INVESTING IN PEOPLE: SCALING UP THE EDUCATION OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN AFRICA CONFERENCE

LESSONS FROM THE PAST FOR THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

MARCH 30TH 2010SETH AYETTEY

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENTATIONAPPRECIATE THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL

EDUCATIONAPPRECIATE THE LANDMARKS OF

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND OF THE HEALTH SERVICES

IDENTIFY KEY POLICIES THAT HAVE INFLUENCED CHANGE

IDENTIFY AND AVOID THE OBSTACLES TO REAL GROWTH

APPRECIATE NEED FOR WISE AND PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT

HEALTH SERVICE IN GHANA BEFORE THE 20TH CENTURYMEDICAL SERVICES AVAILABLE BUT

SERVED INTEREST OF SLAVE TRADERSDOCTORS WORKED EITHER IN THE SLAVE

CASTLES OR ON SLAVE SHIPS FEW AFRICANS WERE TRAINED AS

DOCTORS TO SERVE WHITE MILITARY NO PROVISION WAS MADE FOR HEALTH

CARE OF INDEGENESTRADITIONAL MEDICAL PRACTICE

PREVAILED

FIRST MAJOR HEALTH POLICY IN GHANA 1890-1900FOCUS ON EUROPEAN POPULATION

GROWTH OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATIONPENETRATION INTO INTERIOR OF GHANAGROWTH IN COMMERCIAL BUSINESSEUROPEAN MISSIONARIESHIGH MORTALITY RATES AMONG EUROPEANSARMY MEDICAL SERVICES

ALSO BENEFITTED AFRICAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS; SOLDIERS; POLICE

POLICY TO CATER FOR ALL GHANAIANSGOVERNOR HUGH CLIFFORD 1912-1917EXTENSION OF SERVICES OF MEDICAL

DEPARTMENT TO GHANAIANSBURDEN OF HEALTH CAREEARLY PLANS FOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITALNEED FOR MORE STAFF

AFRICAN AUXILLIARIES: NURSES, MIDWIVES, DISPENSERS; SANITARY INSPECTORS

NEED FOR MORE FACILITIESINCREASING COST OF HEALTH CARE

SECOND MAJOR HEALTH POLICYGOVENOR GORDON GUGGISBERG 1918-1927MAJOR SHIFT TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF

GHANASCHOOLS, ROADS, PUBLIC HEALTH; WATER AND SANITATION, HARBOR. RAILWAYS

BELIEVED IN THE CAPABILITIES OF THE PEOPLEESTABLISHED KORLE BU - 1923PLANNED FOR LOCAL TRAINING OF DOCTORS IN 1927SOLID FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL , NURSING AND

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY SCHOOLS AT KORLE BUALSO INVESTED IN MEDICAL RESEARCHPREVALENT DISEASES – MALARIA, YAWS,

TUBERCULOSIS, YELLOW FEVER, LEPROSY;

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL RESEARCHESTABLISHMENT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

INSTITUTE – 1920ESTABLISHMENT OF KORLE BU 1923 HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCHSEKONDI LABORATORY – 1922ROCKEFELLER YELLOW FEVER

COMMISSION 1926-1928HIDEYO NOGUCHI

DECLINE IN DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THE HEALTH SECTOR GOVENOR ARNOLD SLATERTOOK OVER FROM GUGGISBERG IN 1928POSTPONED GUGGISBERG’S PLANS FOR

MEDICAL SCHOOLFAVORED TRAINING OF

MEDICAL ASSISTANTSSANITARY INSPECTORSMIDWIVES

RETRENCHMENT OF HEALTH STAFF FOR ECONOMIC REASONS

DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITYHUMAN RESOURCE FOR HEALTH1930 – 1962 GOVERNMENT POLICY TO

TRAIN DOCTORS OVERSEASTWO YEAR PREMEDICAL EDUCATION AT

ACHIMOTA SECONDARY SCHOOLSCHOLARSHIPS PROVIDED FOR GHANAIAN

STUDENTS TO STUDY IN THE UKPRIVATE MEDICAL STUDENTSQUALIFIED DOCTORS EVENTUALLY

RETURNED TO OCCUPY KEY POSITIONS – A MAJOR ADVANCE

DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TRAINING INSTITUTIONS 1 1900MEDICAL LABORATORY1920 MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE1922SANITARY INSPECTORATE1935ACCRA SANITARY SCHOOL1948SCHOOLS OF HYGIENE1945 – FIRST NURSING TRAINING

