Ayub Khan Era

First Military Regime

And

The Second Republic

1958-69

Introduction

• The Ayub Martial Law opened a new era for the process of development and change in the politics of Pakistan

Failure of 1956 Constitution and advent of Martial Law by General Muhammad

Ayub Khan

• 1956 Constitution created a parliamentary democracy but failed because of many defects which are as follows:

1. PM was to be appointed by the president in his own discretion

2. President could dismiss the PM3. Pakistan became prey to legitimacy

crisis

4. Absence of leadership

5. Inexperienced politicians without support of majority

6. Unpopularity of The Muslim League

7. Emergence of many political parties

8. Political system based on personal and parochial lines.

9. There was no political conviction.

Advent of Ayub Khan and 1962 Constitution

• Presidential system• Federal form with one unit• Uni-cameral legislature• Judiciary• Ideological council• Directive principles of state policy• Fundamental rights• BD system

BD SystemDivision Council (16) Chairman:

Commissioner

Members: Half elected and half officials

District Council (78) Chairman: DC

Memebrs: Half elected and half official

Wards

Rural: Thana or Tahsil Council

Chairman: SDO/AC/ Tahsil officer

Members: Elected

UrbanCantonment board

Chairman: officer

Members: half ( Ch. of comtt) half officers

Municipal committee

Chairman: officer

Members: half

( Ch. of comtt) half officers

Union Council or Town Committee

Chairman: Elected

Members: 10-15 Elected

Union Committee

Chairman: Elected

Members: 15-20 Elected

1962 Constitution: The second Republic

President and his Cabinet

Federal Public service committee

Planning commission

National Assembly

JudiciarySupreme Court

IdeologicalCouncil

BD Members 80000

Administrative Function

NA President Center

PA Governor Province

Div Council Commissioner Division

Dist Council Dy.Comm. District

Tah/Union Council

AC/SDO Sub-Division

Elected by BDs Reporting to above authority

• Strong centralized Autocratic Government

• Not a Political State but an Administrative State

• Downfall of Ayub Khan: Causes and Effects.

Conclusion