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1 WELCOME

Babul Pod Ppt

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Babul pod as a non-conventional energy source in ruminant.Most of study on babul pod feeding is included in the presentation from NDRI Karnal.

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Page 1: Babul Pod Ppt

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WELCOME

Page 2: Babul Pod Ppt

Dairy Cattle Nutrition DivisionNational Dairy Research Institute

Karnal-132001

Class Seminar on

Presented to:Dr. Neelam KewalramaniPrincipal Scientist

Speaker :Umesh SontakkePh.D Scholar

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INTRODUCTION• Botanical name : Acacia nilotica

• Acacia- akis meaning thorn/sharp point

• Nilotica- along the Nile River Prickly acacia –Australia Babul – India

• A. nilotica is a native to India, Pakistan and most of the African countries.

• The tree is 5-20 m high with a dense spherical crown

• Pods- resembles beaded necklace, flat, straight or slightly curved

• Annual availability of A. nilotica pods in India: 600,000 metric tons.

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Acacia nilotica

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Genus: Acacia

Species: A. nilotica

(Brenan, 1983)

(Punj;1988)

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Babul pods Scarcity of feed and fodder in developing countries

Fodder tree and browse plants are important source

Need to use unconventional feed resources

Acacia nilotica pods can be used as an energy source in a concentrate mixture for ruminants and improves the efficiency of energy utilization in cattle (Barman and Rai, 2005)

Babul pods are important unconventional feed contain 13-14%CP and 65% TDN and can be incorporate in conventional ration

(Barman and Rai., 2002) A certain level of tannin containing babul pods in the diet is

advantageous to ruminants as it reduces bloat, protect proteins from rumen degradation and act as anti parasitic agent.

(Makkar, 2003)

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Acacia nilotica PODS

(Barman and Rai, 2002)

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION COMPOSITION

((%DM)%DM)

OMOM 94.8394.83

CPCP 13.1513.15

CFCF 14.9414.94

EEEE 1.441.44

NFENFE 65.365.3

AshAsh 5.175.17

EAA (g/100g EAA (g/100g protein on DM)protein on DM)

ArgArg 3.103.10

His His 6.216.21

Val Val 1.551.55

IsoleuIsoleu 2.592.59

LeucLeuc NDND

LysLys 1.031.03

Cyst+Cyst+

MetMet

4.664.66

PhenylPhenyl 2.592.59

ThreoThreo NDND

Tyros Tyros 2.072.07

TANNINS -HT -17.31%

-CT -1.4%

Minerals content ( DM )

Calcium, % 0.34

Phosphorus, % 0.07

Magnesium, % 0.28

Zinc, ppm 17.00

Copper, ppm 12.50

Cobalt, ppm 2.50

Mn, ppm 22.50

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Composition Leaves Pods and seeds

Nitrogen 2.2-2.6% 1.6-2.2%

NDF 16.9-20.0% 25%

ADF 13.3-14.1% 17%

Energy 7.2-8.7 MJ/kg DM 10 MJ/kg DM

CF 10-21% 12-18%

C Tannins 6-12% 4-7%

6Barman and Rai, 2006

Chemical composition of babul leaves and pods & seeds on DMB

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Proposed metabolism of babul pods tannin in lactating cows

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Tannin

Gallic acid

Dihydrophloroglucino

l

3-Hydroxy- 5 Oxohexanoate (HOHN)

HOHN-CoA

TCA cycle ButyrateAcetate

Tannase

Pyrogallol phloroglucinol isomerase

Dihydrophloroglucinol hydratase

HOHN-CoA-Transferase

HOHN-CoA-synthetase

Rumen

Bioconversion of Tannins into Energy( Tsai and Jones, 1975,

Tsai et al., 1976;

Patel et al., 1981;

Krumholz et al., 1986)

Pyrrogallol

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Chemicals found as a natural component of food or other Chemicals found as a natural component of food or other ingestible forms that have been determined to be beneficial to ingestible forms that have been determined to be beneficial to the human body in preventing or treating one or more diseases the human body in preventing or treating one or more diseases or improving physiological performance.or improving physiological performance.

