, 147, 181n, 228rotation, 67, 85, 86solar wind, 353, 354, 368, 380, 390, 426,

427, 429, 431, 449, 452, 453n, 504,506, 507

sunspots, 85–87, 184, 232period, 231

ultraviolet radiation, 302, 350, 351X-ray radiation, 302, 303, 350, 351

telescopes (early), 70–71Titius–Bode series or ‘law’, 162–163, 165,

168, 170, 175Traite de Mechanique Celeste (Laplace),

147Tycho’s star, 49, 50

universeage, 285–286geocentric (earth-centred), 13, 17, 20, 26,

35, 53, 54, 74, 75, 83, 85heliocentric (sun-centred), 17–19, 45–48,

74–76, 82–85, 88–90size, 36, 37

Uranus, 148–155, 163, 264–266, 267, 287,326–331, 466–477

atmosphere, 470aurora, 467nbow shock, 467clouds, 469, 470constituents, 312, 314–319density, 314diameter, 151discovery, 150, 151helium abundance, 470internal heat, 310, 312, 471internal structure, 310, 314, 315magnetic field, 427, 467, 468magnetopause, 427magnetosphere, 467mass, 154–155naming the planet, 151–152orbit, 151, 166–172, 178–180, 269–270,

274–275polar flattening, 155pre-discovery observations, 152, 166–

167radiation belts, 467rings, 328–331, 455, 467, 471–474, 484

discovery, 328–329rotation axis orientation, 265rotation period, 264, 326–327, 467satellites

Ariel, 266, 467, 474, 475, 476possible early observation, 155

Belinda, 471Bianca, 471Cordelia, 471, 472Cressida, 471Desdemona, 471Juliet, 471Miranda, 327–328, 467, 474, 476–477Oberon, 265, 266, 474, 476

discovery, 153, 154orbits, 154

Ophelia, 471, 472Portia, 471Puck, 471Rosalind, 471Titania, 265, 266, 474–476

557






Subject index

Uranus (cont.)discovery, 153, 154orbits, 154

Umbriel, 266, 467, 474, 476possible early observation, 155

shepherd satellites, 455, 471spectrum, 265temperature, 312, 470wind velocity, 469

Venus, 3, 4, 9, 102, 216–219, 278–284, 287,382–400

albedo, 217Anahit Corona, 392Aphrodite Terra, 284, 388, 393, 395, 398ashen light, 103, 386atmosphere, 144, 217, 281–283, 325

circumpolar collar, 388constituents, 281, 282, 383–390surface pressure, 282, 382–384

Beta Regio, 388, 392, 395, 398, 401bow shock, 383clouds

cloud-topheight, 283, 382temperature, 383, 386, 389

constituents, 386–389, 393layers, 385, 390, 393

density, 127, 294diameter, 103Diana Chasma, 387impact craters, 392, 394, 396–398internal structure, 294, 385

lithosphere, 397Ishtar Terra, 388, 392, 395, 398Lakshmi Planum, 388, 392lava flows, 396, 397, 399life, 217, 219, 235, 244lightning, 386, 393

magnetic field, 383Maxwell Montes, 387, 388, 392, 395mountains, 103orbit, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 27, 36, 46, 53,

69, 125oxygen, 218phases, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89Phoebe Regio, 390plains, 388, 390, 392, 396Pomona Corona, 392radiation belts, 383rotation period, 103–104, 218, 219,

278–281surface, 217, 218, 282, 283–284

age, 392, 394craters, 283images from, 386, 390–392temperature, 382–384

tectonic activity, 392, 398temperature, 279, 282transits, 69, 70, 86, 102, 103, 105n,

140–145of 1761, 141–144of 1769, 141, 142, 144–145

volcanic rock, 385, 390volcanoes, 390, 394, 396

pancake domes, 397, 400Rhea Mons, 385, 388, 401Theia Mons, 385, 388, 401

water vapour, 217, 218wind velocity, 384, 393

Vulcan, 184–185

yearanomalistic, 6, 7sidereal, 6, 7, 30tropical, 3, 14, 30, 31

zodiacal light, 185, 195, 196n

558






Documents

Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomyassets.cambridge.org › 97805210 › 04619 › index › 9780521004619... · 2007-06-20 · Name index Capra, Baldessar,