AZO Hr Izvjestaj

Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“

Project Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot project

LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105

PREGLED PROVEDBE PILOT PROJEKATA MOTRENJA POLJOPRIVREDNIH, ŠUMSKIH I ONEČIŠĆENIH TALA

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PROJECTS FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL,

FORESTRY AND CONTAMINATED SOIL

Agencija za zaštitu okoliša

Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“Project Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot project


PREGLED PROVEDBE PILOT PROJEKATA MOTRENJA POLJOPRIVREDNIH, ŠUMSKIH I ONEČIŠĆENIH TALA IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PROJECTS FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND CONTAMINATED SOIL

Zagreb2008 - 40 str. - 21 x 29.7 cm

ISBN 978-953-7582-00-5

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Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“

Project Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring

Programme with a Pilot project



IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PROJECTS FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL,

FORESTRY AND CONTAMINATED SOIL

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IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PROJECTS FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND CONTAMINATED SOIL

Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“Project Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot project


PREGLED PROVEDBE PILOT PROJEKATA MOTRENJA POLJOPRIVREDNIH, ŠUMSKIH I ONEČIŠĆENIH TALAIMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PROJECTS FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY AND CONTAMINATED SOIL

Izdavač / PublisherAgencija za zaštitu okoliša / Croatian Environment Agency

Glavna i odgovorna urednica / Chief editorDr.sc Savka Kučar Dragičević, ravnateljica / Director

Priredili / Text editorsAndreja Čidić, Ivica Kisić, Domagoj Klaić, Branka Komesarović, Hana Mesić, Milan Mesić, Nikola Pernar, Ivana Vuković

Grafičko oblikovanje / Design editorTiskara HIP

Tisak / PrintTiskara HIP

Naklada / Edition600 kom

ISBN 978-953-7582-00-5

Zagreb, lipanj 2008.

Agencija za zaštitu okolišaTrg maršala Tita 810 000 ZagrebTel: 01 4886 861Fax: 01 4886 850

E-mail: [email protected]

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Predgovor / Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Uvod / Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Pilot projekt motrenja poljoprivrednih tala / The Pilot Project for monitoring of agricultural soils ............................................................................................................ 9

Pilot projekt motrenja šumskih tala / The Pilot Project for monitoring of forestry soils .................................................................................................................17

Pilot projekt motrenja onečišćenih tala / The Pilot Project for monitoring of contaminated soils ..................................................................................................... 25

Zaključak / Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Zahvala / Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Popis pojmova, dokumenata i normi / List of terms, documents and standards ................................................................................................................................ 36

Dodatak: Buducnost u motrenju tala - Daljinska istraživanja / Annex: Future in soil monitoring - Remote survey ............................................................................................................. 39

SADRžAJ

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OBJAVLJENI MATERIJALI U OKVIRU PROJEKTA „IzRADA PROGRAMA TRAJNOG MOTRENJA TALA HRVATSKE S PILOT PROJEKTOM“ (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105)

PUBLISHED MATERIALS wITHIN THE PROJECT “DEVELOPMENT OF THE CROATIAN SOIL MONITORING PROGRAMME wITH A PILOT PROJECT” (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105)

www.azo.hr/smp_life_tcy

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PREDGOVOR

Na području Republike Hrvatske ne postoji sustavno pri-kupljanje podataka o stanju tla. Postojeći pojedinačni po-daci su prikupljeni i analizirani korištenjem različitih, če-sto neusporedivih metoda, na malim poljoprivrednim ili šumskim područjima, u okviru raznih znanstveno-istra-živačkih projekata i studija, za različite potrebe ustanova ili kao posljedica ekoloških nesreća. Podaci se nalaze na mnogim lokacijama - u vladinim tijelima, znanstvenim ustanovama i drugdje. Većina povijesnih podataka nije pohranjena na digitalnim medijima (već na tiskanim ma-terijalima), pa postoji potencijalni rizik da se informaci-je o tome da neki podaci uopće postoje izgube. Kako na nacionalnoj razini nema propisanih usklađenih metoda prikupljanja i analize uzoraka, koje bi osigurale standar-dizaciju postupka motrenja, analiziranja i širenja podata-ka, većina tih podataka je međusobno neusporediva.

Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“ (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105) provode u suradnji Agencija za zaštitu okoliša i Agronomski fa-kultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, uz financijski doprinos Eu-ropske komisije u okviru programa LIFE Treće zemlje. Projekt je započeo u siječnju 2006. i traje do siječnja 2009. godine.

Program trajnoga motrenja tala Hrvatske osigurat će osnovu za usklađeno prikupljanje, analizu i dostupnost podataka o stanju tla, sa ciljem uspostave Sustava trajnog motrenja tala na nacionalnoj razini, što je jedan od prio-riteta Nacionalne strategije zaštite okoliša i Nacionalnog plana djelovanja na okoliš (NN 46/02), te Zakona o zaštiti okoliša (NN 110/07).

Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvat-ske s pilot projektom“ se provodi kroz niz zadataka i aktivnosti koji obuhvaćaju: izradu liste podataka koji će se prikupljati kroz postaje i točke za trajno motrenje tala, izradu liste metoda i standarda za prikupljanje, analizu, obradu i prijenos podataka, definiranje vremenske dina-mike prikupljanja, obrade i prikaza podataka, preporuku prostornog smještaja postaja i točaka za trajno motrenje, prepoznavanje institucija za provedbu Sustava trajnog motrenja tla, te izradu prijedloga financijske konstrukcije za provedbu Sustava trajnog motrenja tla na nacionalnoj razini.

Ova Publikacija sadrži pregled provedbe Pilot projeka-ta motrenja poljoprivrednih, šumskih i onečišćenih tala, kojima su na pojedinim kategorijama tla različitog nači-na korištenja testirane procedure pripremnih i terenskih

FOREwORD

At the territory of the Republic of Croatia, there is no sy-stematic collection of data on soil condition. The existing individual data have been gathered and analysed using various, often unmatchable methods, on small agricultu-ral or forest areas, within various scientific and research projects and studies, for various needs of institutions or as a consequence of ecological accidents. Data may be fo-und on various locations - in government bodies, scienti-fic institutions and elsewhere. The majority of historical data is not recorded on digital media (but in printed ma-terials), so there is a potential risk to loose the informa-tion that some data exist at all. As there is no regulated harmonised methods at the national level on the collec-tion and analysis of samples which would ensure stan-dardisation of monitoring, analysis and dissemination of data, majority of these data are incomparable.

The Project “Development of the Croatian Soil Moni-toring Programme with a Pilot Project” (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105) in conducted in cooperation between the Croatian Environment Agency and the Faculty of Agro-nomy of the University in Zagreb, with a financial con-tribution from the European Commission within LIFE Third Countries Programme. The Project began in Janu-ary 2006 and shall last until January 2009.

The Soil Monitoring Programme in Croatia will assure basis for harmonised collection, analysis and accessibi-lity of data on the soil condition, with the objective to establishing the Soil Monitoring System at the national level, which is one of priorities of the National Envi-ronment Strategy, the National Environment Action Plan (OG No. 46/02) and Environmental Protection Act (OG No. 110/07).

The Project “Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot Project“ is conducted through a series of tasks and activities which include: drafting a list of data to be gathered through stations and points for soil monitoring, drafting a list of methods and standar-ds for gathering, analysis, processing and transmission of data, defining timeframe and dynamics of gathering, processing and dissemination of data, recommendation of spatial positioning of monitoring stations and points, recognition of institutions for the implementation of the Soil Monitoring System, and the elaboration of a propo-sal of financial structure for the implementation of the Soil Monitoring System at the national level.

This Publication contains a review of the implementation

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radova, te metode i standardi za laboratorijske analize, preporučene Priručnikom za trajno motrenja tala – prvo izdanje/radna verzija(1) prvim rezultatom Projekta.

Svrha ove Publikacije je prezentirati znanstvenoj zajedni-ci i zainteresiranim stranama način prikupljanja, analize i obrade ulaznih podataka budućeg Sustava trajnog mo-trenja tala Republike Hrvatske.

S obzirom da smo težili sažeto i slikovito prikazati po-jedine korake u provedbi složenih Pilot projekata, ovim putem pozivamo sve zainteresirane čitatelje ove Publika-cije, koji žele saznati više informacija, da posjete Internet stranice www.azo.hr/smp_life_tcy na kojima su dostu-pna cjelovita Izvješća o provedbi Pilot projekata motrenja poljoprivrednih, šumskih i onečišćenih tala, kao i ostali rezultati Projekta „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“.

of the Pilot Projects for monitoring of agricultural, fore-stry and contaminated soils at which, in certain catego-ries of soil for various uses, procedures of preparatory and field works have been tested, as well as methods and standards for laboratory analysis, recommended by the Soil Monitoring Manual - first edition/working versi-on(1), the first result of the Project.

The purpose of this Publication is to present to the scien-tific community and interested parties the mode of gat-hering, analysis and processing of input data for the fu-ture Soil Monitoring System of the Republic of Croatia.

Considering that we tended to represent, concisely and picturesque, individual steps in implementing complex Pilot Projects, we are hereby inviting all interested rea-ders of this Publication who wish more information, to visit Internet pages www.azo.hr/smp_life_tcy at which full reports on the implementation of the Pilot Projects for monitoring of agricultural, forestry and contamina-ted soils are available, as well as other results of the Pro-ject “Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Pro-gramme with a Pilot Project”.

Dr.sc Savka Kučar Dragičević Ravnateljica / Director

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UVOD

U prosincu 2006. godine objavljen je jedan od prvih re-zultata Projekta „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“; Priručnik za trajno motrenja tala – prvo izdanje/radna verzija(1), koji objedinjuje tri ma-terijala:

„Kategorije i parametri za motrenje poljoprivrednih • tala Hrvatske“ koji je izradio Zavod za tlo, Osijek,„Kategorije i parametri za motrenje šumskih tala Hr-• vatske“ koji je izradio Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (u suradnji s Šumarskim institutom, Jastre-barsko),„Kategorije i parametri za motrenje onečišćenih tala • Hrvatske“ koji je izradio Rudarsko geološko naftni fa-kultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (u suradnji s Hrvatskim geološkim institutom).

Vodeći računa o specifičnostima pojedinih kategorija tla prema načinu korištenja, materijali sadrže detaljan opis kriterija za odabir lokacija budućih postaja i točaka traj-nog motrenja tala, proceduru terenskih radova uključu-jući uzorkovanje tla, popis parametara, metoda i standar-da (hrvatskih i međunarodnih) za fizikalne, kemijske i biološke analize tla, te vremenski okvir i dinamiku pri-kupljanja podataka.

Slijedeći korak u provedbi Projekta bio je pokretanje Pilot projekata motrenja poljoprivrednih, šumskih i onečišće-nih tala i provedba postupaka trajnog motrenja tala pre-poručenih Priručnikom(1) sa svrhom:

testiranja primjenjivosti preporučenih postupaka mo-• trenja tla na terenu i u laboratoriju (osnivanje postaja i točaka trajnog motrenja, uzorkovanje tla, priprema i analiza uzoraka tla u skladu sa preporučenim stan-dardima), kako bi se verificirali i eventualno dopunili postupci navedeni u Priručniku(1),prikaza rezultata Pilot projekata zainteresiranim stra-• nama.

Pilot projekt motrenja poljoprivrednih tala proveo je Zavod za tlo u razdoblju prosinac 2006. – veljača 2008. godine. S obzirom na specifičnosti poljoprivredne proi-zvodnje i razlike u načinu korištenja i gospodarenja po-ljoprivrednim zemljištima, pilot projektom obuhvaćeno je motrenje poljoprivrednih tala sa uzgojem ratarskih kultura, višegodišnjim voćarskim nasadom i povrtnom proizvodnjom.

INTRODUCTION

In December 2006, one of the first results of the Project „Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot Project” was published: The Soil Monitoring Manual - first edition/working version(1), which includes three materials:

„Categories and parameters for monitoring of • agricultural soils in Croatia” elaborated by the Institute for Soil, Osijek.„Categories and parameters for monitoring of forestry • soils in Croatia” elaborated by the Faculty of Forestry University of Zagreb (in cooperation with the Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko).„Categories and parameters for monitoring of • contaminated soils in Croatia” elaborated by the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Technology of the University in Zagreb (in cooperation with the Croatian Geological Survey).

