Upload
hafiz-azman
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
1/55
CHAPTER 5TRANSMISSION LINE
By
Nur Diyana Kamarudin
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
2/55
16 March 2010 2
un amen a s o
Transmission Lines Transmission lines are considered to be
impedance matching circuits designed to deliverpower (RF) from the transmitter to the antennaand maximum signal from the antenna to thereceiver.
Nowadays, the transmission line is made ofparallel-wire (unbalanced) line and coaxial(unbalanced) line.
It consists of 2-wire line since transmission line
fortransverse electromagneticTEM wavepropagation always have 2 conductors.
The characteristic of Transmission Line aredetermined by its electrical properties :Conductivity & Insulator Dielectric Constant
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
3/55
Fundamentals The parallel-wire line is employed where balanced
properties are required: for instance: inconnecting a folded-dipole antenna to a TVreceiver.
The coaxial line is used when unbalanced
properties are needed as in the interconnection ofa broadcast transmitter to its grounded antenna.
It is also employed at UHF and microwavefrequencies to avoid the risk of radiation from thetransmission line itself.
Parallel lines are never used in microwaveswhereas coaxial lines may be employed for
frequencies up to at least 18GHz.16 March 2010 3
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
4/55
16 March 2010 4
Types of Transmission Lines
Parallel line
Coaxial Cable
Open-Wire
Twin-Lead
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
5/55
16 March 2010 5
Types of Transmission lines
Open-wire Twin lead
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
6/55
16 March 2010 6
Types of transmission lines
Unshielded twisted-pair
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
7/55
16 March 2010 7
Types of transmission lines
Coaxial cable
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
8/55
16 March 2010 8
Ideal Transmission Line
No losses conductors have zero resistance dielectric has zero conductance possible only with superconductors approximated by a short line
No capacitance or inductance possible with a real line only at dc with low frequencies and short lines this can
be approximated
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
9/55
16 March 2010 9
The electrical properties determine the PRIMARYelectricalconstant:
Series Resistance, R
Series Inductance, L
Shunt Capacitance, C
Shunt Conductance, G
Th
e combined above parameter is called LUMPED
PARAMETERS.
The transmission line characteristic is called SECONDARYCONSTANT.
The secondary constants are:1. Characteristic Impedance2. Propagation constant
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
10/55
16 March 2010 10
Two-wire parallel transmission lineelectrical equivalent circuit
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
11/55
16 March 2010 11
The characteristic Impedance, Zo is defined as :
A transmission line must be terminated at purelyresistive load for maximum power transfer.
Zo = Zo = for Low Frequencies Zo = for high Frequencies
The conductance between 2 wires are determinedby the shunt leakage resistance, Rs
The load impedance, ZL must match withcharacteristic impedance, ZO
GR /
)(/)( jwCGjwLR
CL /
Characteristic Impedance
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
12/55
16 March 2010 12
The characteristic impedance can be calculatedby using Ohms Law:
Zo = Eo/ Io
where Eo
is source voltage and Io
is transmission linecurrent
The characteristic impedance also can becalculated by its physical dimension:
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
13/55
16 March 2010 13
Two wire parallel Transmission lines
Two-wireparallel transmission line
0 276logD
Zr
!
Z0= the characteristic impedance (ohms)
D = thedistancebetween the centers= 2s
r = theradiusof the conductor
I0 = thepermittivity offreespace (F/m)Ir = therelativepermittivity ordielectric constant of the
medium (unitless)
Q0 = thepermeability offreespace (H/m)
1
p
o
v
Q I
0rI I I!
0
1
o
c
Q I!
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
14/55
16 March 2010 14
Coaxial Cable transmission lines
Coaxial cable
0
138log
r
DZ
dI
Z0= the characteristic impedance (ohms)
D = thediameterof theouterconductor
d =thediameter
oftheinnerc
onduct
orI = thepermittivity of thematerial
Ir = therelativepermittivity ordielectric constant of
themediumorinsulators=k
Q0 = thepermeability offreespace
1
p
o
v
Q I
0rI I I!
0
1
o
c
Q I!
