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BEES
CCD
http://time.com/100011/pesticides-are-killing-bees/
TARGET STORE IN OREGON, 2013
Careless timing of insecticide 50,000 bee deaths
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• Adult bees fly off to die• Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria,
poor nutrition and pesticides
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
The viruses compromise bees’ ability to manufacture proteins to fight off pathogens, to detoxify pesticides, etc.
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
A U.S. District Judge from Manhattan has banned the sale of spirotetramat after January 15, 2010, a pesticide produced by Bayer CropScience. Citing allegations by environmental groups and commercial beekeepers that the pesticide is toxic and is killing off the nation's honeybee population.
According to Cote, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) did not follow proper procedure when approving spirotetramat. The EPA did not take public comment about the pesticide before approving it and the agency failed to publish both the Bayer application and the approval documents in the Federal Register. The EPA and Bayer CropScience have 60 days to appeal the decision.
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• Queen and a small number of survivor bees may be present in the brood nest• http://maarec.psu.edu/ColonyCollapseDisorder.ht
ml
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• February 2007, many of the beekeepers reporting heavy losses associated with CCD • 50-90% of their colonies
• Surviving colonies not viable pollinating or honey producing
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• No evidence CCD affects honey• Impact limited to adult bees
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• GMO crops, specifically Bt Corn • Genetically Modified Organism
• Symptoms not consistent with GMO• Not a “top” priority at the moment
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)
• Radiation transmitted by cell towers
• The distribution of both affected and non-affected CCD does not make this a likely cause
• Also cell phone service is not available in some areas where affected commercial apiaries are located • For this reason, it is
currently not a top priority.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112112722.htm
http://www.panna.org/blog/banner-week-bee-science-zombie-flies-poisonous-planter-exhaust
JC Chong (Clemson) believes parasitic mite still the likely major factor of CCD
OP, Carbamates, and pyrethroids hardest on beneficials
SOLITARY BEES
SOLITARY BEES
4000 species Live one year
1 month as adult 11 months as egg, larva and pupa
Chambers in holes or tubes Cap chambers with mud or plant material
Lay egg with food Bee bread is nectar and pollen
NATIVE BEES
Most native bees solitary Resistant to CCD
Honeybees introduced from Europe in 1622
NATIVE BEES
Lay egg in cavity and plug with food
NATIVE BEES
Work longer hours Prolific pollinators
NATIVE BEE HOMES
Sunny location Protect from rain At least 3’ off ground
NATIVE BEES
Sweat BeesRarely stingCollect pollen on hairs on legs
NATIVE BEES
Mason Bee
NATIVE BEES
Digger Bee
NATIVE GROUND NESTING BEES
NATIVE BEES
Mariola bee One of few natives that
produce honey Stingless
NATIVE BEE HOMES
Simple nesting blocks Multiple holes drilled into
blocks of wood Several inches deep Vary in diameter, from 2 mm to 7
mm. Untreated lumber or dried logs
NATIVE BEE HOMES
Hollow tubes Sections of bamboo 12” long
Bees will plug the end of the tube with mud
NATIVE BEE HOMES
NATIVE BEE HOMES
NATIVE BEE HOMES
BUMBLE BEES
BUMBLE BEES
The only native social bee 45 species
Colony is seasonal Only queen survives the winter
General pollinators First to be active (February) Last to be active (November)
CUCKOO BEES
CUCKOO BEES
Lay egg in other bees nests Prey on solitary bee chambers
Would have to fight social bees
Not true parasite Cleptoparasite Other bee still dies
Starves