Taking into account specificities of certain categories of soil according to the usage modality, materials contain a detailed description of criteria for the selection of locations for future soil monitoring stations and points, a procedure of field works including soil sampling, list of parameters, methods and standards (both Croatian and international) for physical, chemical and biological soil analyses, and a time frame and dynamics for gathering data.

The next step in the implementation of the Project was the embellishment of the Pilot Projects for monitoring agricultural, forestry and contaminated soils and the implementation of soil monitoring procedure recommended by the Manual(1) with the purpose to:

test the applicability of recommended procedures for • soil monitoring both in the field and in the laboratory (establishment of monitoring stations and points, soil sampling, preparation and analysis of soil samples pursuant to recommended standards), in order to verify and if needed to supplement procedures stated in the Manual(1),present the results of the Pilot Projects to the interested • parties.

The Pilot Project for monitoring of agricultural soils was conducted by the Institute for Soil in the period from December 2006 to February 2008. Considering specificity of agricultural production and differences in the mode of use and the management of agricultural land, the Pilot Project included monitoring of agricultural soils with cultivation of agrarian crops, several year fruit plantation and vegetable production.

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The Pilot Project for monitoring of forestry soils was conducted by the Faculty of Forestry University of Zagreb, in the period from December 2006 to February 2008. Monitoring of forestry soils, unlike monitoring of agricultural and contaminated soils has a legal support in the Rulebook on the mode of data collection, network of points, keeping the register, conditions for using data on damage of forest ecosystems(2) (OG No. 129/2006) which prescribes the monitoring of forest ecosystems pursuant to the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests(3), on networks of plots of the Level I (16 x 16 km) and Level II (4 x 4 km) pursuant to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution(4) (OG-International Treaties No. 12/93). The Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko has been selected as the National Coordination Centre for the assessment and monitoring of atmospheric pollution effects and other factors on forest ecosystems and obligated to establish and keep a unique Register of forest ecosystems damages. To date, only the assessment of the condition of branches has been implemented at the Level I, but not the monitoring of forestry soils. The implementation of the Pilot Project for monitoring of forestry soils has presented a procedure for forestry soils monitoring which is recommended by the Manual(1) and harmonised with the Rulebook(2).The beginning of monitoring of forest ecosystems and forestry soils pursuant to the Rulebook(2) is expected in 2010.

The Pilot Project for monitoring of contaminated soils was conducted by the Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb in the period from September 2006 to February 2008.Since there are about 2,000 various mining boreholes in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (some are being used, and some have not been used for several years) and more than 3,000 km of various oil/pipelines, the Pilot Project for monitoring of contaminated soils included monitoring of locality contaminated by hydrocarbons of petroleum origin.

Alongside with the implementation of the Project “Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot Project”, the Croatian Environment Agency initiated phase I of the establishment of the Croatian Soil Information System (CROSIS). A spatial-temporal georeferenced Soil information database has been developed. Apart from the fundamental base that will contain available existing pedological data arising mostly from scientific and research projects and studies, an Internet interface enabling the entry and processing of data on soil monitoring has been developed.Data obtained by the implementation of the Pilot Projects (field descriptions of pilot locations and results of laboratory analysis) have been delivered to the Croatian Environment Agency and the entry to the Soil information database is underway.

Pilot projekt motrenja šumskih tala proveo je Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, u razdoblju prosinac 2006. – veljača 2008. godine. Motrenje šumskih tala, za razli-ku od motrenja poljoprivrednih i onečišćenih tala ima zakonsku potporu kroz Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja podataka, mreži točaka, vođenju registra, te uvjetima korištenja podataka o oštećenosti šumskih ekosustava(2) (NN 129/2006) koji propisuje motrenje šumskih ekosusta-va u skladu s Međunarodnim programom za procjenu i motrenje utjecaja zračnog onečišćenja na šume(3), na mre-žama ploha Razine I (16 x 16 km) i Razine II (4 x 4 km) sukladno Konvenciji o dalekosežnom prekograničnom onečišćenju zraka(4) (NN-MU 12/93). Nacionalnim koordinacijskim centrom za procjenu i mo-trenje utjecaja atmosferskog onečišćenja i drugih čimbe-nika na šumske ekosustave određen je Šumarski institut, Jastrebarsko, koji ima za obvezu ustrojiti i voditi jedin-stveni Registar oštećenosti šumskih ekosustava.Do sada je na Razini I provođena jedino procjena stanja krošanja, ali ne i motrenje šumskoga tla. Provedbom Pi-lot projekta motrenja šumskih tala prezentiran je postu-pak motrenja šumskih tala preporučen Priručnikom(1) i usklađen s Pravilnikom(2).Početak motrenja šumskih ekosustava i šumskih tala u skladu s Pravilnikom(2) očekuje se 2010. godine.

Pilot projekt motrenja onečišćenih tala proveo je Agro-nomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u razdoblju rujan 2006. – veljača 2008. godine. Budući da se na području RH nalazi oko 2.000 raznih ru-darskih bušotina (neke u korištenju a neke se ne koriste već duži niz godina) i više od 3.000 kilometara raznih nafto/plinovoda, Pilot projekt motrenja onečišćenih tala, obuhvatio je motrenje lokaliteta onečišćenog ugljikovodi-cima naftnoga podrijetla.

Usporedno sa provedbom Projekta „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“, Agen-cija za zaštitu okoliša pokrenula je I fazu uspostave Hr-vatskog informacijskog sustava za tlo (HIST). Izrađena je prostorno-vremenska georeferencirana informatička baza podataka o tlima. Osim osnovne baze koja će sadr-žavati dostupne postojeće pedološke podatke proizašle pretežno iz znanstveno-istraživačkih projekata i studija, izrađeno je i Internet sučelje koje omogućuje unos i obra-du podataka trajnog motrenja tala.Podaci dobiveni provedbom Pilot projekata (terenski opisi pilot lokacija i rezultati laboratorijskih analiza) do-stavljeni su Agenciji za zaštitu okoliša i u tijeku je unos u Bazu podataka o tlima.


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PILOT PROJEKT MOTRENJA POLJOPRIVREDNIH TALA

S obzirom na brojne specifičnosti poljoprivredne proi-zvodnje, Pilot projekt motrenja poljoprivrednih tala obu-hvatio je motrenje tala na šest postaja smještenih na tri lokacije različitog načina korištenja i gospodarenja poljo-privrednim zemljištem.

Motreni su parametri tla (fizikalni i kemijski) koji opisuju promjene funkcija tla i moguće procese degradacije tla.

Odabir lokacija Pilot projekta

Odabir lokacija Pilot projekta motrenja poljoprivrednih tala izvršen je temeljem preporuka Provedbenoga tijela Projekta, te u skladu s poglavljem 2. Priručnika(1): Kriteriji za izbor postaja za motrenje poljoprivrednih tala.

Za smještaj postaja za motrenje, odabrane su dvije repre-zentativne poljoprivredne pod-regije:

Zapadno-Panonska (P-3) – lokacija Popovača - Potok • Istočno-Panonska (P-1) - lokacije Donji Miholjac i Sat-• nica

THE PILOT PROJECT FOR MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Considering numerous specificities of agricultural production, the Pilot Project of monitoring agricultural soils included soil monitoring of six stations situated at tree locations with various use and management of agricultural land.

The soil parameters (physical and chemical) which describe changes in soil functions and possible processes of soil degradation have been monitored.

Selection of Pilot Project locations

Locations for implementation of the Pilot Project for monitoring agricultural soils have been selected on recommendation of the Project Management Team and in accordance with the chapter 2 of the Manual(1): Criteria for the selection of sites for monitoring agricultural soils.

Two representative agricultural subregions have been selected for settlement of monitoring stations:

Western Pannonian subregion (P-3) – location • Popovača – PotokEastern-Pannonian subregion (P-1) – locations Donji • Miholjac and Satnica

Pilot lokacija u Zapadno-Panonskoj pod regiji (P-3)Pilot site in Western Pannonian subregion (P-3)

Pilot lokacije u Istočno-Panonskoj pod regiji (P-1)Pilot sites in Eastern-Pannonian subregion (P-1)


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OPIS LOKACIJA

Lokacija 1. Popovača – Potok, Sisačko-moslavačka župa-nija; Zapadno-panonska pod-regija (P-3).

Na ratarskoj površini, na tlu koje je prema načinu ko-rištenja i rasporedu pedosistematskih jedinica reprezen-tativno za ovu podregiju, smještene su četiri postaje za četiri različite varijante gnojidbe:

Varijanta gnojidbe sa 150 kg dušika po hektaru,• Varijanta gnojidbe s 300 kg dušika po hektaru,• Varijanta 0 gdje je gnojidba dušikom izostavljena,• Varijanta crni ugar – obrada bez sjetve. •

Značajan razlog odabira ovog pokusnog polja za Pilot projekt su već postavljeni lizimetri na svim varijantama. Proizvodna parcela na kojoj su smještene sve četiri po-staje je u državnom vlasništvu, a koristi je poduzeće Mo-slavka d.d. iz Popovače.

Lokacija 2. Donji Miholjac, Osječko-baranjska županija; Istočno-panonska pod-regija (P-1). Postaja motrenja smještena je na tlu s intenzivnim uzgo-jem povrća uz navodnjavanje.

Na površini koja zauzima 1,7 ha, povrće se proizvodi zadnjih pet godina (kelj, kupus, cvjetača, paprika), uz navodnjavanje tifonom iz podzemnih voda i akumulacij-skog bazena (voda nije analizirana).Proizvodna parcela je u privatnom vlasništvu.

Lokacija 3. Satnica, Osječko-baranjska županija; Istočno-panonska podregija (P-1)

Postaja motrenja smještena je na tlu s višegodišnjim na-sadom jabuka. Površina je pod intenzivnim nasadom jabuka, posađenim 1986. i 1996. godine, te međuredno zatravnjenim (prirodna tratina).Proizvodna parcela je u privatnom vlasništvu.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATIONS

Location 1 Popovača – Potok, Sisak-Moslavina County; Western Pannonian subregion (P-3)

On agricultural land, at soil which is by management methods and layout of pedosystematic units representative for this subregion, four monitoring stations have been settled for four variants of fertilisation:

Variant of fertilisation with 150 kg nitrogen per hectare, • Variant of fertilisation with 300 kg of nitrogen per hectare, • Variant 0 where fertilisation by nitrogen has been omitted,• Variant bare fallow – treatment without tillage. •

Significant reason for the selection of this testing field for the Pilot Project is already set lysimeters at all variants.Production parcel at which all four monitoring stations has been settled is State owned land, in use by Moslavka d.d. from Popovača.

Location 2 Donji Miholjac, Osijek-Baranja County; Eastern-Pannonian sub region (P-1)Monitoring station is settled on soil with intensive cultivation of vegetables with irrigation.

At the area of 1.7 ha, vegetable farming has been conducted for the last five years (kale, cabbage, cauliflower, pepper), with irrigation by typhon, from underground waters and accumulation pool (water has not been analysed).Production parcel is privately owned.

Location 3 Satnica, Osijek-Baranja County; Eastern-Pannonian subregion (P-1)

Monitoring station is settled on soil with perennial apple plantation. The area is under intensive plantation of apples, planted in 1986 and 1996, with grass between arrays (natural lawn).Production parcel is privately owned.

Pilot lokacija - Potok – Pilot site Pilot lokacija - Satnica – Pilot site Pilot lokacija - Donji Miholjac – Pilot site


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PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Field work has been conducted in accordance with the chapter 3 of the Manual(1): Criteria for soil sampling and description for monitoring agricultural soil.