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
15/55
16 March 2010 15
EXAMPLE 1 :
Determine the characteristic impedance of thecoaxial cable with L= 0.118 uH/ft and C = 21 pF/ft.
Solution :
Zo = = 75;
-seealsoexample7.1, 7.2 and7.3 giveninhandouts.
CL /
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
16/55
16 March 2010 16
Losses in Transmission Lines ConductorLosses
Increaseswithfrequency duetoskineffect
Conductorheating or I2R
loss-proportional to current
andinversely proportional to
characteristic impedance. Dielectric Heating Losses
Alsoincreaseswithfrequency
RadiationLosses Not significant with good
quality coaxproperly installed
Canbeaproblemwithopen-
wire cable
Coupling Losses
Corona
Skineffect
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
17/55
16 March 2010 17
Transmission Lines Losses
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
18/55
16 March 2010 18
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
19/55
Velocity factor The velocity of light and all other electromagnetic
waves depends on the medium through whichthey travel.
It is nearly 3 x 108 m/s in a vacuum and slower inall other media.
The velocity of light in a medium is given by
v = vc/ k
where v = velocity in the medium
vc = velocity of light in a vacuum
k = dielectric constant of the medium ( 1for vacuum and very nearly 1 for air)
16 March 2010 19
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
20/55
Velocity factor The velocity factor of a dielectric substance and
thus of a cable is the velocity reduction ratio andis therefore given by
vf= 1/k
The dielectric constants of materials commonlyused in transmission lines range from about 1.2 to2.8, giving corresponding velocity factors from 0.9to 0.6.
16 March 2010 20
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
21/55
16 March 2010 21
Reflection Coefficients
It is a vector quantity that represents the ratioof reflected voltages to incident voltage orreflected current incident current.Refer to figure 12.19 for the figure ofincidence wave and reflected wave.
It is defined as :+ = (z 1) / (z + 1)
z is a normalized impedance
It canalsobewrittenin termofreflectedvoltageorcurrent andincident voltage/current.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
22/55
16 March 2010 22
Reflection Coefficient
r r
i i
V Ior
V I+
+ =reflection coefficientV
i=incident voltage
Vr=reflectedvoltage
Ii =incident currentIr=reflected current
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
23/55
16 March 2010 23
ZL
TransmissionLine
Z0
Reflection of Pulses
r r
i i
Ior
I+ @
total voltagei r
V V!
total currenti r
I I!
i r
L
i r
ZI I
!
0i r
i r
V VZ
I I
! !
0
0
L
L
Z Z
Z Z
+ !
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
24/55
16 March 2010 24
Reflection Coefficient
More complex situation: Load has an arbitraryimpedance
not equal to Z0 not shorted or open
impedance may be complex (either capacitiveor inductive as well as resistive)
Method needed to calculate reflected voltage inthese cases
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
25/55
16 March 2010 25
Wave Propagation on Lines
Start by assuming a matched line
Waves move down the line at propagationvelocity
Waves are the same at all points except for phase
Phase changes 360 degrees in the distance awave travels in one period
This distance is called the wavelength
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
26/55
16 March 2010 26
Incidentand ReflectedWaves
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
27/55
16 March 2010 27
StandingWaves
When an incident wave reflects from a
mismatched load (Z0 ZL), an interference patterndevelops
Both incident and reflected waves move at thepropagation velocity, but the interference pattern
is stationary
The interference pattern is called a set ofstanding waves
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
28/55
16 March 2010 28
StandingWaves
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
29/55
16 March 2010 29
Standing-Wave Ratio When line is mismatched but neither open nor
shorted, voltage varies along line without everfalling to zero Greater mismatch leads to greater variation Voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR or SWR) is
defined as a ratio of the maximum voltage/current
to the minimum voltage/current of a standingwave of the transmission line
often called Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
min
max
V
VSWR !
http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/tutorialFrameset.htm
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
30/55
16 March 2010 30
Standing waves
max
min
VSWR
V!
max i r i iV E E E E ! ! +
min i r i iV E E E E ! ! +
0
0
1or
1
L
L
Z ZSWR
Z Z
+! !
