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Water combination of 2 elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen. It appears in its state as:

Liquid - - - - - - - - - - - - 830 times heavier than air

Solid - - - - - - - - - - - - - ice

Gas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vapour or stream. . . . 133 times tighter than air

Sources of water

- Rainfall - Natural Surface; water from streams, river/lakes - Underground waterdeep/shallow well

Methods of PURIFICATION and TREATMENT of water

Sedimentation - articles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container

so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these sediments in the

container.

Chemical Treatments water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful bacterias present and to

cure the turbid taste or mudtaste, remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly used as chemical is chlorine.

Filtration water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter,

mud, and other particles of matter present in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and

gravel. (Slow Process and Mechanical or rapid process)

Aeration raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves and exposed to air of fine mist.

Deep Wells hen sunk by machine and are classified as driven

Water SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

Pumps are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a bldg,

tank or reservoir. (Types of apparatus;)

Lift Pump consist of a piston travelling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe

extending down into the source. The piston and the bottom of the cylinder are each provided with a

valve opening upward.

Force Pump used to deliver water at a pt. higher than the position of the pump itself, when the

plunger descends, the valve a is closed and the water in the cylinder is forced out through the valve b

and up to the storage.

Reciprocating Pump include class of pumps in which the piston moves to and fro, either hor. or vert.

POWER PUMPS

Horizontal Reciprocating Pumpsknown as double or single acting piston pumps.

Vertical Reciprocating Pumps for suction lifts of less than 22 (6.7mts) are composed of 3 vert.

cylinders placed side by side.

DIRECT ACTING steam pumps

Deep Well Plunger Pumpsare used when the water level of the source is more than 22 below the

ground, they consist of a cylinder installed below the water level and connected to the driving

mechanism at or near the ground level by a wood or steel rod.

Centrifugal Pumps possess moving parts without valves, revolving around an axis and centrifugal

action is utilized in delivering the water under pressure.

Hydraulic Rams are automatic and require no motor since they depend for operation upon water

hammer

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Tanks used either for the collection of water w/out consideration of pressure or for storing water

under air pressure or under static HEAD for future distribution by pneumatic or gravity means.

Fixture used for tank:

- Cylindrical G.I. Tank

- Spherical PVC Tank

- Rectangular Reinforced Conc.

- Rectangular Steel Tank Riveted

- Pneumatic Tank (pressurized)

- Stainless Steel Tank

Suction Tank are constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; the larger tanks often being divided into

two compartments. Used so that the pneumatic tank or other pumps sucks the water from this suction

tank and not from the Public Main so that, it will not deprive.

The (3) THREE WAYS of water DISTRIBUTION

Upfeed System from the normal water pressure from public water main for low rise bldgs.

Pneumatic Tank from air pressure from the suction tank for tall bldgs which cannot be reached by

normal water pressure.

Float Valve operates the pump to make up this water when the level has become low enough to

actuate the starting switch.

Downfeed System by gravity from overhead tanks and are supported either by structural frames or on

the roof decks. Fixtures are below the gravity tank.

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

House Pipe/Service Pipe the pipe from the public water main or source of water supply to the bldg

served.

Pipes water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by means of --.

Branches the hor. pipes that serves the faucets or fixtures

Riser the vert. supply pipe w/c extends upward from one floor to the next.

Water Main refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where house service

is connected

Corporation Cock a stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main.

Gooseneck one end is .30 and the other end is .90 long this prevent the pipe from snapping when the

soil settles.

Five Types of Fittings

- Threaded or screw connection

- Flanged

- Soldered or welded

- Compression

- Glued or cement

KINDS OF MALLEABLE FITTINGS (G.I. pipe fittings) (needs further review)

- Straight Coupling

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- Street Tee

- Socket

- Reducing Socket

- Straight Tee

- Cross Tee

- Reducing Tee

- 45 deg. Elbow

- 90 deg. Elbow

- Reducing elbow

- 90 deg. Street elbow

- 45 deg. Street elbow

- Return bend

- Floor flanges

- Extension piece

- Hose adapter

Clamping element is adjustable and disengages by turning and then sliding away to permit uncoupling

pipes.