Preparatory work at the office:

Bases for office and field work have been supplied • (topographic, pedological maps; climatological and vegetation data). Topographic maps in digital form have been filed in • the GPS device (Trimble GeoXT) and the coordinates of monitoring sites have been noted in the map during field survey.General data on sites have been collected:•

Identification numbers of sites: • HR/P3/1 (Croatia/ Western Pannonian • subregion P-3 / station No. 1)HR/P1/1 (Croatia/ Eastern Pannonian subregion • P-1 / station No. 1)HR/P1/2 (Croatia / Eastern Pannonian • subregion P-1 / station No. 2)

County, political and cadastral municipality, • cadastral plot, distance of movement from the closest populated area, sign of list HOK 1:5,000, owner of the parcelHeight above the sea level of the site • Climatological data•

Field trip to the potential locations for soil monitoring • and the final selection of sites.

PROVEDBA PILOT PROJEKTA

Terenski radovi provedeni su sukladno poglavlju 3. Pri-ručnika(1): Kriteriji za način opisa i uzorkovanja tla pri motrenju poljoprivrednih tala.

Pripremni rad u uredu:

Nabavljene su podloge za uredski i terenski rad (to-• pografske, pedološke karte; klimatski i vegetacijski podaci). Topografske karte u digitalnom obliku smještene su • u GPS uređaj (Trimble GeoXT) i pri izlasku na teren koordinate postaja trajnog motrenja su zabilježene na kartu.Prikupljeni su opći podaci o postajama:•

Identifikacijski brojevi postaja: • HR/P3/7 (Hrvatska / Zapadna Panonska po-• dregija P-3 / postaja br. 7)HR/P1/1 (Hrvatska / Istočna Panonska podre-• gija P-1 / postaja br. 19)HR/P1/2 (Hrvatska / Istočna Panonska podre-• gija P-1 / postaja br. 17)

Županija, politička i katastarska općina, katastar-• ska čestica, udaljenost kretanja od najbližeg nase-ljenog mjesta, oznaka lista HOK 1:5.000, vlasnik parceleNadmorska visina postaje• Klimatski podaci•

Obilazak potencijalnih lokacija postaja motrenja, te • konačni odabir lokacija.

Pilot lokacija – Potok – Pilot site Pilot lokacija – Satnica – Pilot site Pilot lokacija – Donji Miholjac – Pilot site


12

TERENSKI RAD

Preliminarni terenski rad

Obavljeno je sondiranje širega terena kojim se nastoja-• lo utvrditi je li tlo na svim varijantama homogeno.Geodet je precizno odredio rubove svih parcela po-• stojećega pokusa izvlačenjem poligonskog vlaka od najbliže poznate točke.Izvršen je opis ektomorfoloških svojstava područja i • vremenskih uvjeta pri zasnivanju postaja.

FIELD wORK

Preliminary field work

Probe sampling of a wider area has been made • attempting to establish whether the soil is homogenous in all variants. A geodesist has precisely determined borders of all • parcels of the existing test by pulling a polygon train from the closest known point.Description of ecto-morphological and climatic • conditions has been made during establishment of pilot sites.

Sondiranje terena - Terrain sampling by probe

Geodetska izmjera terenaGeodesic terrain measure

Određivanje koordinata GPS-om Coordinate determination by GPS


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GLAVNI TERENSKI RAD

Iskopan je pedološki profil do du-• bine matičnoga supstrata, širine 1 m i dužine 2 m. Lice profila je pripremljeno za • opis, postavljena je mjerna vrpca od površine do dna profila, te je profil fotografiran, kao i krajolik postaje.Nadalje je opisan broj i dubina • horizonata u profilu, kao i morfo-loške značajke svakog horizonta prema FAO(5) vodiču za opis tala.

Uzorkovanje tla s profila

Iz svakoga horizonta profila uzet je po jedan uzorak u porušenom stanju od najnižega prema najvišem hori-zontu. Na postajama u Potoku i Sat-nici uzeta su ukupno četiri prosječna uzorka po profilu, dok je na postaji u Donjem Miholjcu uzeto pet prosječ-nih uzoraka, budući da je profil činilo pet horizonata. Zatim je iz prva dva horizonta uzeto po pet uzoraka u neporušenom stanju poznatog volumena, utiskivanjem cilindara volumena 100 cm3 okomito u prethodno iskopanu stepenicu u vi-sini horizonta na licu profila, s ciljem ispitivanja fizikal-nih svojstava tla. Iz svakog profila uzeto je ukupno deset uzoraka u neporušenom stanju.

MAIN FIELD wORK

The pedological profile was dug to • the depth of parent material, 1 m wide and 2 m long. The face of the profile was prepa-• red for the description, a measure-ment tape was set from the surface to the bottom of the profile, and the profile, as well as the landscape of the site was photographed. Further, the number and depth of • horizon in the profile was descri-bed, as well as morphological pro-perties of each horizon according to the FAO(5) Guidelines for Soil Description.

Soil sampling of the profile

One sample in disturbed condition was taken from each horizon of profile, from the lowest to the highest horizon. At monitoring stations in Potok and Satnica, total of four average samples were taken from each profile, while at the station in Donji Miholjac, five average samples were taken, since profile consisted

of five horizons. Afterwards, five samples of known volume in undisturbed condition were taken from each of the first two horizons by impressing a cylinder of 100 cm3 vertically to a previously dug stair in the height of horizon on the face of the profile, with the aim of testing physical properties of the soil. Total of ten samples in undisturbed condition was taken from each profile.

Uzorci profila u neporemećenom stanjuSoil sampling of the profile in undisturbed condition

Profil tla – Soil profile

Mikromonoliti uzeti s pedološkog profilaMicromonoliths taken on the profile


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UzIMANJE PROSJEČNIH UzORAKA POSTAJE MOTRENJA

Postaja za motrenje je oblika kva-drata površine 750 m2 (27,39 x 27,39 m) i locira se na reprezentativnom dijelu poljoprivredne parcele iza-brane za motrenje (ne manje od 5000 m2), udaljenom od njenih rub-nih ili netipičnih dijelova. Stranice plohe usmjerene su u pravcima sje-ver-jug i istok-zapad. Pedološki profil se otvara na unu-tarnjoj strani istočne stranice plo-he, tako da je podjednako udaljen od sjeveroistočnog i jugoistočnog kuta plohe. 16 točaka za pojedinačno uzorko-vanje tla sondom nalaze se na dija-gonalama plohe (na svakoj dijago-nali ih je 8). Svi pojedinačni uzorci spajaju se u 4 prosječna uzorka prema Shemi; prvi uzorak nastaje spajanjem uzoraka 1, 5, 10 i 15, slije-deći spajanjem uzoraka 2, 6, 12 i 16, itd. Osim ta 4 uzorka, analizira se i 1 prosječan uzorak dobiven spaja-njem dijelova uzoraka svih pojedi-načnih točaka. Na taj način, svaki od 5 prosječnih uzoraka predvi-đenih za analizu predstavlja pro-sjek postaje, što znatno pridonosi osiguravanju kvalitete podataka.Na mjestima uz točke uzorkovanja mjeri se zbijenost tla digitalnim penetrometrom.

Uzorkovanje i ponovljivost uzorkovanja provedeno je u skladu s normom ISO 10381-1:2002(7). Prosječni uzorci uzeti su ergonomskom sondom nakon što su u profilu definirane dubine uzorkovanja. Za kemijske analize tla uzeto je 5 prosječnih uzoraka iz 3 dubine (0-37 cm, 37-68 cm i 68-92 cm), odnosno, ukupno 15 uzoraka po jednoj postaji svake godine motrenja. Jednak postupak uzi-manja prosječnih uzoraka postaje ponovljen je i drugoj godini pilot projekta, a i toga puta je najprije geodet na terenu odredio prošlogodišnje granice postaja, a zatim je započeto uzorkovanje.

TAKING OF AVERAGE SAMPLES OF THE MONITORING STATION

The monitoring station is in the form of a square with the surface of 750 m2 (27.39 x 27.39 m) and is located at a representative part of agricultural plot selected for monitoring (not less than 5000 m2), at the distance of its border or untypical parts. Sides of the plot are directed toward north-south and east-west. Pedological profile opens on the internal side of eastern side of the plot so that it is at the equal distance from north-eastern and south-eastern edge of the plot. Sixteen points for individual sampling by probe are on the diagonals of the plot (8 points on each diagonal). All individual samples are merged to 4 average samples according to the Scheme; first sample is created by merging samples 1, 5, 10 and 15; next sample is created by merging samples 2, 6, 12 and 16 etc. Except these 4 samples, one average sample obtained by merging parts of samples of all points is being analysed. Thus, each of 5 average samples foreseen for analysis represents the average of a station which significantly contributes

to ensuring quality data. Compactness of the soil has been measured on places of sampling points by a digital penetrometer.

Sampling and repeatedness of sampling has been implemented pursuant to the standard ISO 10381-1:2002(7). Average samples have been taken by ergonomic auger on sampling depths that have been defined in the profile. For chemical analysis of the soil, 5 average samples at 3 depths have been taken ((0-37 cm, 37-68 cm and 68-92 cm), i.e. the total of 15 samples per one site for every year of monitoring. The same sampling procedure has been repeated next year; the geodesist has precisely determined last year’s borders of all parcels and soil sampling began again.

Uzimanje prosječnih uzoraka po shemi uzorkovanjaTaking of average samples by sampling scheme

Shema uzorkovanjaSoil sampling scheme

Digitalni penetrometarDigital penetrometer


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LABORATORIJSKI RAD

Priprema uzoraka

Svi uzorci tla za laboratorijske analize su uzeti i pripre-mljeni prema ISO 10381-1-2-3(8).

Kemijski parametri motrenja

Izvršene su analize slijedećih kemijskih parametara tla:

LABORATORY wORK

Soil sample preparation

All soil samples were taken and prepared for laboratory analyses in accordance with ISO 10381-1-2-3(8).

Chemical monitoring parameters

The following chemical parameters of soil have been analysed:

Parametar Metoda ISO norma Method Parameter

pH u H2O i KCl (CaCl2) Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 10390:2005(9) Electrometric Determination of pH

Sadržaj CaCO3 Volumetrijski HRN ISO 10693:2004(10) Volumetric Carbonate contentHidrolitska kiselost, y1 Modif. po Kappenu ISO 14254:2001(11) Barium chloride extract Exchangeable acidityCEC ( Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+)

Amon-acetat metodaHRN ISO 11260:2005(12)HRN ISO 13536:2005(13)

Barium chloride solution Cation exchange capacity

Ukupni C Suho spaljivanje HRN ISO 10694:2004(14) Dry combustion Total carbonUkupni N Metoda po Kjedahlu HRN ISO 11261:2004(15) Kjedahl method Total nitrogenUkupni S Suho spaljivanje ISO 15178:2000(16) Dry combustion Total sulfurNO3- Metoda s granulama cinka HRN ISO 14255:2004(17) Zn method Nitrate nitrogenPristupačna hraniva u tlu: P, K

AL metoda AL methodPlant-available phosphorus and potassium

Teški metali i potencijalno toksični elementi: Fe, Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn, ukupni i pristupačni

Zlatotopka, EDTA, AASHRN ISO 11466:2004(18)HRN ISO 14870:2001(19)HRN ISO 11047:2004(20)

Aqua regia, EDTA, AASTrace metals soluble in aqua regia and EDTA

EC - konduktivitet Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 11265:2004(21) Electrometric Electrical conductivity

Kemijski sastav procjedne vode na dubini do 2 m (pH, EC, anioni, kationi)

Elektrometrijski Ionska kromatografija

HRN ISO 10523:1998(22)HRN ISO 7888:2001(23)HRN ISO 10304-1:1998(24)HRN ISO 14911:2001(25)

Electrometric Ion chroma-tography

Drainage water quality (pH, EC, ions)

Postojani organski oneči-šćivači (PAH, PCB, triazin-ski herbicidi, organoklorni pesticidi)

Tekućinska i plinska kroma-tografija

HRN ISO 11369:1997(26) HRN ISO 6468:1996(27)

Liquid and gas cromato-graphy

Persistant organic pollu-tants

Priprema uzoraka za laboratorijske analize Soil sample preparation for laboratory analyses


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Fizikalni parametri motrenja

Pripremljeni uzorci tla analizirani su za slijedeće fizikal-ne parametre:

Najveći dio laboratorijskih analiza obavljen je u laborato-riju Zavoda za tlo iz Osijeka.

