B Science 1 Report

8/13/2019 B Science 1 Report

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INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF STUDY

One of the main purposes of this study is to get an understanding of the general principle of

heat transfer. Factors such as the effect of the sun of the thermal performance of the building,

thermal mass, insulation and air movement will be recorded in this report.

Furthermore, this assignment will increase our knowledge on how different building materials

thermal conductivity (k-value), measure of heat loss (u-value), thermal resistance (r-value) hasdifferent effects on heat gain or thermal environment in a particular space.

Lastly, we will be able to identify the environmental conditions related to the site conditions,

climate and human factor.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Since the process of data logging the temperature readings and humidity only last for 72 hours,it might not be an accurate representation of the areas condition. Being placed in a small room,

the data logger might also be affected by the daily activities in the room by the fellow resident.

The room also has a huge sliding door made out of glass which will be an external weather

factor that affects the readings when the curtains are not closed.

PREVIEW

In this report, we will be presenting details about the experimented room, architectural

drawings of the house, results of the data logger, thermal analysis, wind analysis, solar analysis

and a discussion on ways to improve the thermal comfort of the house.


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METHODOLOGY

DATA LOGGER

This data logger is called a thermal hygrometer. It is a device that records data over time with a

built-in instrument or either an external instrument and sensor. The main purpose of this

hygrometer is to record both temperature and humidity simultaneously for a given period of

time. In this project, the data is recorded for 3 days and saved up.

To prevent the data from being plagued with errors, the data logger was placed on a table

which is located in the middle of the room. The table is 1.0 meter above the ground floor. Thetemperature and humidity was recorded every 60 minutes and the device was not exposed to

any external source of heat that might disturb the reading.

The thermo hygrometer.


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SITE PLAN

Satellite map of the site plan.

The room with the data logger is located on the ground floor of 61, Jalan SS15/2D, Subang Jaya,

47500, Selangor which is a double-storey terrace house. Since the site is located right in themiddle of a housing area, there wont be any activities that affect the readings of the data

logger.


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FLOOR PLAN

The selected room in the house is located in the south west corner of the ground floor. The

room is a little cramped and certain appliances such as the laptop and lights will emit heat that

can affect the readings of the data logger.

Room plan. Ground floor plan.


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ELEVATION

Since the house is located in between two other terrace houses, only the front elevation of this

house is visible. Based on the elevation and the floor plan, the room has a huge sliding door

that can be opened for ventilation and lighting. When not in use, there are curtains to block the

sunlight from entering the room and providing unnecessary heat.

Front elevation.


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SECTION

With the section of the house, the length and height of doors, windows, openings and furniture

can be seen clearly.

Section A-A


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LOCATION OF DATA LOGGER

The data logger was placed on a table in the middle of the room which is 1 meter above the

ground level of the first floor. This specific location was chosen so that it would be away from

any other heat sources in the room.

DETAILS OF THE ROOM (CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING MATERIALS)

The room chosen is a bedroom located inside a double-storey terrace house. This room is

3500mm wide, 4500mm long, and 3000mm in height. The bricks walls are cover by concrete

cement and a layer of white paint. The floor of the room is cover by tiles. The entrance to the

room is a single wooden hinged door. The room also has sliding doors with three normal glass

panels, which are facing the north. The room is only furnished with two fluorescent lights and

two ceiling fans.


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HUMAN ADJUSTMENTS

On a hot day, the occupant usually turns the fan on maximum speed and directs it towards

himself. He might also slide the sliding door wide open for more air circulation. If the heat is

really unbearable, hell have to wear a singlet andprepare a cold drink to cool himself down.

On a cold and rainy day, the occupant will only leave the sliding door slightly open and put the

fan at its lowest speed. He will also put on a jacket if the temperature gets even lower. Warm-up exercises are also another option to keep the body warm.


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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The monitoring of the data logger started at 12:28am on the 12th

of September 2013 until

12.28am on the 15th

of September 2013 for a total amount of 3 days. The temperature and

relative humidity was constantly recorded after every hour. The recorded values are then

placed in a table and plotted on a graph for further analysis. Studies and researches on thermal

comfort were then carried out after collecting all the data of temperature and humidity.