+
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
31/55
16 March 2010 31
StandingWave Ratio (SWR)
If there is no reflected wave or signals, then SWRwill be equal to 1 where Zo = ZL
If the load is purely resistive, then the SWR willbe:SWR = Zo/ ZL
1
1
SWR
SWR
+ !
0
0
L
L
Z Z
Z Z
+ !
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
32/55
16 March 2010 32
Effects of High SWR
High SWR causes voltage peaks on the line thatcan damage the line or connected equipmentsuch as a transmitter
Current peaks due to high SWR cause losses to
increase
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
33/55
Quarterand half wavelength
lines Impedance inversion by quarter-wavelength
Zs s/D
Zo ZL
Consider figure above which shows a load of
impedance ZL connected to a piece oftransmission line of length s and having Zo as itscharacteristic impedance.
Zs = Zo2/ ZL
(reflective impedance)
If the impedances are normalized with respect toZo, we have
16 March 2010 33
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
34/55
Zs/Zo = Zo/ZL
Where
Zs/Zo = zsand
ZL/Zo = zL
we know that zs = 1/ zL = yL
where yL is the normalized admittance of the load.
this equation states that if a quarter-wavelength line is connected to an impedance, then thenormalized input impedance of this line is equal tothe normalized load admittance.
16 March 2010 34
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
35/55
16 March 2010 35
Quarter-Wave Transformerand
impedancematching
It used to match transmission line to the purelyresistive load in order to find the shortestdistance to the load (in term ofP).
Refer to figure 12-31 for the diagram of theQuarter-wave transformer.
At quarter-wavelength (P/4), the characteristicimpedance of the transmission line will be
defined as:Zo
= LZZo
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
36/55
16 March 2010 36
Quarter-Wave Transformerand
impedancematching
Condition of Quarter-Wave Transformer:1. RL = Zo Acts as Transformer for ratio of 1:1
2. RL > Zo Acts as Step down Transformer
3. RL < Zo Acts as Step up Transformer
A quarter-wave Transformer is simply onequarter (P/4) long of the transmission line length.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
37/55
16 March 2010 37
Quarter-Wave Transformerand
impedancematching
EXAMPLE:
Determine the physical length and newcharacteristic impedance for the transmissionline of 50; RG-8A/U. Use Quarter-Wave
Transformer to match the 150; load impedancewhere the source frequency is 150 MHz andvelocity factor of 1.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
38/55
16 March 2010 38
SOLUTION :
1. Physical Length:
P = (c/f) = (3 x108/ 150 x 106)
=0.5m
2. The characteristic impedance is:
Zo = sqrt [(50)(150)] = 86.6 ;
- Seealsohandout givenasanotherexample.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
39/55
16 March 2010 39
Reactance properties of TL:
Stubs
It is used to remove the reactive parts of thetransmission line in order to obtain themaximum energy transferred to the loadsince purely inductive or capacitive loadabsorbs no energy.
In order to implement it, a piece oftransmission line is placed across theprimary line as close to the load as possible.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
40/55
16 March 2010 40
Reactance properties of TL :
Stubs
Procedure for Stub Matching is definedbelow:1. Calculate the load admittance
2. Calculate stub susceptance
3. Connect stub to the load, the resultingadmittance being the load conductance G.4. Transform conductance to resistance, andcalculate Z
o of the quarter-wave transformer
as before.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
41/55
16 March 2010 41
EXERCISE :
A (200 + j75) load is to be matched to a 300 line to give SWR = 1. Calculate:
1. Reactance of the stub
2. the characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave transformer,
both connected directly to the load.
- See the solution as given in the handouts.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
42/55
16 March 2010 42
We need to model the transmission line due to
the following reasons:
Propagation Line (Phase Shift)
Reflected Signals or Waves
Power Loss Dispersion
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
43/55
16 March 2010 43
Smith Chart Smith Chart is a tool used to determine the
matched IMPEDANCEorADMITTANCEforthe lossless transmission line.