Dio kemijskih analiza tla (C, H, N, S, te analiza vode) obavljen je u laboratoriju Zavoda za opću proizvodnju bilja Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a dio (postojani organski onečišćivači) u laboratoriju Zavoda za javno zdravstvo grada Zagreba.

Physical monitoring parameters

Prepared soil samples have been analysed for the fo-llowing physical parameters:

Most part of the laboratory analyses were conducted at the laboratory of the Institute for Soil in Osijek.

Part of chemical analyses (C, H, N, S and water analyses) was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of General Agronomy of the Faculty of Agriculture, and part (Persistant organic pollutants) at the laboratory of the Department for Public Health of Zagreb.


Mehanički sastav tlaInternacionalna A i B metoda

HRN ISO 11277:2004(28) Method by sieving and sedimentation

Particle size distribution

Volumna gustoća tla Cilindri po Kopeckom HRN ISO 11272:2004(29) Kopecki rings Bulk densityMaksimalni kapacitet tla za vodu, pF 0

Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11274:2004(30) Gravimetric Maximum water capacity

Kapacitet tla za vodu, pF 2,5 Tlačni ekstraktor HRN ISO 11274:2004(30) 5-bar pressure plate extractor

Water capacity, pF 2,5

Točka venuća, pF 4,2 Tlačna membrana HRN ISO 11274:2004(30) 15-bar pressure plate extractor

Wilting point, pF 4,2

Fiziološki aktivna i lakopri-stupačna voda,

Tlačni ekstraktor HRN ISO 11274:2004(30) 15-bar pressure plate extractor

Water capacity, pF 3,8

Gustoća čvrstih čestica i ukupna poroznost

Piknometar HRN ISO 11508:2004(31) Pyknometer Particle density, Porosity

Retencijski kapacitet tla za vodu

Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11465:2004(32) Gravimetric Water capacity

Kapacitet tla za zrak Obračun HRN ISO 11465:2004(32) Calculation Air capacity

Propusnost tla za voduLaboratorij: serijsko odre-đivanje

HRN ISO 17313:2004(33) Soil water permeameter Hidraulic conductivity

Stabilnost strukturnih agregata

U vodi, obračun In water, calculation Stability

Zbijenost tla Penetrometar Penetrometer Compaction

Laboratorijska oprema za fizikalne analize tla Laboratory equipment for physical analyses of soil

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Pilot lokacija na Mreži točaka motrenja šumskih eko sustava - Razine IPilot site at the ICP Forests Network Level I

PILOT PROJEKT MOTRENJA ŠUMSKIH TALA

S obzirom na postojeću mrežu ploha Razine I Međuna-rodnog programa za procjenu i motrenje utjecaja zračnog onečišćenja na šume(3), na kojoj će se sukladno Pravilni-ku(2) provoditi motrenja šumskih ekosustava i šumskih tala, Pilot projektom motrenja šumskih tala testiran je postupak motrenja na jednoj od 95 točaka koje se već na-laze u sustavu djelomičnog motrenja Razine I.

Pilot projektom testirani postupak motrenja šumskih tala obuhvatio je način uzorkovanja i laboratorijske analize fi-zikalnih i kemijskih parametara tla preporučene u dijelu Priručnika(1) koji se odnosi na kategorije i parametre za motrenje šumskih tala, te je u skladu s postupkom motre-nja šumskih eko sustava kojega propisuje Pravilnik(2).

THE PILOT PROJECT FOR MONITORING OF FORESTRY SOILS

Considering the existing Level I Network of the Interna-tional Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Mo-nitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests(3) (ICP Forests Network), at which the monitoring of forest ecosystems and forest soils shall be conducted in accordance with the Rulebook(2), the Pilot project for monitoring of forest soils tested the monitoring procedure at one of the 95 po-ints that are already in the system of partial monitoring within Level I of the ICP Forests Network.

The monitoring procedure tested by the Pilot project in-cluded soil sampling and laboratory analyses of physical and chemical parameters of soil recommended by part of the Manual(1) which describes categories and parame-ters for monitoring forest soil, and is in accordance with monitoring procedure of forest ecosystems proscribed by the Rulebook(2).

98

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ODABIR LOKACIJE PILOT PROJEKTA

Za provedbu Pilot projekt motrenja šumskih tala odabrana je točka mo-trenja broj 98 postojeće ICP mreže Razine I.

Opis lokacije:Lonjsko polje, gospodarska jedinica: Kutinske nizinske šume; odjel 52, odsjek c. Nalazi se jugozapadno od Kutine, u neposrednoj blizini kana-liziranog vodotoka Kutina i deponije fosfogipsa. Stara hrastova sastojina (šuma hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba) u normalnom režimu gospodarenja. Pri odabiru točke motrenja vodilo se računa da lokacija bude sklopljena sastojina koja omogućuje testiranje svih procedura terenskih radova.

Nakon uredskog izbora lokacije motrenja, stupilo se u vezu s Upravom šuma Podružnica Zagreb, te sa Šumari-jom Kutina, i dogovorena je suradnja na provedbi radnji prema terenskom dijelu protokola motrenja (uvid u gos-podarske elaborate, način i uvjeti pristupa postaji i aktiv-nosti na točki motrenja).

SELECTION OF PILOT PROJECT LOCATION

For the implementation of the Pilot Project for monitoring of forestry soils, the monitoring point No 98 of Level I of the existing ICP Forests Network was selected.

Description of the location:Lonjsko polje, management unit: Kutina lowland forests, compartment 52, sub-compartment c. it is located southwest from Kutina, in the

immediate vicinity of the canalised watercourse Kutina and phosphoplaster depot. Old oak stand (forest of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam) in normal management regime. During the selection of the monitoring point, it was considered that location is a closed stand which enables

testing of all procedures of the field work. After the selection of the monitoring location at the office, the Forests Administration in Zagreb, i.e. the Forest Office in Kutina were contacted and cooperation was arranged for the implementation of field work part of the monitoring protocol (insight into forest management plans, mode and conditions of approach to the station and activities at the monitoring point).

Pilot lokacija u Zapadno-Panonskoj pod regiji (P-3)Pilot site in Western Pannonian subregion (P-3)

Pogled preko deponije fosfogipsa (lijevo) te s deponije prema pilot lokaciji (desno)View over phosphoplaster depot (left) and from the depot toward the pilot site (right)

Pilot lokacije u Istočno-Panonskoj pod regiji (P-1)Pilot sites in Eastern-Pannonian subregion (P-1)

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In accordance with the Manual(1) soil sampling should be conducted at the time of least biological activity in the soil, whether it is the warmest or the coldest part of the year. Considering the climatological heterogeneity of fo-rest ecosystems in Croatia, such soil sampling would be possible to conduct in the period of July-September. Also, it should be taken into consideration that the second and every further soil sampling at the same site should be conducted with the aberration of 10 days at the most in relation to the date of the first soil sampling.

Due to time restriction for the implementation of the Pi-lot Project, soil samplings were conducted in December 2006 and 2007. The condition for the selection of this peri-od was that there is no snow and that trees have dropped leaves.

In the lowland area of the Central Croatia, where the Pi-lot Project has been conducted, deciduous plants drop their leaves by the end of November, and the first half of December is usually without snow. Therefore, this is a period when organic layer on the surface of the ground is stabilised and suitable for soil sampling.


Sukladno preporukama Priručnika(1), uzorkovanje šum-skih tala je predviđeno u vrijeme najmanje biološke ak-tivnosti u tlu, bilo da se radi o najtoplijem ili najhladni-jem dijelu godine. S obzirom na klimatsku heterogenost šumskih ekosustava u Hrvatskoj, takvo uzorkovanje bi bilo moguće provesti u razdoblju srpanj-rujan. Pri tomu se treba voditi računa da se drugo i svako naredno uzor-kovanje na istom lokalitetu provede s odstupanjem od najviše 10 dana u odnosu na datum prvog uzorkovanja.

Zbog vremenskih ograničenja u provedbi Pilot projekta uzorkovanje je provedeno u prosincu 2006. i 2007. godi-ne. Uvjet za odabir ovog razdoblja je da nema snijega te da je drveće odbacilo list.

U nizinskom području središnje Hrvatske, gdje se provo-dio Pilot projekt, listače odbacuju list do kraja studenog, a prva polovica prosinca je obično bez snijega. Prema tomu radi se o razdoblju kada je organski sloj na površini tla stabiliziran i pogodan za uzorkovanje.

Pilot lokacija Pilot site

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TERENSKI RAD

Preliminarni terenski rad

Za označavanje točke motrenja koristio se križni sistem s 24 stabla po plohi: kroz sjecište koordinata povučena su dva međusobno okomita pravca u smjeru glavnih strana svijeta, dužine 25 metara, na čijim je krajevima obilježe-no šest najbližih stabala brojevima 1 do 24. Oznake na selektirana stabla nanošene su uljanom bojom, kako je predviđeno ICP protokolom(3).

Za postaju je na početku motrenja izrađena skica (i u di-gitalnom obliku) koja se po potrebi ažurira u skladu s promjenama. Na skicu se pri svakom uzorkovanju nano-se pozicije točaka uzorkovanja.

FIELD wORK

Preliminary field work

The cross system with 24 trees per plot was used for mar-king of monitoring point: two 25 m long lines vertical to each other are drawn through coordinate crossing to every side of the world. At their ends, six closest trees are marked with numbers from 1 to 24. Selected trees were marked with oil paint, in accordance with ICP Pro-tocol(3).

At the beginning of monitoring process, the draft of the point was made (in digital form too) and it can be upda-ted with changes if necessary. After every sampling, the positions of sampling points were also charted to draft.

Idealna shema prostornog rasporeda stabala na točki motrenjaIdeal scheme of spatial layout of trees at the monitoring point

Skica točke motrenjaDraft of monitoring point

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MAIN FIELD wORK

The pedological profile • was dug to the depth of parent material (1,80 m), 1 m wide and 2 m long. The face of the profile • was prepared for the description, a measu-rement tape was set from the surface to the bottom of the profile, and the profile, as well as the landscape of the pilot site was photo-graphed. Further, the number • and depth of horizon in the profile was des-cribed, as well as mor-phological properties of each horizon.

The micro-monoliths were taken from the profile. •


Three soil samples have been taken from each horizon of the profile in undisturbed condition by impressing a cylinder of 100 cm3 horizontally into the profile. Total of 18 samples in undisturbed condition were taken from the profile.After that, one sample in disturbed condition was taken from each horizon. Total of six average samples was ta-ken from the profile.

GLAVNI TERENSKI RAD

Iskopan je pedološ-• ki profil do dubine matičnog supstrata (1,80 m), širine 1 m i dužine 2 m. Lice profila je pri-• premljeno za opis, postavljena je mjer-na vrpca od povr-šine do dna profila, te je profil fotogra-firan, kao i krajolik postaje.Nadalje je opisan • broj i dubina horizo-nata u profilu, kao i morfološke značajke svakog horizonta.S profila su uzeti mikro-monoliti.•


Iz svakog horizonta profila uzeta su po tri uzorka u ne-porušenom stanju utiskivanjem cilindara volumena 100 cm3 horizontalno u profil. Iz profila je ukupno uzeto 18 uzoraka u neporušenom stanju.Zatim je iz svakog horizonta uzet po jedan uzorak u po-rušenom stanju. Ukupno je šest prosječnih uzoraka uze-to po profilu.

Nakon uzorkovanja valjci su zatvoreni s nepropusnim poklopcima After taking of samples, cylinders have been closed with impermeable lids.

