AXIAL SKELETONAXIAL SKELETONVertebral columnVertebral column

Rastislav DrugaRastislav Druga

Presacral part

Sacrum

C – 7

Th – 12

L – 5

S – 5

Co – 4-5

33

vertebrae

C, L lordosis

Th kyphosis

C – when the infant begins to lift hia head

L – when the child starts to walk

VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAEcervicalescervicalesthoracicaethoracicaelumbaleslumbales

os sacrumos sacrumos coccygisos coccygis

TH

Corpus

Arcus

Processus

Pediculus

Vertebral notches

(incisurae)

L

Foramen vertebrae AP 13 mm

Recessus lateralis

AP 4 mm

Lamina

Vertebrae cervicales Cervical vertebra

C6 tuberculum anterius = tuberculum caroticum

C7 vertebra prominens

Vertebrae cervicales C 1 – C7

ATLAS

AXIS

Nízké intervert. Disky

ATLAS AXIS

SACRUM

S1 – S5

Articulatio

sacroiloaca

Homologous parts oéf vertebrae

Black = costal element

L – proc. costalis

Th – costa vera

C – proc. transversus

S – crista sacralis lateralis

Articulationes intervertebralesArticulationes intervertebrales

The joints of the vertebral columnThe joints of the vertebral column

Intervertebral discs

Two cartilage endplates

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

DISCI

INTERVERT.

DISCUS – Anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus

Anulus fibrosus – vazivová chrupavka, kolagenní fibrily

Nucleus pulposus – hydratované proteoglykany, kolagenní fibrily, vazivové buňky

23 disků 1/5 výšky pateře,

L3/L4 intervertebral disc – defect in the outer annulus

Intervertebral disc – toluidine blue

DISCUS CERVICALIS DISCUS LUMBALIS

Nucleus pulposus -movements

Intervertebral discIntervertebral disc

Annulus fibrosusAnnulus fibrosus Laminate structure- type I, II Laminate structure- type I, II

collagen fibers, 15 – 25 concentric collagen fibers, 15 – 25 concentric layerslayers

Interlaminar septae - proteoglycan Interlaminar septae - proteoglycan aggregatesaggregates

Inner AF – layers are more widely Inner AF – layers are more widely spaced, more collagen II, more spaced, more collagen II, more hydrated,chondrocyte-like cellshydrated,chondrocyte-like cells

Outer AF - layers adhere, fibres Outer AF - layers adhere, fibres penetrqte to the bone, more penetrqte to the bone, more collagen I, fibroblast-like cells, less collagen I, fibroblast-like cells, less hydratedhydrated

Water, collagen, proteoglycans, Water, collagen, proteoglycans, elastinelastin

Nucleus pulposus Nucleus pulposus Highly hydrated aggrecan-Highly hydrated aggrecan-

containing gelcontaining gel Chondrocyte-line cells, Chondrocyte-line cells,

collagenous fibrescollagenous fibres

Degenerative lesions of discs

MRI of intervertebral discs – level of hydratation DW (D. Stelzeder et al. 2010)

Canalis vertebralis

Prostor epidurální

Prostor subdurální

Prostor subarachnoideální

(liquor)

Foramen

transversarium

Protruse intervertebrálního disku – mediální, laterální L4/L5

Protruse laterální

Protruse mediální

Sensory innervation of intervertebral disc

Intervertebrál discsIntervertebrál discs

Avascular, nerve supply at the peripheryAvascular, nerve supply at the periphery Anuli fibrosi – interconnect vertebral Anuli fibrosi – interconnect vertebral

bodies, maintain the stability of vertebral bodies, maintain the stability of vertebral column column

After second decade dehydratation of the After second decade dehydratation of the discdisc

Decrease of vertical diameter of the Decrease of vertical diameter of the vertebral column, kyphotic posturevertebral column, kyphotic posture

Ligamenta - dlouhá, krátká

Lig. longitudinale posterius

Rupture

Ligamenta interarcualia

s. ligg. Flava

Hypertrophy

Cervical segment and

Vertebral artery for. transversaria (C6)

Atlantooccipitální articulation

Ligaments of atlantooccipital a atlantoaxial articulation

COSTAE et STERNUMCOSTAE et STERNUM

RIBS and STERNUMRIBS and STERNUM

Costa, cartilago costalis

Costae verae 1 -7 true ribs

Costae spuriae 8 –10

False ribs

Costae fluctuantes

Floatuing ribs

11 - 12

Costa I Costa II

Juncturae thoracisJuncturae thoracis

Joints of the thoraxJoints of the thorax

Articulatio capitis costae

Articulatio costotransversariaArticulationes costovertebrales

Articulationes sternocostalesArticulationes sternocostales

Articulation of cartilage of 2. – 7. rib with sternal socket Articulation of cartilage of 2. – 7. rib with sternal socket (incisura costalis). Capsules are short, ligg. (incisura costalis). Capsules are short, ligg. sternocostalia radiatasternocostalia radiata

Articulationes interchondralesArticulationes interchondrales mutual connextion cartilagesmutual connextion cartilages of 6. – 9. ribs of 6. – 9. ribs

Movements of vertebral columnMovements of vertebral column

Ventral flexion – cervical segment, lumbal segmentVentral flexion – cervical segment, lumbal segment

Lateroflexion – cervical and lumbal cca 30Lateroflexion – cervical and lumbal cca 30ºº

Rotations – cervical segment cca 60 - 70Rotations – cervical segment cca 60 - 70ºº (30 (30 ºº between between atlas and axis, thoracic segment 25atlas and axis, thoracic segment 25ºº - 30 - 30ºº, lumbal , lumbal segment cca 5segment cca 5ºº ) )

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