Union used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is difficult.

Bushing used as reducer if to 1/ faucet pipe.

Plug to close a pipe opening.

PLASTIC PPIPES AND FITTINGS

Polybutylene or (PB) size 16 mm dia. (5/8) to 63mm dia. ( 2 ) lengths from 30m for a (2dia) to

300m for a (1/2dia.) comes in coils used for HOT and COLD in-house water piping systems.

Polyethylene (PE) used for service connections, in-house plumbing, distribution mains, sewer, waste

disposal.

Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)

uPVC pressure mains - used for waterworks and irrigations.

uPVC potable water pipes and fittings

PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM

is the process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by means of a mechanical device. This

type is generally adopted on large buildings where difficulties of providing natural circulation of hot

water is impossible.

HOT WATER TANK

is one of the essential requirements for a domestic hot water system. It should be strong enough to

resist the high pressure of boiling water stored in it.

Two Types:

Range boiler small hot water tank

Storage tank large hot water tank

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Range Boiler is made of galvanized sheet, steel or copper, built into cylinder shape with concave ends

either welded or riveted. The range boiler varies in size from .30 to .60 mts in dia. w/ a length of not

more than 1.8 mts.

Storage Tank made of heavy duty metal sheets w/ rust proof paint. The size also varies from .60 to 1.3

mts. Dia. & its length is up to 5 mts. long.

MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS

Galvanized Iron or Steel Pipes made out of a mild steel drawn through a die and welded cast into 6

mts. Long. Usual life span 15 to 20 yrs. This type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and acid water. That is

why when used for hot water line, it deteriorates faster than cold water supply pipe.

Plastic or Synthetic Pipe

Two Types- Rigid Type

- Flexible type

Rigid Types can be:- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

- Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)

- Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)

- Polypropylene (PP)

- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrone (ABS)

- Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Flexible Types are

Polyethylene (PE) coil form at 30 mts.

Polybutylene (PB) up to 150 mts long in coil form

Cast Iron Pipe is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building which

are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at joints due to vibrations.

Two Types:

SV for building installations

XV for underground installations this are extra heavy

Standard, Double Hub, Single Hub, Hubless Piipe

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is commonly installed in

chemical laboratories where acid wastes are being discharged.

Asbestos Pipe made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness is twice that of standard

cast iron. Most suited for embedment on conc. structures.

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe cheapest light in weight, recommended for house sewer and septic tank

installation. It could take slight soil movement w/out danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint.

Vitrified Clay Pipe made from CLAY and w/a length of .75 mts treated w/ glazed compound. This is

highly resistant to most acids aand is well suited in underground installations working either as public or

house sewer, or storm in drain.

Lead Pipe highly resistant and is very suitable to underground installation. It is never recommended to

convey water for human consumption.

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Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes better than steel pipe, more resistant to acid waste than the steel

pipe.

Brass Pipe most expensive of all types of pipe. Made of an alloy of zinc and copper mixed at a

proportion of 15% and 85%. A superior material for waste and water installation because of its smooth

surface aside from its high resistance to acids.

Copper Pipes durable material w/c is extremely corrosive resistant easiest to install.

- type K heaviest for underground installations

- type L lighter than type K comes in flexible and rigid type

- type M thinner and available only in rigid form.

Maximum Demand refers Maximum Water Discharge plumbing fixtures in terms of unit.

Probable Demand or Peak Load another factor considered in determining the size of the water service

pipe.

FLANGES consist of fittings provided w/ projecting rims or flanges which are screwed over the two

piped ends to be joined. (GASKET middle portion)

VALVES & CONTROL

Gate Valves consist of a wedge-shaped plug which is screwed down to seat bet. two brass rings

surrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained. This valve is used when a normal fully open

or closed position is desired.

Globe Valve are operated by screwing down a disk w/ soft packing until it presses tightly upon a metal

seat. Used when it is desired to throttle the water supply. Same end must always as inlet.

Check Valves used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one direction and there

is a possibility of a flow taking place in the opposite direction.

Swing Check Valve has a pivoted flap which is readily pushed open by the pressure of water from one

side but is tightly closed by the force of a reverse flow.