Tlo na presjeku uzorka u valjkuSoil at the section of sample in the cylinder

Pedološki profilPedological profile

Mikromonoliti uzeti s pedološkog profila

Micromonoliths taken on the profile

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Opis morfološkog stanja pedološkog profila s detaljima na neporušenim uzorcima tla u valjcimaDescription of the morphological condition of the pedological profile with details on undisturbed

samples of the soil in the cylinder

Agregat tla iz Bg2 – horizonta na površiniSoil aggregate from Bg2 – horizon on the surface


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SAMPLING OF AVERAGE SAMPLES OF THE MONITORING POINT

Sampling of the organic layer and soil at the monitoring point was conducted on five plots dimensions of 25x25 cm. In accordance with the sampling protocol described in the Manual(1), composite samples have been formed out of five individual samples, namely one composite sample for OL and OFH subhorizons, and for the mineral part of the soil from the depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Samples have been collected in plastic bags marked for each plot and the type of sample. The sample of OL subhorizon has been carefully taken so that this year’s leaf litter has been sampled, and the rest up to the mineral soil has been taken as OFH sub horizon. After the organic material was completely removed and samples were taken, the soil from the debt of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm was sampled on the same plots with an 8 cm probe. Total of four composite samples have been formed on five plots. At three out of five plots, undisturbed samples of mineral soil with cylinders have been taken from both depths, in order to determine density and current humidity. These parameters are determined on a one time basis, while composite sampling of plots was repeated next year. Samples have been closed with no possibility of loosing humidity and were transported for laboratory analysis.

UzIMANJE PROSJEČNIH UzORAKA TOČKE MOTRENJA

Uzorkovanje organskog sloja i tla na točki motrenja obav-ljeno je na pet plohica dimenzija 25x25 cm. U skladu s protokolom uzorkovanja opisanim u Priručniku(1), for-mirani su kompozitni uzorci iz pet pojedinačnih, i to po jedan kompozitni uzorak za OL i OFH pod horizonte, te za mineralni dio tla iz dubina 0-10 i 10-20 cm. Uzorci su prikupljeni u najlonske vrećice s oznakom plo-he i tipom uzorka.OL pod horizont pažljivo je uzorkovan tako da je izdvo-jen ovogodišnji listinac, a ostatak do mineralnog tla uzet je kao OFH podhorizont. Nakon što je potpuno uklonjen i uzorkovan organski ma-terijal, na istim plohicama sondom promjera 8 cm uzor-kovano je tlo iz dubina 0-10 i 10-20 cm. Na pet plohica tako su formirana ukupno četiri kompo-zitna uzorka. Na tri od pet plohica uzeti su iz obadvije dubine neporušeni uzorci mineralnog tla s valjcima, radi određivanja gustoće i trenutne vlažnosti. Ovi parametri se određuju jednokratno, kod prvog uzorkovanja, dok je uzorkovanje na plohicama ponovljeno i slijedeće godine.Uzorci su zatvoreni i bez mogućnosti gubitka vlažnosti transportirani na laboratorijsku obradu.

Uzorkovanje tla – Soil sampling

Uzorkovanje organskog sloja - Sampling of the organic layer

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LABORATORIJSKI RAD

U skladu s normom ISO 10381-1-2-3(8), uzorci tla su uzeti i pripremljeni za laboratorijske analize u ekološko pedo-loškom laboratoriju Šumarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te u laboratoriju Odjela za ekologiju šuma Šu-marskog instituta u Jastrebarskom. Dio kemijskih anali-za tla (C, H, N, S) obavljen je u laboratoriju Zavoda za opću proizvodnju bilja Agronomskog fakulteta Sveuči-lišta u Zagrebu.Fizikalne i kemijske analize tla su provedene prema po-pisu parametara i metoda iz Priručnika.

Uzorci su pohranjeni u arhivu uzoraka tla u Šumarskom institutu, Jastrebarsko. Kompozitni uzorci iz 2007. godi-ne pohranjeni su na Šumarskom fakultetu u Zagrebu.



Kemijski parametri motrenja


LABORATORY wORK

In accordance with the standard ISO 10381-1-2-3(8), soil samples have been taken and prepared for laboratory analyses at ecological pedological laboratory of the Fa-culty of Forestry University of Zagreb and at the labo-ratory of the Forest Research Institute, Department for Forest Ecology. Part of chemical analyses (C, H, N, S) was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Gene-ral Agronomy of the Faculty of Agriculture.Physical and chemical analyses of soil are conducted according to the list of parameters and methods of the Manual. The soil samples are stored in soil sampling arc-hive of the Forest Research Institute. Composite samples from year 2007 are stored at the Faculty of Forestry Uni-versity of Zagreb.


Prepared soil samples have been analysed for following physical parameters:

Chemical monitoring parameters



Mehanički sastav tlaInternacionalna A i B

metodaHRN ISO 11277:2004(28) Method by sieving and

sedimentationParticle size distribution

Volumna gustoća tla Cilindri po Kopeckom HRN ISO 11272:2004(29) Kopecki rings Bulk density

Količina suhe tvari Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11465:2004(32) Gravimetric Water capacity


pH u H2O i CaCl2 Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 10390:2005(9) Electrometric Determination of pH

Sadržaj CaCO3 Volumetrijski HRN ISO 10693:2004(10) Volumetric Carbonate content

Efektivni kapacitet tla za izmjenjive katione i zasi-ćenost bazama (Ca2+, Mg, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn)

Barij klorid metoda HRN ISO 11260:2005(12) Barium chloride solution Exchangeable cations

Izmjenjiva kiselost Barij klorid metoda HRN ISO 14254(xx) Barium chloride solution Exchangeable acidity

Zamjenjivi H+ Barij klorid metoda, Titra-cija do pH 7,8

Barium chloride solution and titration to pH 7,8

Exchangeable H

Ukupni C CHNS uređaj HRN ISO 10694:2004(14) Dry combustion Total carbon

Ukupni N CHNS uređaj HRN ISO 11261:2004(15) Dry combustion Total nitrogen

U zlatotopki ekstrahirani: P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, S, Hg, Na

Zlatotopka HRN ISO 11466:2004(18) Aqua regiaIn aqua regia soluble

elements

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PILOT PROJEKT MOTRENJA ONEČIŠĆENIH TALA

U okviru Projekta „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“, revidirana je i nadopunjena Baza podataka o potencijalno onečišćenim i onečišćenim lokalitetima – GEOL(6), čime je na području Republike Hrvatske evidentirano 2.264 potencijalno onečišćenih lo-kacija. To su uglavnom komunalna i industrijska odlaga-lišta otpada, rudarski iskopi (kamenolomi), bivša vojna skladišta, naftne i plinske bušotine, minska i potencijal-no opasna minska područja te energetska postrojenja. Premda je većina postrojenja suvremeno tehnički riješe-na i koncipirana, te pruža visok stupanj sigurnosti, nije isključena mogućnost incidenata koji dovode u opasnost prirodne resurse, ponajprije tlo i vodu. Ovisno o težini, incidenti mogu na kraće ili dulje vrijeme dovesti u pita-nje namjenu zemljišta, odnosno mogu isključiti moguć-nost korištenja zemljišta za uzgoj bilja i stoke.

Odabir lokacije Pilot projekta

U skladu s podacima o postojećim istraživanjima, te analizom reprezentativnih područja, za provedbu Pilot projekta motrenja onečišćenih tala odabran je lokalitet potencijalno onečišćen ugljikovodicima naftnoga podri-jetla, koji se nalazi unutar radnog prostora sabirne stani-ce (Os-5) na području Osekovo-Stružec, u općini Popovača, u području Sisačko-moslavačke županije. Ova lokacija odabra-na je zato što se veći-na bušotina i veći dio naftne/plinske mreže nalazi u Panonskom dijelu Hrvatske u kojem prema načinu korištenja zemljišta dominira poljopri-vredna proizvodnja.

THE PILOT PROJECT FOR MONITORING OF CONTAMINATED SOILS

Within the implementation of the Project „Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Plot Project“, the existing Database on potentially contaminated and contaminated localities - GEOL(6) has been verified and supplemented, and now contains data on 2.264 potentially contaminated sites at the territory of the Republic of Croatia. The sites are mainly situated in the vicinity of communal and industrial waste dumps, mining excavations (quarries), former army depots, oil and gas boreholes, mine-infested and potentially dangerous mined areas, and other industrial facilities. Although most of these facilities are constructed and conceived in a modern way, ensuring a high degree of safety, occurrence of incidents endangering natural resources, primarily soil and water, cannot be excluded. Depending on how serious they are, incidents may endanger land functions; i.e. they can exclude the possibility of land use for plant and cattle cultivation.

Selection of the Pilot Project location

In accordance with data of existing studies and analysis of representative locations, the location which is poten-tially contaminated by oil hydrocarbons was selected for the Pilot Project for monitoring contaminated soils. Lo-

cation is situated in the immediate vicin-ity of mad pits and oil container (Os-5), which is on Osekovo – Struzec area, mu-nicipality of Popo-vaca, in the Sisak-Moslavina County.This location was chosen because most boreholes and major part of oil/gas net-work are situated in the Pannonian part of Croatia, where agricultural produc-tion prevails in land management.

Smještaj pilot lokacije – Pilot site locationIzvor/Source: Ina Naftaplin(45)

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OPIS LOKACIJE

Područje na kojem je postavljen Pilot projekt nije obra-• đivano 20 godina,Geomorfološki područje pripada ravničarskom do • brežuljkastom tipu terena.Lokacija je u vlasništvu INA-Industrija nafte d.d, te • je u trogodišnjem razdoblju (2006.-2008) ustupljena na korištenje Agronomskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, za potrebe provedbe pilot projekta trajnog motrenja onečišćenih tala.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATION

The area where the Pilot Project is located has not • been cultivated for 20 years,In terms of geomorphology, the area belongs to • lowland to hilly terrain types, The location is owned by the INA Croatian Oil Com-• pany and it has been ceded for use, for the period of 3 years (2006-2008), to the Faculty of Agriculture Uni-versity of Zagreb, for the implementation of the Pilot Project for monitoring contaminated soils.

Spremnici nafte uz plohu Pilot projekta Oil containers by the Pilot Project plot

Prikaz lokacije Pilot projekta na naftnom polju Osekovo-StružecDisplay of Pilot Project location on oil field Osekovo - Stružec

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Shematski prikaz plohe Pilot projekta Scheme of the Pilot Project plot


Pripremni rad

Ploha Pilot projekta podijeljena je na sedam varijanti: jednu kontrolnu i šest varijanti onečišćenih različitim razinama ugljikovodika i naftnog solidifikata. Na taj na-čin omogućeno je motrenje utjecaja onečišćenja na tlo u kontroliranim uvjetima, praćenje utjecaja onečišćenja na rast različitih usjeva i akumulaciju onečišćujućih tvari u biljci, te motrenje potencijalnog onečišćenja podzemnih voda.

Varijante istraživanja:1. Kontrola (čisto tlo)2. Onečišćeno tlo sirovom naftom (8 l/m2)3. Onečišćeno tlo sirovom naftom (4 l/m2)4. Onečišćeno tlo sirovom naftom (2 l/m2)5. Onečišćeno tlo solidifikatom (30 kg/m2)6. Onečišćeno tlo solidifikatom (20 kg/m2)7. Onečišćeno tlo solidifikatom (10 kg/m2)


Preparatory work

The Pilot project plot is divided to seven variants: one control and six variants contaminated by various levels of crude oil and oil solidificate. This ensured controlled conditions for monitoring contamination impact on soil, monitoring of the contamination influence on various crops growth and accumulation of contamination in a plant, as well as monitoring of potential contamination of groundwater.

Research variants:1. Control area - Clean soil 2. Soil contaminated with crude oil (8 l/sqm) 3. Soil contaminated with crude oil (4 l/sqm) 4. Soil contaminated with crude oil (2 l/sqm) 5. Soil contaminated with oil solidificate (30 kg/sqm) 6. Soil contaminated with oil solidificate (20 kg/sqm) 7. Soil contaminated with oil solidificate (10 kg/sqm)

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TERENSKI RAD

Kako bi se snimilo postojeće po-• četno nulto stanje iskopan je pe-dološki profil do dubine matičnog supstrata (1,12 m), širine 1 m i du-žine 2 m, U obrazac motrenja unesen je opis • profila i morfoloških karakteristi-ka pojedinih horizonata,Profil je fotografiran.•


U skladu sa normom ISO 10381-1:2002(7) određene su dubine uzorkovanja.Iz svakog horizonta, od dna profila prema vrhu, uzet je po jedan uzorak u porušenom stanju. Ukupno četiri prosječna uzorka su uzeta po profi-lu.