The tables shown in the next pages will show all the data we collected and also several factors

that will change the readings were included such as whether the room door or sliding door

were left open. The few graphs included will further explain the analysis of the data wecollected throughout this experiment.


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TABLES

12th

September 2013

Time Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (C) Door

Sliding

Door Desktop

0:28:20 68.5 29.9 x / /

1:28:23 71.4 30 x / /

2:28:26 72.4 29.9 x / x

3:28:29 72.9 29.8 x / x

4:28:32 73.1 29.7 x / x

5:28:35 73.7 29.6 x / x

6:28:38 73.7 29.5 x / x

7:28:41 73.9 29.5 x / x

8:28:44 73.8 29.5 x / x

9:28:47 73.9 29.7 x / x

10:28:50 73.4 29.7 x / x

11:28:53 72.4 29.8 / / x

12:28:56 71.1 29.8 / / x

13:28:59 70.4 30.1 x / x

14:29:03 70.3 30.2 x / x

15:29:06 70.3 30.3 x / x

16:29:09 71 30.2 / / x

17:29:12 70.6 30.1 x / x

18:29:15 70.4 30.2 x / /

19:29:18 70.1 30.3 x / /

20:29:21 69.5 30.4 x / /

21:29:24 69.5 30.4 x / /

22:29:27 69.3 30.4 x / /

23:29:30 69.1 30.4 x / /

Highest temperature : 30.4C / = open/on

Lowest temperature : 29.5C x = closed/off

Highest RH value : 73.9

Lowest RH value : 68.5


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13th

September 2013

Time Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (C) Door

Sliding

Door Desktop0:29:33 69.1 30.4 x / /

1:29:33 71.1 30.6 x / /

2:29:33 71.4 30.4 x / /

3:29:33 72 30.3 x / x

4:29:33 72.6 30.1 x / x

5:29:33 72.8 30.1 x / x

6:29:33 72.8 29.9 x / x

7:29:33 73.1 29.8 x / x

8:29:33 72.9 29.9 x / x

9:29:33 72.5 30.1 x / x

10:29:33 70.9 30.2 x / x

11:29:33 68.6 30.2 x / x

12:29:33 67.7 30.4 x / x

13:29:33 65.9 30.6 / / x

14:29:33 67.8 30.6 x / x

15:29:33 68.1 30.4 x / x

16:29:33 68.3 30.2 x / x

17:29:33 68.6 30.4 x / x

18:29:33 68.4 30.1 x / x19:29:33 68.2 30.2 x / /

20:29:33 68.4 30.2 x / /

21:29:33 68.4 30.4 x / /

22:29:33 68.6 30.5 x / /

23:29:33 69.4 30.6 x / /






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14th

September 2013

Time Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (C) Door Sliding Door Desktop0:30:47 70.1 30.6 x / /

1:30:50 70.5 30.5 x / /

2:30:53 71.1 30.4 / / x

3:30:56 70.9 30.3 x / x

4:30:59 70.6 30.3 x / x

5:31:02 70.6 30.2 x / x

6:31:05 71 29.9 x / x

7:31:08 71.2 29.8 x / x

8:31:11 71.4 29.8 x / x

9:31:14 71.3 29.9 x / x

10:31:17 70.8 30 x / x

11:31:20 70.6 30.1 x / x

12:31:23 69.6 30.2 x / x

13:31:27 69.9 30.4 x / x

14:31:30 70.2 30.6 x / x

15:31:33 69.6 30.4 x / x

16:31:36 69.2 30.3 x / x

17:42:51 69 30.2 x / x

18:42:54 69.5 30.4 x / x

19:42:57 70.4 30.1 x / /

20:21:02 70 30.2 x / /

20:28:07 68.2 30.3 x / /

21:28:10 68.2 30.2 x / /

22:28:14 68.1 30.1 x / /

23:28:17 68.1 30 x / /

0:28:20 68.1 30 x / /






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Total data accumulated in 3 days in a single graph.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0:30:00