Hor. or Lift Check Valve consist of a loose disk w/c closes by gravity when the pressures on both sides

are equal.

Angle Valve changes the direction of the flow of water as well as control it. Acts somewhat like globe

valve but are usually used for a right angle turn.

FAUCETS

Key Cock operate by means of a round, tapering plug, perforated in one direction perpendicular to its

axis and ground to fit a metal seat.

Compression Cock operate by the compression of soft packing upon a metal seat. They close against

the flow of water and can be used upon high pressure pipe w/out pipes w/out causing water hammer.

Hose Bibb similar to a compression cock but has a screw outside for connection of water hose.

Self Closing Faucets arranged to discharge water while they are held open by the hand and to close by

a spring inside the faucet as soon as the pressure of the hand is removed.

PRESSURE REGULATORS

Water Hammer excessive pressure produces a rumbling sound --- and to reduce this, an additional .30

to .90 m length of pipe is added to the riser to give air pressure w/c absorb it.

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HOT WATER SUPPLY consist of a heater w/ or w/out a sto. Tank, piping to carry the heated water to

the farthest fixture and a continuation of this piping to return the unused cooled water back to the

heater.

Booster Pump (Pressure Tank) when sto. waters underground.

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2

SPRINKLERS

Two Systems of Sprinklers

Wet Pipe System ordinarily with water constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes.

Dry Pipe System - generally confined to unheated buildings. There is no water in the distributing pipes

of the dry-pipe system except during a fire.

Sprinkler Heads the quartzoid bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid.

Two Types

Upright used above piping when piping is exposed. It is safer against damage workers.

Pendant this type projects through a finished ceiling when piping is concealed.

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3 (Storm Water System)

Perforated Pipe is used when the oil is not permeable and needs

Storm Drain is that portion of the plumbing system w/c conveys rain or storm water to a suitable

terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public drain system and carried to

some natural drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers.

Roof Leader this is commonly known as conductor or downspout. It connects the roof terminal to the

storm drain either inside or outside leader.

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4 (Plumbing System)

Three degrees or grades of WASTE WATER

Storm Water from the rain

Grey Water wastes from laundries, wash basins, sinks, sho. bath tubs

Black Water water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine that is flushed out of toilets and urinals

ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM

Soil Pipe any pipe w/c conveys the discharge o water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar

functions.

Stack a general term used for any vert. line of soil, waste, or vent piping

Soil Stack Pipe a vert. soil pipe conveying local matter and liquid waste.

Stack Vent an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest hor. drain connected to the stack.

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Vent a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing

to pressure exerted on trap seals.

Unit Vent an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps

Wet Vent that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.

Branch any part of a piping system other than the main, riser or stack.

Main the main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system to which

branches may be connected.

Branch Vent a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent stack.

Waste Pipe a pipe w/c conveys only liquid wastes free of local matter.

Drain a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface water, wate water, or

sewerage.

Sewer a pipe or conduit for carrying sewerage and waste liquids.

Sewage the liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the storm water.

Sewerage a comprehensive term, including all construction for collection, transportation, treatment

and final disposition of waste.

Cleanout Ferrule a metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a

plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.

Trap a fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas, and some vermin through

a pipe w/out materially affecting the flow of sewerage or waste water through it.

House Drainthat part of the lowest ho. Piping of a plumbing system w/c receives the discharge from

soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a bldg and conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a

slope of at last 1/4 to a floor or .006 for every .30 mts (6mm for every 300 mm)

House Sewerpart of a plumbing system extending from a pt about 4 or 5 from the inner face of the

foundation wall of a building to the junction w/ another sewer.

House Trap a trap connected to lowest hor. piping or House drain.

Relief Vent- a vent the primary (fresh air inlet) function of hich is to provide circulation of air between

drainage and vent system.

Public Sewer a common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutter shave equal

rights of connection.

Sipitonage a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes.

Spigot the end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also a word synonymously w/ faucet.

Seel the vert distance bet. the dip and crown wire of a trap.

Roughing-In the installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in partitions and under floors.