Zatim je od vrha prema dnu profila, u neporušenom stanju, uzeto po pet uzoraka iz svakoga horizonta utiski-vanjem cilindara po Koppeckom volumena 100 cm3 oko-mito u prethodno iskopanu stepenicu u visini horizonta na licu profila, za ispitivanje fizikalnih svojstava tla.Iz profila je ukupno uzeto 20 uzoraka u neporušenom stanju.

Postavljanje Pilot projekta

Izmjerena je ploha Pilot projekta, • Određene su geografske koordi-• nate na rubnim točkama pomoću GPS uređaja s minimalnim od-stupanjem ± 1 metar,Izvršeno je predsjetveno oranje i • drljanje,Pod pravim kutom pomoću dr-• venih letvi i traka postavljena je mreža pokusnih varijanti zajedno sa prohodima.

FIELD wORK

In order to record the initial zero • state, the pedological profile was dug to the depth of parent material (1,12 m), 1 m wide and 2 m long,The description of the profile • and morphological properties of each horizon was recorded into monitoring form,Profile was photographed.•


Sampling depths were determined according to standard ISO 10381-1:2002(7). From each horizon, from bottom to top of the profile, one sample was taken in disturbed condition. Total of four average samples was taken from the profile.

After that, from top to bottom of the profile, five samples from each

horizon were taken in undisturbed condition by using 100 cm3 Kopecky cylinders impressed horizontally to each horizon, for physical analyses of soil.Total of 20 samples in undisturbed condition were taken from the profile.

Pilot Project set up

The Pilot project plot was • measured,The geographic coordinates • have been determined at marginal points by using a GPS device with minimum aberration ± 1 m,Before sowing started, • ploughing and cribble was conducted,Trial plots network together • with passages, was set up at a right angle by using wooden lathes and ropes.

Profil tla – Soil profile


Mreža pokusnih varijantiTrial plot network

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Nakon postavljanja mreže na plohu Pilot projekta prove-deno je „onečišćenje tla“ sirovom naftom i solidifikatom u skladu s prethodno predviđenim varijantama.

Obrada tla

Poslije onečišćenja tla sirovom naf-tom i solidifikatom uklonjena je mre-ža s pokusnih varijanti te se pristupi-lo pripremi sjetvenoga sloja.

Zatim je ponovno postavljena mre-ža na plohu Pilot projekta kako bi se provelo uzorkovanje tla točno po varijantama.

After the network was positioned on the Pilot Project plot, the soil has been “contaminated” with crude oil and solidificate according to previously foreseen variants.

Soil tillage

After soil contamination with hydro-carbons and solidificates, trial plot was removed from variants and soil was prepared for sowing.

Then, the network was once again positioned on the Pilot project plot, so that the soil sampling can be con-ducted precisely on variants.

Onečišćenje tla sirovom naftom i solidifikatomContamination of the soil with crude oil and solidificate

Obrada tlaSoil tillage

Varijante onečišćenja: kontrola, sirova nafta, solidifikatiVariants of contamination: control, crude oil, solidificate

1. kontrola

2. 8 l/m2

3. 4 l/m2

4. 2 l/m2

5. 30 kg/m2

6. 20 kg/m2

7. 10 kg/m2

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UzIMANJE PROSJEČNIH UzORAKA POSTAJE MOTRENJA

Uzorkovanje tla na Pilot projektu motrenja onečišćenih tala provedeno je tri puta: u rujnu 2006., u rujnu 2007. i u veljači 2008. godine.Prosječni uzorci tla uzeti su ergonomskom sondom na tri dubine prethodno definirane u pedološkom profilu (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm i 30-45 cm). Na svakoj od sedam varijanti uzeta su četiri uzorka s tri dubine, prema geometrijskoj mreži u obliku kruga. Ukupno je uzeto 12 uzoraka tla po varijanti, odnosno 84 uzoraka godišnje. Evaluacija i interpretacija rezultata provedena je u skladu s normom ISO 10381-1:2002(7).

UzORKOVANJE VODE

Uzorkovanje vodene otopine tla provedeno je pomoću sustava za uzorkovanja koji se sastoji od keramičke po-rozne sonde smještene u tlo na željenoj lokaciji i dubini. Četiri keramička sistema od četiri sonde spajaju se cije-vima na boce za uzorkovanje i rezervoar - pumpu u cilju stvaranja podtlaka. Otopina tla usisana je u unutrašnjoj strani porozne sonde, prikupljena u boce, te zatim u la-boratoriju analizirana u svrhu promatranje ispiranja ili zadržavanja u tlu određenih elemenata, te onečišćenja u nezasićenoj zoni tla.

TAKING OF AVERAGE SAMPLES OF THE MONITORING STATION

Soil sampling at the Pilot Project for monitoring contami-nated site was conducted three times: in September 2006, in September 2007 and In February 2008. Average samples have been taken by ergonomic probe on three sampling depths previously defined in a pedologi-cal profile (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm i 30-45 cm). Each of seven variants has been sampled four times at three sampling depths according to geometric network in the shape of a circle. Total of 12 samples has been taken from each variant, i.e. 84 samples per year.Evaluation and interpretation of results was conducted according to standard ISO 10381-1:2002(7).

wATER SAMPLING

Sampling of water solution of soil was conducted by us-ing sampling system which consists of porous ceram-ics probe placed into soil at desired location and depth. Four ceramics systems from four probes are connected by pipes to sampling bottles and reservoir - pump in order to produce subpressure. Water solution of soil is being absorbed on inner side of the porous probe, col-lected to bottles, and then analysed at the laboratory with objectives of monitoring leaching or retain of particular elements in soil as well as pollutants in unsaturated soil zone.

Uzimanje prosječnih uzoraka tlaTaking of average soil samples

Uzorkovanje vode – Water sampling

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UzGOJ USJEVA NA ONEČIŠĆENOM TLU

Tijekom uzgoja usjeva (kuku-ruza, uljane repice, ječma i pše-nice) provedene su uobičajene agrotehničke mjere zaštite i mineralne gnojidbe usjeva.

Porast, odnosno nicanje kuku-ruza bilo je obrnuto proporci-onalno sadržaju ugljikovodika u tlu.

U varijantama sa sirovom naf-tom gdje je povećan sadržaj ugljikovodika u tlu (8 i 4 l/m2) nicanje kukuruza je puno loši-je u odnosu na varijante gdje je u tlu manji sadržaj ugljikovo-dika.

Očigledno je da ugljikovodici u tlu tvore tanki film oko klice sjemenke i na taj način priječe pritjecanje kisika te uzrokuju uginuće zrna i/ili sporije nica-nje buduće biljke.

Za razliku od kukuruza koji je sijan prve godine (2006.), utvr-đeni sklop ostalih uzgajanih usjeva naredne vegetacijske go-dine 2006./2007. (uljana repica, pšenica i ječam) ni po čemu se ne razlikuje prema uključenim varijantama u istraživanje.

Temeljem utvrđenoga broja bi-ljaka nisu zabilježene statistič-ki opravdane razlike između istraživanih varijanti. Isto tako, ostvareni prinosi iz-među pojedinih usjeva ne uka-zuju na statističke razlike.

CROP CULTIVATION ON CONTAMINATED SOIL

During crop cultivation (ma-ize, winter wheat, winter bar-ley, and oil rape) all standard geotechnical and mineral fer-tilization measures were con-ducted.

Growth i.e. spring of maize was proportionally opposite to contents of hydrocarbons in soil.

Within variants with crude oil, where hydrocarbons con-tents was increased (8 and 4 l/ m2) maize growth was poor in relation to variants whe-re contents of hydrocarbons were lower.

Obviously, hydrocarbons in soil form a thin coating aro-und sprout seed and in this way prevent oxygen coming and cause total damage and/or slower growth of future plant.

As opposed to maize whi-ch was sowed the first year (2006), the constitution of ot-her crops from following ve-getation year 2006/2007 (win-ter wheat, winter barley and oil rape) did not show any relevant differences as per in-cluded research variants.

Based on determined number of plants, there were no signi-ficant differences among the researched variants.Also, crop yields did not show any significant differences among particular crops.

Izgled usjeva tijekom uzgojaProspect of crops during cultivation

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LABORATORIJSKI RAD

Uzorci su dopremani u laboratorije istoga dana uzorko-vanja. Priprema uzoraka provedena je prema Normi ISO 11464:2004(34).



LABORATORY wORK

Samples were transported to laboratory on the day of sampling. Sample preparation was done in compliance with the Standard ISO 11464:2004(34).


Prepared soil samples have been analysed for the fo-llowing physical parameters:

Određivanje gustoće čvrstih čestica – Determination of bulk density

Priprema uzoraka tla za analize - Soil sample preparation for analyses


Mehanički sastav tla Internacionalna A i B metoda HRN ISO 11277:2004(28) Method by sieving and sedi-

mentation Particle size distribution

Volumna gustoća tla Cilindri po Kopeckom HRN ISO 11272:2004(29) Kopecki rings Bulk densityGustoća čvrstih čestica i ukupna poroznost Piknometar HRN ISO 11508:2004(31) Pyknometer Particle density, Porosity

Retencijski kapacitet tla za vodu Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11465:2004(32)

HRN ISO 11461:2004(35) Gravimetric Water capacity

Kapacitet tla za zrak Obračun HRN ISO 11465:2004(32)

HRN ISO 11461:2004(35) Calculation Air capacity

Zbijenost tla Penetrometar Penetrometer Compaction

Trenutna vlažnost tla Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11461:2004(35) Gravimetric Natural soil water content

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KEMIJSKI PARAMETRI MOTRENJA


CHEMICAL MONITORING PARAMETERS


Parametar Metoda ISO norma Method ParameterpH u H2O i KCl (CaCl2) Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 10390:2005(9) Electrometric Determination of pHSadržaj vode Gravimetrijski HRN ISO 11465:2004(32) Gravimetric Soil water contentUkupni C Suho spaljivanje HRN ISO 10694:2004(14) Dry combustion Total carbonUkupni N Suho spaljivanje HRN ISO 13878:2004(36) Dry combustion Total nitrogenUkupni S Suho spaljivanje HRN ISO 15178:2005(16) Dry combustion Total sulphur

HumusMetoda po Tjurinu titrime-trija

Tjurin method Titrimetric method

Organic matter

Pristupačna hranjiva u tlu: P, K

AL metoda AL methodPlant-available phosphorus and potassium

Teški metali i potencijalno toksični elementi: Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, ukupni

Zlatotopka, AASHRN ISO 11466:2004(18)

HRN ISO 11047:2004(20) Aqua regia, AASTrace metals soluble in aqua regia

Teški metali i potencijalno toksični elementi: As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Mo, V ukupni

Zlatotopka, ICP-MS

HRN ISO 11466:2004(18)

HRN ISO 11047:2004(20)

HRN ISO 11885:2007(37)

ISO/DIS 22036:2006(38)

Aqua regia, ICP-MSTrace metals soluble in aqua regia

PAH HPLC, GCHRN ISO 13877:2004(39)

EPA METHOD 550(40) HPLC, GC PAH

Ukupna ulja GC ISO 16703:2004(41) GC Total oil content

Mineralna uljaEkstrakcija s ugljen-tetra-kloridom i 1,1,2 triklortriflu-oretanom IR Spectrometrija

HRN ISO/TR 11046:2005(42) IR Spectrometry Mineral oil content

CHNS analizator – CHNS Analyser

34


ANALIzE VODA

Prikupljeni uzorci vode analizirani su za slijedeće kemij-ske parametre:

U laboratoriju Zavoda za opću proizvodnju bilja, Agro-nomskog fakulteta, Sveučilišta u Zagrebu analizirana je većina fizikalnih i kemijskih parametara tla i vode.Specifični parametri (ukupna i mineralna ulja, policiklič-ki aromatski ugljikovodici, teški metali) analizirani su u laboratorijima INA-Industrije nafte d.d., Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Grada Zagreba, te Rudarsko geološko naftnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

wATER ANALYSES

Gathered water samples have been analysed for the following chemical parameters:

Most of the physical and chemical parameters of soil and water was analysed at the laboratory of the Department of General Agronomy of the Faculty of Agriculture.Specific parameters (total and mineral oil content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals) have been analyzed at laboratories of INA Croatian Oil Company, Department for Public Health of Zagreb and the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering University of Zagreb.