Essential nutrients can be considered neutraceuticals if they Essential nutrients can be considered neutraceuticals if they provide benefit beyond their essential role in normal growth or provide benefit beyond their essential role in normal growth or maintenance of human body.maintenance of human body.Example:Example:

Antioxidant property of vitamin C and E and poly phenolic Antioxidant property of vitamin C and E and poly phenolic compounds like- Catechin, Gallic acid etc.compounds like- Catechin, Gallic acid etc.

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Catechin and epicatechin have Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) like activity & have Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) like activity & prevent lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and reduce oxidative prevent lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. (Kim stress. (Kim et alet al., 1995)., 1995)

Gallic acid is having strong antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic is having strong antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities (Shahrzad activities (Shahrzad et alet al., ., 2001)2001)

Catechin have an anti-hyperglycemic action & normalizing insulin release. have an anti-hyperglycemic action & normalizing insulin release. (Wolfram (Wolfram et al.,et al.,

2006)2006)

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Cont…Cont…

• EGCG is at least 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 25 times better than vitamin E at protecting cellular material, DNA, from damage believed to be linked to cancer, heart disease and other potentially life threatening illnesses.

(Pillai et al.,1998)

• Ellagic acid is inhibiting the metabolism of procarcinogen. (Cozz et al.,

1995)

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In vitroIn vitro degraded products (mg/g) of tannin in cattle degraded products (mg/g) of tannin in cattle

Tannin degraded products

(mg/g tannin)22% babul pods in TMR

Phloroglucinol 51.301

Gallic acid 0.104

Resorcinol 62.570

catechin 7.630

Barman, 2004

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Ingredient composition (%, w/v) of the total mixed ration containing different levels of tannin

HPLC analysis of in vitro degradation products of tannins of TMR II, IV and VI after different incubation periods

( Barman et.al.,2008)

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In vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and protein of different TMRs containing different tannin levels

( Barman et.al.,2008)

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Feeding babul pods to Cow

Milk collection

Pasteurization

Roller dryer

Condensed milk

Spray dryer

Designer milk powder containing Tannin monomers

DESIGNER MILK POWDER

Tandon, 2009

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Degraded products (µg/g tannin) of babul pods tannin in Milk Degraded products (µg/g tannin) of babul pods tannin in Milk and Milk powder of Cowand Milk powder of Cow

Tannin degraded products (µg/g)

Milk Milk powder

Phloroglucinol 268.26 2.91

Gallic acid 2.89 ND

Resorcinol ND ND

Catechin gallate

ND ND

Catechin10.24 ND

Epicatechin 0.07 0.02

Reference Barman and Rai, 2006 Tandon and Rai, 2009

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In vitro fermentation of tannin-rich tree fruits fermentation of tannin-rich tree fruits

Partition factor (IVOMD mg /ml) gas Partition factor (IVOMD mg /ml) gas

speciesspecies 6h6h 12h12h 24h24h 48h48h 96h96h

D. cinereaD. cinerea 19.9 19.9 8.58.5 6.16.1 4.74.7 4.44.4

A. eriolobaA. erioloba 5.9 5.9 4.24.2 4.04.0 3.73.7 3.23.2

A. erubescensA. erubescens 13.113.1 7.97.9 5.75.7 4.64.6 4.54.5

A. niloticaA. nilotica 36.036.0 18.718.7 11.311.3 7.87.8 6.36.3

A. sieberiana A. sieberiana 15.415.4 7.07.0 5.15.1 4.14.1 3.73.7

Smith Smith et al.,et al., 2008 2008

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Partition factors (IVOMD mg/ml) for separated fruit fractionsPartition factors (IVOMD mg/ml) for separated fruit fractions

speciesspecies fractionfraction 6h6h 12h12h 24h24h 48h48h 96h96h

A. eriolobaA. erioloba hullshulls 10.7 10.7 5.5 5.5 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.4

seedseed 10.1 10.1 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.6 5.6 4.8 4.8

A. erubescensA. erubescens hullshulls 13.8 13.8 6.7 6.7 4.9 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3

seedseed 23.2 23.2 12.7 12.7 8.0 8.0 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.7