Finishing the setting of fixtures

Sump a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained

Shaft a vert. opening though a bldg for elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, etc

Sleeve a sheet metal placed when conc. is poured to accommodate future plumbing pipes.

Pipe Chase an opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes.

Duct opening for ventilation circulation of air.

PIPING, FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES (PAGE 81)

- waste or soil pipe (double hub) / (single hub)

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- hubless (bell)

- sanitary tee

- 1/8 bend offset

- bend long sweep

- tapped tee

- cross tee

- double wye branch

- double hub fitting

- cleanout ferrule

- reducer

- s-trap

- lead p-trap

- brass p-trap

- running trap

- s-trap w/ vent

- p-trap

-drum trap

- lead ferrule

- strainer (nickel, brass, steel)

- crowfoot

CUTTING OF PIPES AND CALKING OF JOINTS

- is done by marking w/a chalk then w/ a cold chisel and hammer, strike all around the scored line.

OAKUM - hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it water proof.

CALKING plugging an opening w/ oakum lead or other materials that are pounded into place.(used

EPOXY ADHESIVE)

PLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS

Color Coding

Portable Water Blue

Electrical Conduit Orange or light Gray

Industrial System Gray

Communication Cable Yellow

Sewage System Orange brown

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE (see page 84 95)

- Sec. 154. Grades of hor. piping all horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a

uniform grade not less than two (2%) percent 20mm rise per meter length, and shall be supported or

anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.00 m (10). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases

and all pipes shall be rigidly secured. 2 rise per every one hundred (100) length.

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- Sec. 157. Change in direction all changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate use of 45 deg.

Wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary tees may be used on vertical

stacks, and short quarter bends may be used in soil and waste lines where the change in the direction of

flow is from the hor. to the vert. tees and crosses may be used in vent pipes.

- Sec. 158. Prohibited Fittings no double hub, double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste

line. The drilling and taping of house drains, soil waste, or vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and

bends are prohibited.

- Sec. 159. Dead ends avoided on all drainage system installation

- Sec. 173. Lead Pipe joints in lead pipes and brass or copper pipes, ferrules, soldering nipples,

bushings or traps, in all cases on the sewer side of the trap and in concealed joints or the inlet side of

the trap, shall be full wiped joints, w/ an exposed surface of the solder to each side of the joint of not

less than one fourth (1/4) of an inch.

- Sec. 174. Lead to Cast Iron, steel or w.i. wrought iron the joints shall be made water tight by the

use of copper, lead, or galvanized iron plates on flashings.

- Sec. 175. Roof joints the joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be made water tight by the use of

copper, lead or galvanized iron plates or flashings.

- Sec. 176. Slip joints and unions slip joints will be permitted only in trap seals or in the inlet side of

the trap. Unions on the sewer side of the sewer side of the trap shall be ground faced, and shall not be

concealed or enclosed.

- Sec. 182. Traps where required each fixture shall be separately trapped by a water-seal trap placed

as near to the fixture as possible except that a set of similar fixtures consisting of not more than three

(3) wash basins, or a set of three (3) sinks may connect w/ a single one and one half ( 1 ) trap. In no

case

shall the waste from a bath tub or other fixture discharge into a water closet trap. No fixture shall be

double trapped.

- Sec.184. Trap clean outs each trap, except those in combination w/ fixtures in w/c the trap seal is

plainly visible and inaccessible, shall be provided w/ an accessible brass tap screw of ample size.

- Sec. 187. Pipe cleanouts where required a clean out easily accessible shall be provided at the upper

end of every hor. waste or soil pipe. Also at every change of hor. direction, unless said change of

direction is made at an angle of not more than twenty two and a half (22 1/2deg.) and is easily reached

conveniently w/ sewer rod wire.- there shall be a clean out w/in (5) inside the property line before the

house sewer connection, connected from a full sized branch, except for the latter, clean-outs shall be of

the same nominal size as the pipes. The distance between clean out in hor. waste or soil lines shall not

exceed, (50)

- Sec. 189. Grease traps grease traps of adequate capacity must be installed wherever greasy wastes

from hotels, restaurants, club houses, or similar public eating places are discharged into the sewer, or

septic vault grease traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fixture from w/c it receives the

discharge and shall have an air-tight cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning.