Smith Chart consists of the following:
The outer section of the Smith Chart is referto the distance of wavelength towardsgenerator (source) and load.
Clockwise rotation movement towardsgenerator
Counterclockwise rotation movementtowards load The scale for the wavelength is from 0 => 0.5P
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
44/55
16 March 2010 44
The body of Smith Chart consists of the following:
Body of smith chart is made of families of orthogonalcircles (intersect at right angles).
The impedance or admittance at any point on the line
can be plotted by find the intersection of the realcomponent (resistance or conductance) indicated inthe along horizontal axis with the imaginarycomponent (reactance or susceptance).
Counterclockwise rotation movement towards load
The scale for the wavelength is from 0 => 0.5P
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
45/55
16 March 2010 45
The top half of the smith chart is referring to thepositive Inductive Reactance (jX/Zo) & CapacitiveSusceptance (jB/Yo).
The bottom half of the smith chart is referring tothe negative Capacitive reactance (-jX/Zo) &
Inductive Susceptance (-jB/Yo)
The centerof theSmithChart isreferring to therealcomponent, Resistance (R/Zo)andConductance(G/Yo).
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
46/55
16 March 2010 46
Smith Chart (Simplediagram)
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
47/55
16 March 2010 47
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
48/55
16 March 2010 48
The impedance & admittance value in the SmithChart is often expressed in term of normalized,
= Z /Zo EXAMPLE 2 :
Plot the impedance of 100 + j25 ; on a 50 ; line.
Solution :
1. Normalized the impedance by:z = (100 + j25) / 50 = 2 + j0.5
2. Use Smith Chart to plot the normalizeimpedance.
3. Since the value of impedance is positive, find the
point of the plot on the upper side of smith chart andfind the value of resistance (2) and reactance (0.5)and then draw the circle.4. The radius of the circle is called SWR (StandingWave
Ratio) of the line.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
49/55
16 March 2010 49
Plot the following impedance in the smith chart ifthe characteristic impedance is 50 ;.
i) 50 + j75 ;
ii) 150 + j75 ;
EXERCISE 1:
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
50/55
16 March 2010 50
EXAMPLE3 :
Determine the input impedance and SWR forthe 1.25P long transmission line where thecharacteristic impedance, Zo = 50 ; and loadimpedance, ZL= 30 + j40;.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
51/55
16 March 2010 51
SOLUTION FOR EXAMPLE3:
1. Find the normalized impedance,z = (30 + j40)/50 = 0.6 + j0.8
2. Plot the normalized impedance anddetermine the SWR.SWR = 2.9
3. Find the wavelength from normalizedimpedance and rotate it by 1.25Pthe distance required is 0.37P.draw the intersection line to determine the input
impedance,Zin= (0.63 j0.77)x50=31.5 j38.5
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
52/55
16 March 2010 52
EXAMPLE 4 :
Quaterwave TransformerMatching
A load impedance, ZL= 75 + j50; to matchthe 50; source with a quarter-wavetransformer.
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
53/55
16 March 2010 53
SOLUTION FOR EXAMPLE 4:
1. Find the normalized impedance,z = (75 + j50)/50 =1.5 + j1
2. Plot the normalized impedance and
determine the SWR.
SWR = 2.4 labeled as point C
3. Label it as point A and then extend the line to
determine the distance from the load:
0.192P labeled as point B
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
54/55
16 March 2010 54
4.At point C, thedistanceis0.250P
thus, thedistancefro
mpo
intC
to
B is0.250P - 0.192P =>0.058P
It isa Quarter-waveTranformer
5.Thus, theinput impedanceisdeterminedfrom
itsSWR,Zin =SWR = (2.4)x50= 120;
6.TheCharacteristic ImpedancefromQuarter-Wave Transformer :
Zo
=sqrt(
ZoZ
in)=
sqrt (50
x120
)=
77.5
;
8/14/2019 b7 Transmission lines -comm theorem
55/55
16 March 2010 55
EXERCISE 2:
Determine the SWR, Characteristic ofQuarter-Wave Transformer and the distanceto match the 75 ; transmission line to theload impedance of 25-j50 ;.