A. niloticaA. nilotica hullshulls 48.8 48.8 23.9 23.9 14.9 14.9 10.710.7 7.7 7.7

seedseed 9.0 9.0 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.04.0

P. thoningiiP. thoningii hullshulls 7.0 7.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

seedseed 13.5 13.5 6.3 6.3 4.5 4.5 4.14.1 3.9 3.9

A. sieberianaA. sieberiana hullshulls 19.8 19.8 7.5 7.5 5.2 5.2 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.3

seedseed 9.3 9.3 6.3 6.3 5.3 5.3 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.8

Smith Smith et al.,et al., 2008 2008

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In-vitro digestibility (% DM) and gas production in cattle

ParametersParameters Different levels of Babul Pods (BPDifferent levels of Babul Pods (BP))

ControlControl

0% BP0% BP

22 % BP22 % BP

(4% (4% tannin)tannin)

32 % 32 % BP (6 % BP (6 % tannin)tannin)

43 % BP43 % BP

(8% (8% tannin)tannin)

54 % BP 54 % BP

(10% (10% tannin)tannin)

65 % BP65 % BP

(12% (12% tannin)tannin)

IVDMDIVDMD

(%)(%)

66.6466.64 63.7563.75 60.0360.03 59.7459.74 59.2559.25 52.7552.75

IVOMDIVOMD

(%)(%)

67.1967.19 64.9164.91 62.3462.34 62.2862.28 60.7.360.7.3 54.7154.71

IVCPDIVCPD

(%)(%)

77.1577.15 49.3449.34 49.0949.09 47.6647.66 46.4946.49 44.6544.65

IVGPIVGP

(ml/g)(ml/g)

174.07174.07 178.33178.33 187.33187.33 177.67177.67 170.33170.33 148.00148.00

(Barman and Rai, 2006)

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Level of tannin (%)

Parameter 0

1 2 3 4 5

IVTDMD% 81.96 77.95 78.69 76.83 75.36 75.10

IVTOMD% 78.84 77.07 77.11 77.10 76.64 76.40

IVGP(ml/g/h)

5.92 5.84 5.77 5.71 5.82 5.92

IVTCPD% 92.50b 90.93b 90.13b 90.08ab 87.14a 87.05a

NH3-N(mg/dl SRL)

15.76b 16.14b 16.56b 13.76ab 9.56a 6.34a

Effect of graded levels of tannin from Acacia nilotica pods on in vitro nutrient digestibility, gas production and NH3 production in GNC after 24 h

(Thirumeignanam , 2010)

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Effect of treated groundnut cake with graded levels of tannins from Effect of treated groundnut cake with graded levels of tannins from Acacia niloticaAcacia nilotica pods on effective pods on effective crude proteincrude protein degradability, RDP, UDP values degradability, RDP, UDP values

parameter GNC0 GNC1 GNC2 GNC3 GNC4 GNC5

ECPD% 90c 83b 80b 80b 76a 73a

CP( g/kg DM) 440.0 422.2 408.2 397.0 385.2 375.7

RDP( g/kg DM) 397.0 352.0 327.8 319.1 291.9 275.4

UDP( g/kg DM) 43.0 70.2 80.4 77.9 93.2 100.3

(Thirumeignanam, 2010)

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Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different sources of protein on digestible nutrient intake (Kg/d) in crossbred heifers.

Digestible Nutrient intake(kg/d)

Parameters GNC(C) GNC+AP SBM(C) SBM+AP

DM 2.15a 2.13a 2.36ab 2.41b

OM 1.99 2.06 2.15 2.23

CP 0.42b 0.36a 0.44b 0.41b

EE 0.05b 0.04a 0.05aab 0.05ab

CF 0.44a 0.59b 0.51ab 0.61b

( Thirumeignanam,2010)C= control,AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

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Digestible Coefficient(%)

GNC GNC+AP SBM SBM+AP

DM 46.55a 46.77ab 50.11ab 51.25b

OM 47.90 49.57 50.29 52.68

CP 65.06b 60.06a 66.34b 66.19b

EE 61.41b 52.01a 57.13ab 62.61b

CF 40.48a 50.93b 47.39ab 55.30b

NFE 46.12 46.09 46.95 47.68

Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different sources of protein on digestibilitycoefficient(%) of nutrients in crossbred heifers

( Thirumeignanam,2010)C= control,AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