- Sec. 190 Garage traps garages, auto repair shops and greasing rack drains shall be intercepted, force

entering the sewer or septic vault by a suitable garage trap. Similar establishment shall also be provided

w/ such trap, when so required by the proper authority.

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- Sec.207. Fixtures prohibited pen and valve plunger, offset washout and other water closet having

invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly washed at each flush shall not be used. Long

hopper water-closets or similar appliances shall not be installed.

- Sec. 216. Soil and waste stacks fixture connections all soil and waste stacks and branches shall be

provided w/ correctly faced inlets for fixture connections.

- Sec. 218. Roof extensionall roof extension of soil and waste stacks shall be run full size at least 1

above the roof: if the roof is used for purposes other than weather protection, such extension shall not

be less than 8 above the roof level.

- Sec.221. Distance of vent from trap seal not trap shall be placed more than 5, (hor. developed

length) from its vent.

- Sec. 226. Circuit and loop vents a circuit or loop vent will be permitted as follows: a branch soil or

waste pipe to w/c two and not more than 8 of the following fixtures: water closets, pedestal urinals,

standard trap, slop sinks or shower stalls are connected in series, may be vented by a circuit or loop

vent, w/c shall be taken of, in front of the first fixture connection.

- Sec. 242. Sump and receiving tanks all sub house drains shall discharge into an air-tight sump or

receiving tank so located as to receive the sewage by gravity, from w/c sump or receiving tank the

sewage shall be lifted and discharge into the house sewer by pump ejector, or any equally efficient

method. Such sumps shall be either automatically discharged and be of sufficient capacity to receive the

house sewage and wastes for not less than 24 hour use.

- Sec. 243. Drainage below sewer level in all buildings in w/c the whole or part of the house drainage

and plumbing system. Thereof is located below the crown level of the main sewer, sewage or have

wastes shall be lifted by an approved artificial means and discharged into the house sewer.

-- sump - -a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid waste are drained.

- Sec. 251. Refrigeration wastes the waste pipe from a refrigerator, 16 box floor drain, or receptacle

where food are kept for storage purposes shall not connect directly w/ any house drain, soil, or waste

pipe. Such waste pipe shall in all cases empty into an open sink or floor drain that is properly supplied w/

water, connected, trapped, and vented, as that of any other fixture.

TRAPS, VENTS and AIR GAPS

TRAPS only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy gases in a sanitary system

and the air breathed by room occupants is the water caught in the fixture trap after each discharge from

a fixture. A min. depth of 2 (.05) and a max. of .10 (4) are common standards for water seel .

TRAP SEAL vert. distance bet. the dip and the crown weir of a trap. Also it is the water in the trap the

dip and the crown weir.

SIPHONAGE the result of a minus pressure in the drainage system.

INDIRECT OR MOMENTUM SIPHONAGE the result of a (-) minus pressure in the pipe created by heavy

discharge of water from a fixture installed on a line serving another fixture at a lower floor.

BACK PRESSURE condition is caused by a (+) plus pressure which blows the water out of the fixture.

EVAPORATION less probable to drain the water inside the trap. Evaporation happens only on floor

drains not regularly used to admit water but is exposed to extreme temperature. (no water seal)

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CAPILLARY ACTION kind of trap seal loss seldom happen and is rarely experienced by homeowners.

The condition is caused by a suspension of a foreign object such as a string, rags, strands of hair

extended over the outlet arm of the trap.

AIR GAPS AND VACUUM BREAKERS

The proximity of sewage to potable water at fixtures is inescapable. It is possible tghat sewage could

accidentally be siphoned into a pipe carrying potable water.

Types of Vent

- main soil and waste vent

- main vent

- individual vent it should be located underneath and back of the fixture and it must be connected to

the main vent above the overflow line of the fixture.

-unit vent is that portion of the vent pipe which ventilate two fixture traps. Usually used in apartments

arranged back to back.

- circuit or loop vent is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a hor. soil or waste

branch. The use of circuit vent generally reduces the cost of the plumbing installation.