SCHOOL STARTED AT KUMASI: RELOCATED AT KORLE BU 1948

1953 DISPENSING SCHOOL AT KORLE BU TRANSFERRED TO KUMASI

DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TRAINING INSTITUTIONS 21962 FIRST MEDICAL SCHOOL (DR. KWAME

NKRUMAH’S AMBITION TO HAVE ALL GHANAIAN STAFF)

1964 FIRST TEACHING HOSPITAL1962 FIRST DEPARTMENT OF NURSING (AT UG)1974 FIRST DENTAL SCHOOL AT UG1972 FIRST SCHOOL OF PHARMACY KNUST1979 FIRST MAJOR RESEARCH INSTITUTE AT UG2000 FIRST SCHOOL OF ALLIED HEALTH

SCIENCES1994 FIRST SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

ACADEMIC GROWTH IN NURSING CERTIFICATE LEVEL NURSING - 1945DIPLOMA IN NURSING – 2004DEGREE IN NURSING (BA/BSC) -1964MPHIL NURSING - 2003 1ST PHD DEAN OF SCHOOL OF NURSING – 2006

PREPARATIONS FOR SANDWICH PHD COURSES

DEVELOPMENT OF FACULTY FOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES - UG1964-73 LOCAL AND EXPATRIATE STAFF 1964 PART-TIME SURGICAL/MEDICAL

SPECIALISTS1964-1973 EXTERNAL PHD PROGRAMSLOCAL STAFF DEVELOPMENT

1970-1972 EXTERNAL INTERCALATED BSC PROGRAM1982-1990 INTERNAL INTERCALATED BSC PROGRAM1998-2010 MPHIL PROGRAMS 1999-2010 EXTERNAL AND SANDWICHED PHD

PROGRAMS

MAJOR CHALLENGES TO ADVANCING HEALTH CARE IN GHANAENSURE QUALITY OF TRAINED STAFF AT ALL

LEVELS ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN HRH EDUCATIONBUILD CAPACITY TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF CARE

SCALING UP HRHBUILDING THE HEALTH TEAMEXPANDING INFRASTRUCTUREEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION

BUILD MEDICAL RESEARCH CAPACITYIMPROVE COST EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTION OF

HRH

MEETING THE CHALLENGES 1CHANGE IN MINDSET

EMPHASIS ON INVESTMENTS WITH LONG TERM BENEFITS EMPHASIS ON ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY

REVIEW COST OF INVESTMENTCOST OF EXTERNAL TRAINING

EG. 564,346 POUNDS SPENT ON 30 DENTAL SURGEONS A YEAR IN THE UK ; COST OF MPH PROGRAMS

VERSUS COST OF LOCAL TRAINING EG. IT COST ABOUT 750,000 POUND TO BUILD AND EQUIP NEW

DENTAL SCHOOL IN ACCRA SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH $400,000; COMPARE WITH

BENEFITSREGULAR REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT ON

MEDICAL EDUCATION AND ON THE HEALTH SERVICES

MEETING CHALLENGES 2REGIONAL COOPERATIONESTABLISHMENT OF REGIONAL CENTERS OF

EXCELLENCEEXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING BASIC

MEDICAL SCIENCE INSTITUTIONSFOCUS ON BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE PHD

PROGRAMSSTRENTHENING BASIC BIOMEDICAL

RESEARCHBUILDING EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS WITH

WELL-ESTABLISHED HEALTH INSTITUTIONS

MEETING THE CHALLENGES 3POLICY TO ENHANCE PRIVATE SECTOR

ROLE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION POLICY TO PROMOTE PUBLIC-PRIVATE-

PARTNERSHIPS TO DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURE

POLICY TO PROMOTE INTRAMURAL PRACTICE TO IMPROVE RETENTION OF STAFF

POLICY TO BOND STUDENTS ON GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIP

MEETING THE CHALLENGES 4: QUALITY CONTROLACCREDITATION OF SCHOOLSPEER REVIEW MECHANISMS

EXTERNAL EXAMINATIONSSTUDENTS EVALUATION OF TEACHERSGOVERNANCE STRUCTURES

COUNCILSBOARDSEDUCATION COMMITTEES – CURRICULAR

REVIEWS