Parametar Metoda ISO norma Method ParameterpH Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 10523: 1998(22) Electrometric pHEC Elektrometrijski HRN ISO 7888:2001(23) Electrometric ECF-, Cl-, NO2

-, Br-, NO3-, SO4

3-, H2PO4

- Ionska kromatografija (IC) HRN EN ISO 10304-1:1998(24) Ion chromatography (IC) F-, Cl-, NO2

-, Br-, NO3-, SO4

3-, H2PO4

-

Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+,

Mg2+ Ionska kromatografija (IC) HRN EN ISO 14911:2001(25) Ion chromatography (IC) Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+,

Mg2+

Ukupna i mineralna ulja GC, IR SpektrometrijaISO 9377-2:2000(43)

ISO 16703:2004(41)

HRN ISO/TR 11046:2005(42)GC, IR Spectrometry Total and mineral oil content

Ionski kromatograf – The ion chromatography instrument

35


zAKLJUČAK

Provedbom Pilot projekata motrenja poljoprivrednih, šumskih i onečišćenih tala potvrđena je praktična izve-divost pojedinih koraka u provedbi trajnog motrenja tala u skladu s preporukama Priručnika(1), te visoka struč-nost uključenih institucija.

Tijek provedbe i dobiveni rezultati Pilot projekata zna-čajno su doprinijeli stjecanju iskustva i novih saznanja, te je uočena potreba za manjim prilagodbama pojedinih poglavlja Priručnika(1). Izvođači Pilot projekata dostavili su svoje preporuke Agenciji za zaštitu okoliša i iste će biti unesene u novo izdanje Priručnika i sam Program traj-nog motrenja tala Hrvatske do kraja 2008. godine.

zAHVALA

Zahvaljujemo djelatnicima Zavoda za tlo, Šumarskog fakulteta, Šumarskog instituta i Agronomskog fakulteta, koji su na visokoj stručnoj razini i u skladu s EU standar-dima proveli Pilot projekte, ostvarili vrijedne i pravovre-mene rezultate, te osigurali temelj za izradu Programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske.Također zahvaljujemo institucijama i privatnim osobama koji su omogućili provedbu Pilot projekata na reprezen-tativnim lokacijama: Moslavka d.d., INA d.d., Hrvatske šume, gospodinu Ivici Kusturi i gospodinu Krunoslavu Dugaliću.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of the Pilot Projects for monitoring of agricultural, forestry and contaminated soils, has confirmed a practical feasibility of each steps in application of soil monitoring in accordance to recommendations from the Manual(1), and high expertise of included institutions.

The course of implementation and obtained results of the Pilot Projects considerably contributed to gaining of experience and new insights, and a need has been noted for minor adjustments of certain chapters of the Manual(1). The performers of the Pilot Project have delivered their recommendations to the Croatian Environment Agency and these shall be inserted in the new edition of the Manual and the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme by the end of 2008.

ACKNOwLEDGEMENT

We thank the employees of the Institute for Soil, the Faculty of Forestry, the Forest Research Institute, and the Faculty of Agriculture, who, at a high expert level and pursuant to the EU standards, implemented the Pilot Projects, achieved valuable and timely results and ensured a foundation for the elaboration of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme. We also thank institutions and private persons who enabled the implementation of the Pilot Project at representative locations: Moslavka d.d., INA Croatian Oil Company d.d., Croatian Forests, Mr. Ivica Kustura and Mr. Krunoslav Dugalić.

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POPIS POJMOVA, DOKUMENATA I NORMI

Mesić H., Čidić A., Kisić I., Mesić M., Husnjak S., Bašić F., Romić D., Zgorelec Ž., Novak T., Komesarović B., 1. Klaić D., Pernar N., Vrbek B., Bakšić., Pilaš I., Durn G., Mileusnić M., Miko S., Nakić Z. (2006.) Priručnik za trajno motrenja tala – prvo izdanje/radna verzija, Projekt „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske s pilot projektom“ (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105), Agencija za zaštitu okoliša, Zagreb. The Soil Monitoring Manual – first edition/working version, Project “Development of the Croatian Soil Monitoring Programme with a Pilot Project” (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105), Croatian Environment Agency, Zagreb.Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja podataka, mreži točaka, vođenju registra, te uvjetima korištenja podataka o 2. oštećenosti šumskih ekosustava (NN 129/2006). The Rulebook on the mode of data collection, network of points, keeping the register, conditions for using data on damage of forest ecosystems (OG No. 129/2006)Međunarodni program za procjenu i motrenje utjecaja zračnog onečišćenja na šume;3. Međunarodni programi Gospodarske komisije Ujedinjenih naroda za Europu. International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests); The International Cooperative Programmes of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) www.icp-forests.org/Konvencija o dalekosežnom prekograničnom onečišćenju zraka4. (NN-MU 12/93). Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution - CLRTAP (OG-International Treaties No. 12/93)FAO Vodič za opis tla, IV izdanje.5. „Guidelines for soil description“, Fourth edition, Food and Agriculture Orga-nization of the United Nations, Rome, 2006.Baza podataka o potencijalno onečišćenim i onečišćenim lokalitetima – GEOL6. , Agencija za zaštitu okoliša. Database on potentially contaminated and contaminated localities – GEOL, Croatian Environment Agency, http://geol.azo.hr/AZO/geolISO 10381-1:20027. Kakvoća tla – Uzorkovanje – 1. dio: Smjernice za planiranje programa uzorkovanja. Soil quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmesISO 10381-2-3:20028. Kakvoća tla – Uzorkovanje – 2. dio: Smjernice za tehnike uzorkovanja, - 3. dio: Smjernice o sigurnosti. Soil quality – Sampling – Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques, – Part 3: Guidance on safety.HRN ISO 10390:20059. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje pH vrijednosti. Soil quality - Determination of pH.10. HRN ISO 10693:2004 Kakvoća tla - Određivanje sadržaja karbonata – Volumetrijska metoda. 10. Soil quality - De-termination of carbonate content - Volumetric methodHRN ISO 14254:200411. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje zamjenjive kiselosti u ekstraktu barijevog klorida. Soil quality – Determination of exchangeable acidity in barium chloride extracts.HRN ISO 11260:200412. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje stvarnog kapaciteta zamjene kationa i stupnja zasićenosti ba-zama s otopinom barijeva klorida. Soil quality – Determination of effective cation exchange capacity and base saturation level using barium chloride solution. HRN ISO 13536:200513. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje potencijalnog kapaciteta zamjene kationa i zamjenjivih kationa s otopinom barijevog klorida puferiranom na pH=8,1. Soil quality - Determination of the potential cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations using barium chloride solution buffered at pH=8.1HRN ISO 10694:200414. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje organskog i ukupnog ugljika suhim spaljivanjem (elementarna analiza). Soil quality - Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis)HRN ISO 11261:200415. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje ukupnog dušika – Prilagođena Kjedahlova metoda. Soil quality - Determination of total nitrogen - Modified Kjeldahl method.HRN ISO 15178:200516. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje ukupnog sumpora suhim spaljivanjem. Soil quality - Determi-nation of total sulfur after dry combustion.HRN ISO 14255:200417. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje nitratnog, amonijskog i ukupnoga topljivog dušika u tlima suše-nim na zraku ekstrakcijom s otopinom kalcijeva klorida. Soil quality - Determination of nitrate nitrogen, ammoni-um nitrogen and total soluble nitrogen in air-dry soils using calcium chloride solution as extractant.HRN ISO 11466:200418. Kakvoća tla – Ekstrakcija elemenata topljivih u zlatotopci. Soil quality - Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia.HRN ISO 14870:200519. Kakvoća tla – Ekstrakcija tragova elemenata puferskom otopinom DTPA. Soil quality - Extraction of trace elements by buffered DTPA solution.HRN ISO 11047:200420. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje bakra, cinka, kadmija, kobalta, kroma, mangana, nikla i olova nakon ekstrakcije zlatotopkom – Metoda plamene i besplamene atomske apsorpcijske spektrometrije. Soil quality

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- Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc - Flame and electrother-mal atomic absorption spectrometric methods.HRN ISO 11265:200421. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje specifične električne vodljivosti. Soil quality - Determination of the specific electrical conductivity.HRN ISO 10523:199822. Kakvoća vode – Određivanje pH vrijednosti. Water quality - Determination of pH. HRN ISO 7888:200123. Kakvoća vode - Određivanje električne vodljivosti. Water quality - Determination of electri-cal conductivityHRN EN ISO 10304-1:199824. Kakvoća vode - Određivanje otopljenih fluorida, klorida, nitrita, ortofosfata, bromida, nitrata i sulfata pomoću ionske tekućinske kromatografije - 1. dio: Metoda za slabo zagađene vode. Water quality - Determination of dissolved fluoride, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate, bromide, nitrate and sulfate ions, using liquid chromatography of ions - Part 1: Method for water with low contaminationHRN EN ISO 14911:200125. Kakvoća vode - Određivanje otopljenih Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ i Ba2+ ionskom kromatografijom - Metoda za vode i otpadne vode. Water quality - Determination of dissolved Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography - Method for water and waste water.HRN EN ISO 11369:200226. Kakvoća vode - Određivanje odabranih sredstava za zaštitu bilja uporabom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti s UV detekcijom. Water quality - Determination of selected plant treatment agents - Method using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection after solid-liquid extraction. HRN EN ISO 6468:200227. Kakvoća vode - Određivanje nekih organoklornih insekticida, polikloriranih bifenila i klorbenzena - Metoda plinske kromatografije nakon ekstrakcije tekuće-tekuće. Water quality - Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides polychlorinated biphenyles and chlorobenzenes - Gas chromatographic met-hod after liquid-liquid extraction. HRN ISO 11277:200428. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje raspodjele veličine čestica (mehaničkog sastava) u mineralnom dijelu tla – Metoda prosijavanja i sedimentacije. Soil quality - Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material - Method by sieving and sedimentation.HRN ISO 11272:200429. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje volumne gustoće suhog tla. Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density.HRN ISO 11274:200430. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje sposobnosti zadržavanja vode – laboratorijske metode. Soil qua-lity - Determination of the water retention characteristic - Laboratory methods.HRN ISO 11508:200431. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje gustoće čvrstih čestica. Soil quality - Determination of particle density.HRN ISO 11465:200432. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje suhe tvari i sadržaja vode na osnovi mase – Gravimetrijska me-toda. Soil quality - Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis - Gravimetric methodISO 17313:200433. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje hidrauličke vodljivosti saturiranog poroznog materijala koristeći per-meametar sa savitljivom stjenkom. Soil quality - Determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter.ISO 11464:200634. Kakvoća tla - Priprema uzoraka za fizikalne i kemijske analize. Soil quality - Pretreatment of sam-ples for physico-chemical analyses. ISO 11461:200135. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje sadržaja vlage kao volumne frakcije tla koristeći cilindre po Kopeckom. Soil quality - Determination of soil water content as a volume fraction using coring sleeves - Gravimetric method. HRN ISO 13878:200436. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje sadržaja ukupnog dušika suhim spaljivanjem („elementarna analize“). Soil quality - Determination of total nitrogen content by dry combustion (“elemental analysis”).HRN EN ISO 11885:199837. Kakvoća vode – Određivanje 33 elementa metodom atomske emisijske spektroskopije induktivno vezane plazme. Water quality - Determination of 33 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. ISO/DIS 22036:200638. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje elemenata u tragovima u ekstraktu tla metodom induktivno spre-gnute plazme – atomske emisijske spektrometrije. Soil quality – Determination of trace elements in extracts of soil by inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). HRN ISO 13877:200439. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika – Metoda tekućinske kro-matografije visokog učinka. Soil quality - Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons - Method using high-performance liquid chromatography.EPA METHOD 55040. Određivanje policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika u vodi za piće ekstrakcijom tekuće – te-kuće i metodom tekućinske kromatografije visokog učinka s vezanom UV i fluorescentnom detekcijom. Determi-nation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water by liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC with coupled ultraviolet and fluorescence detection.