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Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different protein sources on energy and protein utilization efficiency for milk

production in cows.

parameter GNC(C) GNC+AP SBM(C) SBM+AP

Milk yield(Kg/d)

15.47 15.65 14.62 14.92

Milk energy yield(Mcal/d)

14.30 14.61 13.48 14.04

DMI(Kg)/Kg milk yield

1 0.98 1.08 1.04

DMI(Kg)/kg FCM yieid

0.94 0.92 1.05 0.96

Gross protein efficiency,%

33.20 34.40 33.01 34.93

Gross energetic efficiency,%

31.44 32.14 27.02 32.86

( Thirumeignanam,2010)C= control,AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

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ParametersT1 - 0 % tannin(Without Babul

pods)

T2 - 3 % tannin Babul pods (16.7

%)Body weight, kg 389.16 368.05

DMI, kg/d 13.27 13.32

4 % FCM yield, kg/d 12.29 13.41**

Milk yield, kg/d 11.75 12.95**

DMI/kg MY 1.04 0.91*

Protein utilization efficiency(%)

31.86 33.89*

** HS, * S (Dubey, 2007)

No change in milk composition between two groups

Effect of Acacia nilotica pods on DMI, Milk yield and its efficiency in Crossbred Cows

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Average body weight, body weight gain and linear body measurements of experimental preweaned lambs

Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental feeds and fodders

( Trivedi et al.2005)

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Cost of rearing and realizable receipts from lambs under different feeding regimes

( Trivedi et al.,2005)

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Detoxification of Tannin

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Physical, chemical and biological treatments have been explored

to detoxify tannins

Treatment of babul pods with Ca(OH)2 enhanced the

degradation of tannins to the extent of more than 80% which

improved the utilization of the tannins containing materials.

(Aemiro,2002)

Detoxification of tannin

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Ingredients composition of the concentrate mixture used for feeding

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Effect of feeding different TMRs on digestible nutrients intake by lactating goats

( ( Kushwaha et.al.,2011)

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Effect of different TMRs on nutrient digestibility in lactating goats

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Effect of different TMRs on Feed conversion, energy and protein utilization efficiency in lactating goats

( ( Kushwaha et.al.,2011)

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PEG prevent the formation of tannin-protein complexes

thus alleviating the deleterious effect of tannin on protein.

(Banerjee, 1998)

PEG is known to break already formed tannin-protein

complexes,as their affinity for tannins is higher than for

proteins.

(Makkar , 2003)

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Tannins could be removed by addition of certain

adsorbants, such as PVP and PEG to which it bind more

strongly than proteins. (Loomis, 1974)

Inactivation of tannins through PEG increased availability

of nutrients and decreased microbial inhibition, which in

turn increased degradability of nutrients leading to higher

animal performance.

(Makkar, 2003)

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Hydrogen bond

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• Tannins at low concentration are known to alter rumen fermentation

(Bhatta et al., 2000; Barman and Rai, 2006),

microbial protein synthesis (Makkar et al., 1995a),

essential amino acids absorption (Waghorn et al., 1987; Min et al., 1999)

reproduction (Min et al., 1999, 2000,2001; Luque et al., 2000)

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Threshold level of tannin in feedThreshold level of tannin in feed

Species %Tannic acid Reference

Growing calves 4 Barman and Rai, 2004

lactating cows 3 Dubey, 2007

Cattle 3-5 Begovic et al.,1998

lactating goats 4 Merga, 2006

Sheep 2-4 Mcsweeney et al., 2003

Poultry 0.5-3 Smith et al., 2001

Rat 1-2 Smith et al., 2001

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conclusion

Acacia nilotica pods can be used as organic protectant of protein from rumen degradation

Acacia nilotica pods at the rate of 3-4% tannin equivalent diet can be added

Beyond threshold level, it reduces feed intake, Beyond threshold level, it reduces feed intake, digestibility of various nutrients, milk production and digestibility of various nutrients, milk production and also produce diseases like liver necrosis, degeneration also produce diseases like liver necrosis, degeneration of renal tubules etc in cattleof renal tubules etc in cattle

It has neutraceutical properities due to metabolic It has neutraceutical properities due to metabolic products of tanninproducts of tannin

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