Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

MORPHOLOGY

Morpheme Kinds of Morpheme

Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

Morphology

A branch of linguistics that deals

with words and word formation

Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

Morpheme The smallest meaningful unit/constituent in

a language It cannot be divided further or analyze into

smaller meaningful unit. It is not necessarily equivalent to a word Represented within curly braces { } using

capital letters It is not identical with a syllable It may consist of only a single phoneme A Word can be in form of

monomorphemic and polimorphemic

Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

Kinds of Morpheme Free Morpheme :

Morphemes which can occur freely on their own Bound Morpheme :

Morpheme which can only occur as affixes. It cannot stand by itself. So, it’s attached to the free morphemee.g. unmanly un+man+ly b f b meaningless mean+ing+less f b b

Zero Morpheme :Morpheme which has no phonetic or ouvert realization in the stream of speeche.g. sheep I have a sheep I have two sheep sheep+ø

Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

Affixes (1)There are two types of affixes (based on the kinds of words created)1. Derivational Affixes It has two functions To convert one part of speech to another e.g. Beauty (n) + ful beautiful (adj) En + rich (adj) enrich (verb) To change the meaning of the root (class maintaining)

e.g. friend (n) + ship friendship (n) ex + terminate (v) exterminate (v)2. inflectional Affixes The function is to indicate grammatical meaning such as tense or

number. (never change the part of speech)e.g. Book (n) + -s books

John (n) + ‘s John’s Foot + vowel change feet Sing (V) + -s sings Thin (adj) + -er thinner

Characters of Derivational Suffix Combine in arbitrary matter Do not close off a word Change the part of speech of the word to

which it’s added, but not all. It functions…… To convert one part of speech to another e.g. Beauty (n) + ful beautiful (adj)

En + rich (adj) enrich (verb) To change the meaning of the root (Class

maintaining)

e.g. friend (n) + ship friendship (n) ex + terminate (v) exterminate (v)

Characters of Derivational Suffix

Combine in arbitrary matter Do not close off a word Change the part of speech of the word to

which it’s added, but not all. It functions…… to convert one part of speech to another e.g. Beauty (n) + -ful beautiful (adj)

En- + rich (adj) enrich (verb) to change the meaning of the root (class

maintaining)

e.g. friend (n) + -ship friendship (n) ex- + terminate (v) exterminate (v)

Characters of Inflectional Suffix

Do not Change part of speech They come last in a word Go with all stems of a given part of speech Do not pile up; only ends a word Always suffix indicate grammatical meaning such as tense or

number. e.g. Book (n) + -s books John (n) + ‘s John’s Foot + vowel change feet Sing (V) + -s sings Thin (adj) + -er thinner

Aya's prop/Int to Ling (3)

Affixes (2)

There are three kinds of affixes (Based on the position) Prefix

e.g. un-, in-, dis-, pre-, etc Infix

e.g. kuning kemuning (ind) Suffix

e.g. –ment, -al, -s, etc

Root, Base, & StemRoot is usually a free morphemeBase is a root plus associated derivational affixes, to which derivational affixes are addedStem is a root plus associated derivational affixes,

to which inflectional are added e.g. en-gage-ment-s ____ root _______ base ___________ stem

Allomorph Predictable variants of morphemes Morphemes which has the same function with slightly different

forms.e.g. Phonologically conditioned

{pl} /-s/ cats {neg} /il-/ illegal /-z/ rings /im-/ immobile /-iz/ boxes /in-/ incapable /ir-/ irregular {past} /-t/ slipped /-d/ slammed /-id/ stilted

Morphologically Condition Ø fish, sheep, deer Vowel alteration mice, lice, geese

-en children, oxen foreign plurals

-a phenomena, data, criteria -i stimuli, alumni

life-lives, etc.

Morphological Realization RulesMorphemes are realized by one of four Morphological realization rules; Agglutinative Rule

Two morphemes are realized by Morphs which remain distinct and are simply “glued” togethere.g. {BOOK}+{pl}>books {WORK}+{past}>worked

Fusional RuleTwo morphemes are realized by morphs which do not remain distinct but are fused togethere.g. {TOOTH}+{pl}>teeth {WRITE}+{past}>wrote

Null Realization RuleA morpheme is never realized as a morph in any word of relevant classe.g. {sg} on nouns which never has concrete realization in english {WORK}+{pres}>work

Zero RuleA morpheme is realized as a zero morph in particular members of a word classe.g. {SHEEP}+{pl}>sheep {PUT}+{Past}>put