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ISO 16703:200441. Kakvoća tla - Određivanje sadržaja ugljikovodika u s brojem ugljikovih atoma od C10 do C40 metodom plinske kromatografije. Soil quality - Determination of content of hydrocarbon in the range C10 to C40 by gas chromatography.HRN ISO/TR 11046:200542. Kakvoća tla – Određivanje sadržaja mineralnih ulja. Soil quality - Determination of mineral oil content.ISO 9377-2:200043. Kakvoća vode –2. dio: Metoda s ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće i plinskom kromatografijom. Water quality - Determination of hydrocarbon oil index - Part 2: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatograp-hy.Bašić, F., M. Bogunović, M., Božić, S. Husnjak, I. Jurić, I. Kisić, M. Mesić, N. Mirošević, D. Romić, I. Žugec, 44. (2002). Regionalizacija Hrvatske poljoprivrede, Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, str. 274. Zagreb. Regi-onalization of the Croatian Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb.xxx:45. (2002) INA Naftaplin 1952-2002.: Spomenica povodom 50. godina djelovanja INA Naftaplina, str. 295. Zagreb. 50th Anniversary publication on INA Naftaplin company history, pages 295, Zagreb.

Napomena: / Note:

Slike korištene u ovoj publikaciji na stranicama 11 i 26 preuzete su korištenjem Internet servisa Google Earth™ map-ping service. Sva prava pridržana.Images used in this publication on pages 11 and 26 are downloaded from Google Earth™ mapping service. All rights reserved.

Ostale slike u vlasništvu su autora: Agencije za zaštitu okoliša, Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Šumar-skog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, te Zavoda za tlo, Osijek.Other images are exclusively owned by: Croatian Environment Agency, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry University of Zagreb, and Institute for Soil, Osijek.

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DODATAK: BUDUĆNOST U MOTRENJU TALA - DALJINSKA ISTRAžIVANJA

Metode daljinskih istraživanja danas se sve više koriste u svrhu praćenja stanja okoliša i unapređenja gospodarenja poljoprivrednim zemljištem. Njihova je primjena u agro-nomiji i programima trajnog motrenja tla izuzetno napre-dovala u razvijenim zemljama zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća. Proces prikupljanja i obrade podataka pomoću daljinskih istraživanja i specijaliziranih programskih aplikacija mnogo je brži i jeftiniji u usporedbi s konvencionalnim metodama uzorkovanja i skupim laboratorijskim anali-zama. Ono što daljinska istraživanja u okvirima poljskih mjerenja čini izu-zetno naprednom tehnikom jest činje-nica da različite pojave i procesi u tlu i biljkama mogu biti uočeni elektro-magnetskim zračenjem s njihovih po-vršina mnogo brže nego kemijskim i fizikalnim laboratorijskim analizama. Mnoge inozemne znanstvene referen-ce potvrđuju da metoda poljske spek-troskopije kao daljinskog istraživanja omogućuje visoku kvalitetu podataka prikupljenih na mjestu uzorkovanja, te da ima potencijal za vrlo točno predviđanje određenih pedoloških značajki. U tu svrhu smo za potrebe provedbe Projekta „Izrada programa trajnog motrenja tala Hrvat-ske s pilot projektom“ (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105) istražili mogućnosti poljske spektroskopije u otkrivanju promjena pedoloških parametara u tlu različito tretiranom naftnim onečišćenjima, mineralnom gnojidbom, pod različitim na-činima korištenja u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu, te različi-tim agroekološkim uvjetima. Glavni cilj istraživanja bila je usporedba metode određivanja pedoloških parametara putem daljinskih istraživanja s laboratorijski potvrđenim vrijednostima. U okviru istraživanja korišten je instru-ment za terenski rad (Spektroradiometar - FieldSpec®3, ASD.Inc) koji mjeri spektralnu refleksiju i transmisiju ra-zličitih materijala (vegetacija, tlo, stijene, voda).

Principi i tehnika prikupljanja podataka

Različite organske i anorganske tvari reflektiraju, apsor-biraju i emitiraju elektromagnetsko zračenje u različi-tim rasponima valnih duljina, te stoga imaju specifičan „spektralni potpis“. Refleksija tla u vidljivom i blisko in-fracrvenom području spektra povezuje se sa značajkama tla važnim za procjenu plodnosti te omogućuje praćenje promjena u tlu pod utjecajem različitog gospodarenja ze-mljištem. Tijekom jednog mjerenja moguće je u kratkom vremenskom razdoblju prikupiti velik broj podataka u neporušenim i porušenim uzorcima tla bez prethodne pripreme i obrade uzoraka. Prema kalibracijama za bli-sko infracrveno područje spektralne refleksije tla, mo-guće je s visokim stupnjem točnosti procijeniti postotak organske tvari tla, kapacitet adsorpcije, frakcije mehanič-kog sastava tla, stabilnost strukturnih agregata, stanje hranjiva i vlage u tlu, reakciju tla, te određene mikro i makroelemente.

ANNEx: FUTURE IN SOIL MONITORING - REMOTE SENSING

Today, the methods of remote sensing are more and more used for purpose of environment monitoring and impro-ving of agricultural land management. Their implementa-tion in agronomy and soil monitoring programs has made an exceptional progress in developed countries in the last few decades. Process of data gathering and data proce-ssing by using remote sensing and specialized program applications is much faster and cheaper than conventio-nal methods and expensive laboratory analysis. What makes remote sensing in the frame of field measurements

exceptionally advanced technique is the fact that different appearances and processes in the soil and plants can be perceived by electromagnetic radiation from their surfaces much faster than by chemical and physical laboratory analyses. Many foreign scientific references are proving that the method of field spectroscopy as a remote sensing method enables a high quality of collected data on the soil sampling site and it has potential for very precise prediction of specific

pedological characteristics. For the purposes of the Project “Development of the Croatian soil monitoring program with a pilot project” (LIFE05 TCY/CRO/000105) implemen-tation we have explored the possibilities of field spectros-copy in determination of pedological parameters changes in soil differently treated with oil contamination, mineral fertilization, in soils with different type of use in agricul-ture and forestry and different agro ecological conditions. The aim of research was to compare the method of remo-te sensing for determination the pedological parameters with laboratory confirmed values. In research was used the instrument for field work (Spectroradiometer - Field-Spec®3, ASD.Inc) witch measures spectral reflection and transmission of different materials (vegetation, soil, sto-nes, water).

Principals and data collection technique

Different organic and inorganic matters are reflecting, absorbing and transmitting electromagnetic radiation in different wave length range, therefore they have specific “spectral signature”. Reflection of soil in visible part of spectrum and near infrared part of spectrum is connec-ted with soil characteristic important for estimation fer-tility and it provides monitoring of soil changes under influence of different land management. In short time period, within one field measurement, it is possible to collect large number of data in disturbed and undistur-bed soil samples without previous preparation and trea-tment of soil samples. According to calibration for near infrared part of spectrum of spectral reflection of soil, it is possible to estimate with high certainty the percentage of organic matter in soil, capacity of absorption, fraction of soil mechanical composition, stability of structural ag-gregates, nutrients and soil moisture, soil reaction, micro and macro elements.

40


Rad na terenu

Na sva tri Pilot projekta (poljoprivredno, šumsko, oneči-šćeno tlo) provedeno je mjerenje tla spektroradiometrom. Prema shemi postaje za trajno motrenje tala, spektralna refleksija tla izmjerena je u poljskim uvjetima na 5 prosječ-nih uzoraka s različitih dubina. Uz bilježenje vremenskih uvjeta i geografskih koordinata, snimano je 10 spektralnih refleksija po uzorku, čiji je prosjek pohranjen u bazu poda-taka, te pripremljen za daljnju obradu.

Obrada podataka

Podaci izmjereni spektroradiometrom u vidljivom i infra-crvenom području spektra obrađuju se putem određenih statističkih analiza i regresijskih tehnika, te na taj način omogućuju brzu analitičku usporedbu reflektiranog zra-čenja s kemijskim i fizikalnim svojstvima tla. U svrhu te-stiranja metode obrade spektralnih podataka korišten je podatak za sadržaj ukupnog dušika u tlu (0,21%) na prvoj dubini uzorkovanja varijante s 300 kg N/ha na lokaciji Po-tok, pilot projekta motrenja poljoprivrednih tala. Putem statističke analize određenih spektralnih područja (npr. 490-555nm, 990nm, 1045nm) dobiveni su rezultati koji 90% odgovaraju rezultatima laboratorijski utvrđenog sadržaja ukupnog dušika u tlu.

zaključak

Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da se primjenom terenskog spektroradiometra promjena određenih pedoloških para-metara može predvidjeti s visokom sigurnošću. U tijeku je daljnji proces obrade podataka izradom modela predviđa-nja. Nakon provedbe Pilot projekata zaključujemo da da-ljinska istraživanja kao tehnologija zasnivana na sasvim novim principima u velikoj mjeri povećavaju učinkovitost istraživanja na području poljoprivrede i ekologije te omo-gućuju bržu i jeftiniju procjenu i praće-nje stanja tla. Kompatibilnost sa stan-dardnim laboratorijskim mjerenjima čini ovu metodu vrlo perspektivnom u otkrivanju naprednijih i kvalitetni-jih načina gospodarenja agro-ekološ-kim sustavima i okolišem. Najvažnija prednost je znatno smanjenje broja skupih laboratorijskih analiza s obzi-rom na opravdane mogućnosti vrlo preciznog predviđanja stanja određe-nih pedoloških parametara. Primje-nu spektroradiometra u programu trajnog motrenja tla vidimo kroz procjenu stanja na tere-nu, posebno kod onečišćenih tala, gdje se ovakvim pred-analizama mogu utvrditi značajne promjene stanja tla. S obzirom na još uvijek eksperimentalni karakter terenskih daljinskih istraživanja, očekujemo da će u skoroj budućno-sti biti usvojene norme kojima će se regulirati spektralna mjerenja tla u terenskim uvjetima i tako smanjiti troškovi laboratorijskog rada.

Field work

Soil measurement with spectroradiometer was carried out at all three Pilot projects (agricultural, forestry and contaminated soils). According to scheme for permanent soil monitoring, spectral reflection of soil was measured in field conditions in 5 average samples on different dept-hs. Noting the weather conditions and geographical coor-dinates, 10 spectral reflections per sample was recorded, whose average was stored in database and prepared for further processing.

Data processing

Measured data with spectroradiometer in visible and in-frared part of spectrum are processing with certain sta-tistic analysis and regression techniques, enabling fast analytic comparation of reflected radiation with chemical and physical soil characteristic. For the purpose of testing the method of processing spectral data, the content of to-tal nitrogen in soil (0, 21 %) in first sampling depth of the variant with 300 kg N/ha at the location Potok, of the Pilot project for monitoring of agricultural soils, was used. The results obtained through the statistical analysis of specifi-ed part of spectrum (e.g. 490-555nm, 990nm, 1045nm) are 90% matching with the laboratory results of total nitrogen in soil.

Conclusion

Obtained results indicate that changes of specific pedo-logical parameters can be very precisely predicted by im-plementation of field spectroradiometer. The further data processing is in process by developing the prediction mo-del. After the implementation of the Pilot projects, we can conclude that remote sensing, as technology based on new principles, in large extent is increasing efficiency of resear-ch in agriculture and ecology and provides faster and che-

aper estimation and monitoring of the soil conditions. Compatibility with standard laboratory measurement makes this method very perspective in detection of advanced and more quality management of agro-ecolo-gical systems and environment. The most important advantage is signi-ficant decreasing the number of ex-pensive laboratory analysis regarded to justified possibility for very preci-se predictions of specific pedological parameters. The implementation of

spectroradiometer in soil monitoring program can be seen through estimation of field state, especially in contamina-ted soils, where significant changes in soil can be identify with pre-analyses like these. Regarding the present expe-rimental character of field remote sensing, in the near fu-ture we are expecting adoption of norms that will regulate spectral soil measurement in field conditions and in that way the costs of laboratory work will be reduced.

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