TOPIC 2: ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

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OBJECTIVES

At the end, students should:

Understand cosmological perception in Islam. Memahami pandangan semesta Islam.

Explain the main concepts in Islamic civilization. Menghuraikan Konsep Tamadun Islam.

Understand the Jihad concept and its role in Islam. Memahami konsep Jihad dan peranannya dalam kebangkitan Tamadun Islam.

Analyze the development of Islam in Malaysia. Menganalisis kebangkitan semula Islam dan penerapannya di Malaysia.

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2.0. INTRODUCTION

To understand about Islamic civilization. Untuk

memahami tamadun Islam

Islam is the way of life. Melihat/Mengkaji Islam sebagai satu cara

hidup

Understand about the meaning of

civilization in Islam. Melihat/Mengkaji tamadun

dalam konteks Islam

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WHAT IS ? إسالم

Islam is also the teaching Islam is also the teaching brought by all prophets brought by all prophets

since Adam a.s.since Adam a.s.

Islam is derived from the Arabic root

,Salema": peace" (سلمسلم)

purity, submission and obedience. In the religious sense, Islam means submission to the will of God and obedience to His law.

2.1 ISLAMIC WORLD VIEW (cosmological perception )

6MEANING OF ISLAM

peacepeace

purepure

SurrenderSurrender

Salama = salimaISLAMISLAM

To place the will of Allah at the utmost level.

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2.1.2. CONTENTS OF Islām

1. Aqidah (Belief)

2. Ibadah (Worship)

3. Akhlak (Ethics)

Basic principles in Islām. Basic principles in Islām. Prinsip-Prinsip Asas IslamPrinsip-Prinsip Asas Islam

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2.1.3. Special Characteristics of Islam. Ciri-ciri Keistimewaan Islam

1. Rabbaniyyah (Godliness)

2. ‘Alamiyyah (Universal in diversity. Tolerance to all cultures???).

3. Syumuliyyah (Complete/Comprehensive)

4. Thabat wa Murunah (Constant and Flexible)

5. Waqi’iyyah (Hakikat/Realistic)

6. Inqilabiyyah (To Replace)

7. Tawazun (Balance between material & spiritual)

8. Wasatiyyah (justly balanced position/stand/track)

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1. Rabbaniyyah

Definition:Islam comes from Allah. Man simply executes based on Allah’s orders

Ianya membawa erti bahawa Islam ini datangnya daripada Allah. Manusia hanya sebagai pelaksana segala ketentuan yang ditetapkan

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Category of Rabbaniyyah :

1. Rabbani in terms of goals and intentions One’s intentions has to be specifically for Allāh i.e. his/

her ultimate goal in life is to get Allah’s pleasure.

2. Rabbani in terms approach and resources One’s approach and resources should be based on the

divine revelations to Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w)

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2. Alamiyyah (Universal)

Definition:

The teaching of Islam is not for a certain race or community but it is for all ummah from all layers of society.

Risalah Islam ditujukan untuk semua umat dan bangsa serta untuk

semua lapisan masyarakat. Ia bukan risalah untuk bangsa tertentu.

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Alamiyyah also means:

- Universal/ Suitable in the sense that the teachings of Islam transcend across time, space and geographical boundaries.- Applicable anywhere and anytime from past to the present and the future.

Sesuai di semua tempat sama ada di Kutub Selatan, Khatulistiwa dan sebagainya.Ia juga sesuai untuk semua zaman sama ada zaman Rasulullah SAW atau zaman teknologi moden yang canggih ini. Sesuai sampai ke hari qiamat.

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3. SyumuliyyahDefinition:The teaching of Islam is complete and comprehensive. The scope of Islam is all-encompassing with guidance for all aspects of human life not excluding the smallest to the biggest of human conduct. Ajaran Islam lengkap dan menyeluruh. Ruang lingkup ajaran Islam adalah mencakupi seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia tanpa kecuali dari sekecil-kecil urusan sampailah ke sebesar-besar perkara.

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4. Thabat & MurunahDefinition:Fixed and firm in principles and flexible in practice.

Tetap dari segi prinsip dan hukum tetapi anjal atau fleksibel dari segi perlaksanaannya.

E.g. Solat/ prayer is an obligation to all Muslims (thabaat) but its practice could be done in flexible ways such as by jama’ and qasar for travellers. Another situation: A Muslim who faces illness, he/ she can pray by sitting, sleeping, etc.

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5. Waqi’iyyah

Definition:

Islam is realistic. Islam adalah mengikut realiti.

e.g: Islām recommends marriage and its also allows polygamy for man ...

Contohnya: Manusia dari segi fitrahnya ingin hidup berpasangan, maka Islam mensyariatkan perkahwinan bagi lelaki dan perempuan dan berpoligami hanya bagi lelaki…

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6. InqilabiyyahDefinition:Islam should be strictly practiced in all situations. It is clearly distinguished and should not be intermingled with any jahiliyyah practice or system

Menegakkan Islam atas keruntuhan jahiliyyah. Islam tidak boleh bercampur dengan jahiliyyah. Islam juga tidak boleh ditempel-tempelkan pada sistem jahiliyyah. Islam menggantikan zaman jahillyah

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7. Al-TawazunDefinition:Balance and integrated state between spiritual and physical (material) of the human life.

e.g. Struggle for properties for life, and at the same time pay the zakat and give sedekah.