- relief vent is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting branches other than

the fixture traps.; not less than 50mm dia. and should be the same dia. as the main vent.

- yoke or by-pass ventilation on a long vert. soil pipe a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals.

- wet ventilation refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing system used as ventilation of the

plumbing, installation and fixture traps w/c at the same time receives and convey liquid waste discharge

from the fixtures. Widely used for small groups of bathroom fixtures particularly on a one or two storey

residential houses.

- looped vent used on fixtures in a room away from partitions. Common beauty parlors, barbers shops

and dental clinics and surgical rooms.

Battery of Fixtures any two or more similar adjacent fixture w/c discharged into a common hor. or soil

branch.

SANITARY DRAIN receives the discharges of sanitary domestic waste only,

-industrial drain this house drain receives the discharge from industrial equipments. Due to some

objectionable acid wastes, this usually terminate into a separate drainage basin.

- storm drain this receive the discharge of all storm. Clear water or surface water washes except

sanitary wastes this usually terminate into rivers, lakes, etc.

House Sewer is that portion of the hor. drainage system w/c starts from the outer face of the building

and terminate at the main sewer in the street or septic tank. (101-102)

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5 (Sewage Disposal System)

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Several Types

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Cesspool is a hole in the ground w/ stones and bricks-laid in such a manner as to allow raw

contaminated sewage to leach in the undersurface of the ground (now obsolete)

Privy is a concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw sewage sealed w/ a wooden shelter

Septic Tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharge from the house sewer.

Public Sewer Line is a public sewage disposal system consisting of a sewage treatment unit w/c

conveys the raw sewage to the disposal system.

- combination public sewer it conveys storm water and sanitary waste

- sanitary sewer only carries sanitary waste to a modern disposal plant rainwater is prohibited.

- storm sewer this carries storm water and terminates into a natural drainage such as lakes & rivers.

MANHOLE serves as a clean-out and an access to inspection and repair.

CATCH BASIN a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period to the deposit settleable

material.

SEPTICK TANK a watertight receptacle w/c receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part

thereof, and is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest the organic

matter through a period of detention, and allow the effluent to discharge into a storm drain; or directly

to the ground outside the tank through a system of open joint or perforated piping.

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6 (Refuse handling & solid Wastes Management in Building)

RECYCLING SOLID WASTE

- the separation of dry organic garbage (paper), wet organic garbage, and inorganic wastes such as glass,

plastics, aluminium, and other metals is encouraged by community recycling efforts in many locations.

Clivus Multrum is one built-in way to deal w/ wet organic waste from both kitchen and bathroom, but

typically where a clivus multrum has not been installed, a place for food wastes awaiting composting is

also required.

Incinerator a furnace or other device for incinerating trash or burning into ash; a potential source of

both heat and air pollution.

Slurry a thin, watery mixture of fine, insoluble materials, as clay, cement or soil.

SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTES

- collection

- disposal the two most commonly used methods are incineration and sanitary landfills, though many

other disposal techniques are available; (open dump, hog feeding, grinding and discharge to sewers,

milling, compacting, dumping and burial at sea, reduction composting, pyrolization(destruction w/ high

heat), well oxidation, and anaerobic digestion.

HOUSEHOLD WASTE being loaded into truck that compacts it before hauling it to a dump or

incinerator

GARBAGE TRUCK equipped w/ special arm to lift trash containers.

- Sanitary Landfills are not open dumps. In this process, refuse is dumped at a pre-planned site,

compacted, and covered w/ a layer of earth.

-- trench method a tractor digs a trench w/ a bulldozer blade and trucks. The trench method is

primarily used on level ground.

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-- area method is generally used on rolling terrain where the existing slope of the land can be used as a

basin. The tractors make the fill so firm that it later settles only slightly.

Three standard TREATMENT STAGES

Primary used to remove large floating or suspended particles, heavier particles such as sand or gravel

(called grit) and any excessive amounts of grease or oil from the sewage.

- Grit Chamber light suspended particles float by heavy grit particles sink

Secondary Treatment use of aerobic microorganisms (bacteria that thrive in air) to break down

organic matter left in the sewage. Biological Oxidation involves the use of trickling filters, activated

sludge and stabilization ponds.