2:30:00

4:30:00

6:30:00

8:30:00

10:30:00

12:30:00

14:30:00

16:30:00

18:30:00

20:30:00

22:30:00

0:30:002

2:30:004

4:30:006

6:30:008

8:30:0010

10:30:0012

12:30:0014

14:30:0016

16:30:0018

18:30:0020

20:30:003

22:30:005

0:30:007

2:30:009

4:30:0011

6:30:0012

8:30:0014

10:30:0016

12:30:0018

14:30:0020

16:30:0022

18:30:0024

20:30:0026

22:30:0028

0:30:0030

Temperature and Relative Humidity from the 12/9/13 to 14/9/13

Temperature Humidity ext Temperature ext humidity


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THERMAL ANALYSIS

INDOOR

12th September 2013

On this day, the temperature was at its lowest from 3.30am until noon. The temperature

ranged between 29 degrees and 30 degrees. It started increasing after 12pm and peaked at

30.4 degrees from 8.30pm to 11.30pm. There isnt that much change in the room temperature

but the sliding door was slightly opened the whole day for some ventilation. The door was only

opened for a few hours during the day to promote air circulation. The temperature peaking at

midnight instead of during the day was due to the rain. The level of humidity was at its highest

during the day as well.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0:30:00

3:30:00

6:30:00

9:30:00

12:30:00

15:30:00

18:30:00

21:30:00

0:30:002

3:30:005

6:30:008

9:30:0011

12:30:0014

15:30:0017

18:30:0020

21:30:004

0:30:007

3:30:0010

6:30:0012

9:30:0015

12:30:0018

15:30:0021

18:30:0024

21:30:0027

0:30:0030

Temperature

Humidity


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OUTDOOR

The outdoor temperature peaks at 33C everyday around the afternoon ranging from 1.30pmto 4.30pm. The lowest temperature is 25C and only occurs during the midnight until dawn.

The highest relative humidity level can reach 94% and the lowest touches 62%.

A hypothesis that can be made from the relation of these two variables is, the higher the

temperature, the lower the relative humidity level gets.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0:30:00

4:30:00

8:30:00

12:30:00

16:30:00

20:30:00

0:30:002

4:30:006

8:30:0010

12:30:0014

16:30:0018

20:30:003

0:30:007

4:30:0011

8:30:0014

12:30:0018

16:30:0022

20:30:0026

0:30:0030

ext Temperature

ext humidity


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HUMIDITY

The indoor and outdoor humidity follows the same pattern but the relative humidity changesfor the indoors do not change as drastically as compared to the humidity outdoors. Compared

to the relative humidity outdoor, the relative humidity indoor seems almost static during the 3

days of recording.

There is also no air conditioning in the experimented room and only a fan is used to help cool

the room. Since the indoor temperature was mostly constant, the relative humidity had to

follow suit.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0:30:00

3:30:00

6:30:00

9:30:00

12:30:00

15:30:00

18:30:00

21:30:00

0:30:002

3:30:005

6:30:008

9:30:0011

12:30:0014

15:30:0017

18:30:0020

21:30:004

0:30:007

3:30:0010

6:30:0012

9:30:0015

12:30:0018

15:30:0021

18:30:0024

21:30:0027

0:30:0030

Humidity

ext Humidity


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WIND ANALYSIS

Wind rose diagram.


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SOLAR ANALYSIS

DAILY SUN PATH

Plan view of the sun path.

The Sun rising from the east.


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The Sun nearing noon.

The Sun setting in the west.


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July evening.

October evening.


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SOLAR RADIATION

The recorded room will not be affected by the sunlight during the evening as it is located at the

west side of the house. Hence, the solar radiation in the evening will not be included.

ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION IN THE MORNING

January, 10am.

April, 10am.


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ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION IN THE AFTERNOON

January, 1pm.

April, 1pm.


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BIOCLIMATIC CHART

The chart above is the bioclimatic chart that has a selected comfort zone (the temperature

range within which one is comfortable following the readings from MS1525) and an average

value of the temperature and relative humidity.

The red point indicates that the indoor condition of the room is far from the comfort zone.

More wind movement is needed to lower the temperature of the room to the comfort zone.

Using shades from trees and roofs is also a way to keep the temperature lower.


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A constant air movement is really important to keep the room temperature at comfortable

levels due to the tropical climate of Malaysia which is hot and humid. Windows must be shaded

from direct sunlight and opened for good air circulation. One of the most common ways in

Malaysia to increase the air movement in house is by using fans.