Kewujudan keseimbangan dan kesepaduan antara kehidupan rohani dan jasmani.

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8. Al-WasatiyyahDefinition:

1) Justly balanced position in everything. Keep it everything in which lawful according to Syarak such wearing clothes, eating, worship, pray etc in the justly balanced situation/ stand, not too extremes and not too simple.

2) Manage your life in properly and good condition such as time for study habit, eating habit, social life, sport etc.

Seimbang dalam melakukan setiap perkara yang diharuskan oleh

syarak seperti berpakaian, makan, melakukan ibadah sunat dan seumpamanya.

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“A Society Which Has Achieved Its Distinguished Moral Values and Culture”-al Attas-

“established based on Islamic teachings”Syed Qutb, Malik Bennabi, Prof. Richard E. Sullivan

““When the element of humanity laid by Allah becomes the utmost value in the society, then the society can be considered as Islamic & civilized society”-Syed QutbFi Zilalil Qur’an-

Islamic civilization meansIslamic civilization means……

2.2. CONCEPT OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION. KONSEP TAMADUN ISLAM

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To uphold Islām is the way of life.

2.2.2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

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Develop relationship Develop relationship with the God. with the God. Membina Membina

hubungan antara manusia dengan hubungan antara manusia dengan Allah s.w.tAllah s.w.t

Develop Develop relationship relationship with human with human

beings. beings. Membina Membina

hubungan sesama hubungan sesama manusiamanusia

Develop Develop relationship relationship

with the with the world/ nature. world/ nature. Membina hubungan Membina hubungan

antara manusia antara manusia dengan alam/dengan alam/

persekitaranpersekitaran

2.2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

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2.2.3. Maqasid Shariah as manisfestation for Islamic civilization.

Definition of Maqasid Shariah :

It refers to process in protecting 5 main things shared by human beings: Religion, soul, mind, descendents/ dignity and property. Its is the main objective for Islamic laws revealed. Ia merupakan tujuan utama shariah (perundangan) dalam Islam yang melibatkan proses menjaga, memelihara, menjamin dan melindungi 5 perkara utama iaitu Agama, Nyawa, Akal, Maruah/Keturunan dan Harta.

-In protecting religion

a)Doing all the obligatory deeds such as performing solat/ prayer, and strengthening faith (iman). Buat suruhan wajib spt tunaikan solat, kuatkan iman dll. Ia juga wajib tinggalkan apa yang dilarang oleh agama spt tidak murtad.

b)Protecting religion from been deviated. Jaga/lindungi agama daripada dihina, difitnah, dikeji oleh org Islam atau org bukan Islam.

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2.2.3. MAQASID SHARIAH

1) Protecting religion

2) Protecting human live/ soul

3) Protecting mind

4 Protecting descendents/ dignity.

5) Protecting property

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2.2.4. SOURCES IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Al-Quran. Al-Sunnah. Ijtihad.QiasIjma’ (Ulama’ consensus) all cultures and civilizations provided they are not contradict to Islamic teachings.Etc

Main source: Al-Quran

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources

1) THE QUR’AN1) THE QUR’AN (absolute & final

authority)

2) THE SUNNAH2) THE SUNNAH(explanation of the

Qu’ran)

3.3. Al IJMA’Al IJMA’ (unanimous

agreement of the muslim community)

4. Al QIAS4. Al QIAS (reasoning)

Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources

QUR’AN AL KAREEM

Definition:Definition: The word Qur’an is an infinitive noun from the word, qara’a means; (He collected together, he read or recited)عليه الله صلى محمد النبي على المنزل العربي عليه اللفظ الله صلى محمد النبي على المنزل العربي اللفظ

المتبع بالتواتر، المنقول منه، بسورة المعجز المتبع وسلم، بالتواتر، المنقول منه، بسورة المعجز وسلم،بتالوته بتالوته

) al lafzul arabi, al munazzal a’la Nabi s.a.w, al mu’ jizu bi suratin minhu, al manqul tawaturan, al)muta ‘abbun bi tilawatihi

:Definition:Definition The word Qur’an is an infinitive noun from the ;word, qara’a means(He collected together, he read or recited)عليه الله صلى محمد النبي على المنزل العربي عليه اللفظ الله صلى محمد النبي على المنزل العربي اللفظ

المتبع بالتواتر، المنقول منه، بسورة المعجز المتبع وسلم، بالتواتر، المنقول منه، بسورة المعجز وسلم،بتالوته بتالوته

( al lafzul arabi, al munazzal a’la Nabi s.a.w, al mu’ jizu bi suratin minhu, al manqul tawaturan, al muta ‘abbun bi tilawatihi)

The Content of Al-Quran

1. Legislative 2. Worship3. Family 4. Mua’malat 5. Jenayat6. Akhlak (Ethics)7. etc

Both Hadith and Sunnah, cover the same ground and defining the

prophet’s actions, sayings and silent approval

AL- SUNNAH

1) Sunnah Qauliah: saying of holy prophet which has influence a religious matterse.g: none of you (truly) believes until he wishes for is brother what he wishes for himself.