Tertiary Treatment also called advanced wastewater treatment, is used to get dinking-quality water.

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7 (Recycling of Water)

Effluent the outflow of a sewer, septic tank

Sludge any heavy, slimy deposit, sediment or mass, as the waste resulting from the precipitate in a

sewage tank, oil refining or mud brought up by a mining drill.

RECYCLING AT NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

-Process oxidation stream process is a modified form of the activated sludge process and may be

classified in the extended aeration group. The biological removal and conversion of organic solids occur

simultaneously in the aeration basin under aerobic conditions.

- Operation the oxidation stream is operated as a closed system and the net growth of volatile

suspended solids will increase so that it will periodically be necessary to remove some sludge lowers the

concentration in the stream and keeps the metabolism more active.

Biological Compost Toilet or Mullbank Toilet (formerly ECOLET) an aesthetically acceptable toilet.

That do not use water at all.

Microphor Flush Toilet this reduces the volume of sewage produced. The microphor flush toilet for

use in conventional plumbing systems is a notable item for this purpose. It only flushes 2 quarts.

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8 (Plumbing Fixtures)

PLUMBING FIXTURES

- are receptacles intended to receive water, liquid, or water carried wastes and discharge them into the

drainage system.

WATER CLOSET used to convey organic body waste to the plumbing system.

- washdown least efficient, noisiest less expensive , bulging front.

- reverse trap more expensive than washdown. Flushes through a siphon action created in the trap

way, moderately noisy.

- siphon jet expansive and more efficient. Larger amount of standing water, larger trapway causing

less clog and flushing action is greater.

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- siphon vortex very efficient, less, noisy and must expensive flushing by whirlpool action. It has large

amount of standing water almost covering the whole bowl interior.

- direct flush valve in places where water is abundant and the pressure is high. Flushing action can be

obtained directly from a flush value connected into the bowl. (commercial and industrial installations)

--marina most expensive, flush valve wall mounted elongated siphon jet

-- ventura cheapest, flush valve siphonic washdown

-- carmela less expensive, insti/comm.. common/lobby toilets

-- concealed p-trap flush valve bowl elongated siphons

-- Victoria most expensive, luxurious, one piece designflushes at only 13 times. Expensive masters

toilet, expansive suites (156)

LAVATORY - is a bowl or basin for washing the face and hands. The basin maybe of the following forms:

rounded, square, oval, rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular.

The elevation of the sides could either be any of the 2 types

- shallow or deep

- nearly vertical or gradually sloping side

The materials could also be any of these:

- porcelain

- formed steel

- enamelled cast iron

- vitreous china

Following varieties

Built-In installation self-rimming the lavatory fittings are installed through hole drilled at the counter

top.

Fitting Ledge installation self-rimming the lavatory fittings are installed in a hole provided w/in the

lavatory itself.

Under the Counter the lavatory is placed below the built-in counter top.

- - Bidet a fixtures that appear like a water closet, since a person sits down on it. But it is designed as a

combination lavatory w/c can plug the drain and collect hot and cold water, w/an inverted water

sprayer to clean the most delicate and well-guarded parts of the body.

BATHTUBS equipped w/ seats, shelves for soap and shampoo w/ non-skid surface. Others have built-in

water pressure pipes and sprayers for soothing the muscle pains.

Bathroom Basics

- soap holder

- roll paper holder

- towel rail bracket

- shower curtain rod

- medicine cabinet

- toothbrush and tumbler holder

Residential Sinks

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- single bowl

- double bowl

- triple bowl

-corner bowl

- single bowl & drainboard

- double bowl & drainboard

- triple bowl & double drainboard

- bar sink

- triple bowl & drainboard (187)

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9 (Sanitation, Disease Control Insect, Rodent and Vermin Control)

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Larvicidal Methods

Kerosene- a vry rapidly destroyer of the larvae. Advantage of good spreading ability over the water

surface.

Crude and fusi oils somewhat in toxic power and spreading ability.

Rodent Control

- poisoning

- trapping

- fumigation

- ratproofing

- rat stoppage

PEST CONTROL