As the relative humidity of our climate is high, its difficult for our sweat to evaporate and in

turn causes us discomfort. A dryer air would benefit us much more. In order to do this, certain

houses use dehumidifiers to keep the relative humidity at the comfort level.

To achieve the comfort zone in an indoor environment, a good ventilation and dehumidification

will be needed.


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2) Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the use of the natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver sufficient

fresh air and air change to ventilate enclosed spaces without active temperature controls or

mechanical means.

Single-sided ventilation when one door is open. Cross ventilation when both doors

are open.


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STACK VENTILATION

Hot air is less dense than cold air. Therefore, hot air will rise higher in the internal space while

cold air sinks lower. A good ventilation system should consider about the way to control the

movement of air to achieve the optimum air change rate. A good design that incorporates stack

ventilation will help to improve the internal ventilation.

With only one outlet as an opening, the ventilation in the room is poor. To improve this

condition and thermal comfort of the room, we would suggest to install a ventilation fan at the

wall of the sleeping area to increase the air exchange rate of the room.

The ventilation fan will help the room to perform the cross and stack ventilation and improve

the air circulation. We would also suggest the user of the room to open the sliding door fully on

hot days to increase the air change rate. This is because only one panel of the sliding door is

usually opened, which only provides 33% of ventilation efficiency.

Natural air driven

into the room


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Cold air sinking.

Hot air rises

and is driven

out by the

ventilation fan


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3) Building Materials

Building materials is another prime factor that affects the internal environment of a building.

The only opening in this room which is the sliding door is made out of normal glass only.

This glass has a poor performance in reflecting the light and UV rays which are the main factorsthat lead to high internal temperature. Furthermore, the huge size of the sliding door makes

the situation even worse. Therefore, we suggest changing the glass sliding door to double

glazing glass or tinted glass to reflect more UV rays.

4) Shading Devices

In order to reduce the direct heat gain from the sun radiation through openings and windows,

the ground level of the house is designed with a porch and overhang to shade the openings.

However the roof of this house is oddly designed because there are no roof overhangs that

shade the windows on the first floor. Therefore, the roof should be extended slightly to provide

some shade from the sun for the upper levels.


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5) Roof Insulation

To ensure that the thermal comfort level of a house is always optimum, the design and

construction of the roof is extremely important as it is the part which receives the most

exposure to sunlight.

An example for smart roof designs is creating a ventilated loft to allow the trapped heat within

the roof to exit. An insulated ceiling design should also be used in the house to reduce the heat

transferred into the house from the roof.


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CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the experimented room in this assignment is not in the thermal comfort level

for people. Even though the building has the correct orientation, the ventilation in this small

room is very poor. This leads to a high temperature indoors.

Since there is only one opening in the room which is the sliding door, cross ventilation will not

usually occur due to the entrance to the room being closed most of the time. Due to the size of

the sliding doors, curtains are usually drawn out to block out the excessive sunlight. If the

sliding door was replaced with smaller openings, the occupant will not have to on the lights in

his room so frequently.

The building materials of the house can also use a better selection to improve the thermal

comfort. For example, the glass sliding door should be replaced with glazed glass for better

insulation. Furthermore, the roof of the house should have an extended overhang to shield the

upper levels of the house from direct sunlight.

There are many ways to improve the thermal comfort of this house besides relying on

mechanical means. A well designed house should have a great energy efficiency without

constraining the creativity of the design and comfort of the occupants.


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REFERENCES

1) Stein, B. & Reynolds, John S.2000. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings.New

York. John Wiley.

2) MS 1525, Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-

Residential Buildings.

3) Weather information of Subang Jaya fromhttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-

Jaya-Selangor-Malaysia

4) Weather information of Petaling Jaya fromhttp://www.weather-

forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latest

5) Site plan fromhttps://maps.google.com/
http://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysiahttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysiahttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysiahttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysiahttp://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttp://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttp://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttp://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttps://maps.google.com/https://maps.google.com/https://maps.google.com/https://maps.google.com/http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttp://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Petaling-Jaya/forecasts/latesthttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysiahttp://weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysia

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B Science 1 Report