2) Sunnah Fi’iliyyah: an action of prophet. e.g: perform your prayer as you see me praying

3) Taqrir: his silent approval of the action or practice of another e.g. case of eating “Dhab among Sahabah (Companions)”

The Categories of Sunnah

IJMA’"Consensus" of legal scholars representing all Muslims (mujtahidin)

Persetujuan di antara ulama-ulama Islam selepas kewafatan Nabi Muhammad mengenai sesuatu hukum syarak.

E.g. The prohibition of cigarette smoking based on some evidences particularly the āyat/ verse of the Holy book al-Qurān:

cهaلكة\ \لى الت aد\يكمa إ \أي aقوا ب cه\ وال تل \يل\ الل وأنف\قوا ف\ي سب\ين (البقرة، ن aمحaس\ cه يح\بm ال \نc الل نوا إ ). 195: 2وأحaس\

“And spend of your substance in the cause

of Allah, and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction; but do good; for Allah loveth those who do good” (al-Qurān , 2: 195).

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QIYASQiyas is the process of analogical reasoning from a known injunction (nas) to a new injunction

Menerangkan hukum sesuatu yang tidak ada nasnya dalam al-Quran dan Hadis dengan cara membandingkannya dengan sesuatu yang ditetapkan hukumnya berdasarkan nas.Bermaksud menyamakan sesuatu yang tidak ada nas hukumnya dengan sesuatu yang tidak ada nas hukumnya kerana adanya illat hukum.

Example for QiyasLegal evidence from the Qurān:

aم\ن qسaالم ر\ج aز aنصاب واأل aر واأل aس\ aمي aخمaر وال cما ال \ن cذ\ين آمنوا إ mها ال ياأي\حون (القرآن، المائدة: cكمa تفaل \بوه لعل تن aطان\ فاجa ي c90عمل\ الش(

“O ye who believe! intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination of Satan's handiwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper”. “Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Bahawa sesungguhnya arak, dan judi, dan pemujaan berhala, dan mengundi nasib dengan batang-batang anak panah, adalah (semuanya) kotor (keji) dari perbuatan syaitan; oleh itu hendaklah kamu menjauhinya supaya kamu berjaya” (al-Qurān, 5: 90).

SMOKING/

So intoxicant drink is prohibited in Islām. At the time it was from grapes and its name was “al- Khamr” (الخمر), whereby nowadays there are so many materials that could become intoxicant drink whether it is from rice, pineapple, coconut, etc; and they do come by many names such Carlsberg, Stout, Beer, etc… they are all harām in Islām based on the Qiyās concept.

‘Illah (عل�ة)/ reason for justifying this Qiyas: is the intoxication and harmful for brain/ mind.

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2.3. EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Beginning of Islamic CivilizationIslamic Civilization at prophethood

time (Prophet Muhammad SAW) & Khulafa’ al Rasyidin.

During Umayyah /Abbasiyyah periods.The spread and development of Islam

to Africa, Europe, India and Asian continental

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2.4.1 Factors that leaded to excellence of Islamic civilization

Upholding the teachings of al-Quran dan al-Sunnah (Insan Rabbani- godliness individual generation).

Good rulers/ ministers. Galakan Pemerintah.

Political stability Cooperation between the Muslims especially among their

Muslim scholars and intellectuals. Kerjasama Para Ulama dan Cendikiawan.

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2.4.2. Development of Islamic knowledge to Europeans

Diplomatic relation. Hubungan Diplomatik.

Translation activities. Universities such as at Sicily.

2.4.3 Intellectual activities occurred in:

Economy. Medicine. Astronomy. Math. Architecture Etc

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Teaching and Learning. Sistem Pengajaran dan Pendidikan

Maas media especially newspaper: materialistic generation - social problems.

Alien ideologies such sekularisme, capitalism, darwnism, etc.

2.5. ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION DURING COLONIAL ERA

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2.6. JIHAD IN ISLAM

Jihad in upholding the Islamic teachings. Mempertahankan Kesucian Islam.

Jihad against lust/ bad intention (Nafsu).

Jihad in education. Ilmu dan pendidikan.

Etc

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2.7 Islamic development in Malaysia.

Cultivating Islamic values in the administration. Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Islam dalam Pentadbiran – Islam Had.ari

Its application in economy

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2.8. CONCLUSION

Islam is a universal religion for all man kind. Its emergence brought good changes to human beings and the world whereby its teachings address a lot on good values and behaviours. Islamic civilization brought one distinguished civilization to the world the history ever seen whereby its main concept as “the way of life” gives a new dimension to religion perception. It later on paved a way to European renaissence and development.

Any Reminder / Debriefing Any Reminder / Debriefing about the topic in about the topic in Topic 2Topic 2

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THANKS