Axe_Battle_Axes_and_Battle_Knives_from_A.pdf

8/19/2019 Axe_Battle_Axes_and_Battle_Knives_from_A.pdf

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WARRIORS,

WEAPONS, ANDHARNESS FROM

THE 5TH–10TH CENTURIESIN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Editor

Călin Cosma


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Academia RomânăInstitutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei din Cluj-Napoca

Seria Series Reihe

INTERFERENŢE ETNICE ŞI CULTURALEÎN MILENIILE I A CHR – I P CHR

ETHNIC AND CULTURAL INTERFERENCES IN THEST MILLENNIUM BC TO THE ST MILLENNIUM AD

ETHNISCHE UND KULTURELLE INTERFERENZEN IM JAHRTAUSEND V CHR – JAHRTAUSEND N CHR

Editori Editors Herausgeber der Reihe

Nicolae Gudea Călin Cosma Aurel Rustoiu

VOL XXII BAND


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Warriors, weapons, and harnessfrom the 5th–10th centuries

in the Carpathian Basin

Mega Publishing House

Cluj-Napoca2015

Editor Călin Cosma


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DP and cover:

Francisc Baja

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Warriors, weapons, and harness from the 5th–10th centuries in the Carpathian Basin /ed.: Călin Cosma. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2014 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-543-551-3

I. Cosma, Călin (ed.)

623.44(498)"06/10"

© Călin Cosma, 2015

Cover image I:Reconstruction proposal of the Avar military chieftain from the cemetery at eiuș

(drawing Narcisa Șugar, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca).

E M | www.edituramega.roe-mail: [email protected]

Te volume was financed by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for ScientificResearch, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0278


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Contents

Nicolae GudeaÜber die gotischen Foederaten an den Grenzen der römischen Provinzen an der Unteren Donau ( Jahrhundert-Mittedes Jahrhunderts) Eine archäologische Behandlung im Licht der Waffen

Michel KazanskiLes influences steppiques dans l’équipement militaire et équestre des Slaves (V e–VIIe siècles)

Alpár Dobos W eapons and weapon depositions in the late row-grave cemeteries in Transylvania

Aurel RustoiuShooting the evil. “Scythian” arrowheads in Avar age graves from the Carpathian Basin

Gabriel T Rustoiu Marius Ciută A n avar warrior’s grave recently discovered at Unirea-Vereşmort (Alba county)

Ivan Bugarski A xe, Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina

Jozef ZábojníkSaxe und andere Waffen westlichen Ursprungs auf dem Gräberfeld aus der Zeit des awarischen Khaganats in Valaliky-

Všechsvätých

Csiky Gergely A metrical approach in the study of Avar-age polearms

Szenthe Gergely R anderscheinungen einer Randkultur. Awarische Männerrepräsentation und mediterraner Einfluss inRandgebieten des Karpatenbeckens (erste Hälfte Jh N Chr)

Călin Cosma A var warriors in Transylvania, Sătmar and Maramureş, Crişana and Banat. Archaeological landmarks on the politicalstatus of western Romania in the Avar Khaganate

Naďa Profantová The horse harness, spurs and stirrups in Bohemia in 8th and 9th century

Michal HoleščákEarly medieval arrowheads from the area of todays Slovakia

Dan Băcueţ-CrişanEarly mediaeval arrows discovered in Sylvanian Basin (Romania)

Valeri Yotov The find of Sfântu Gheorghe Covasna County () questions which might be raised


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Aurel DragotăBattle-axes in the cemeteries from Banat, Crişana and Transylvania (10th century)

Florin Mărginean A n insight on social status around the year 1000 AD, reflected by the funeral inventory of some graves found on the

Lower Mureș Valley*

Erwin Gáll

A n attempt to classify the stirrups dating from the 10th century and the first quarter of the 11th century in theTransylvanian Basin the CrișanaPartium and the Banat with an outlook to the Carpathian Basin


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A xe, Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in VojvodinaIvan Bugarski

Institute of Archaeology Belgrade

ivanbugarski@gmailcom

Abstract The article analyses the somewhatneglected finds ofthe battle axes andthe battle knives

fromthesouthernpartoftheAvarKhaganateJustasinthecaseofaxessizeoftheobjectsisthemaincriterionfordistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesItisconcludedthatthebattleaxeswereacommontypeofweaponinAvarusewhilethebattleknivesconstitutetheleastcharacteristicgroupoftheirweapons

KeywordsAxesBattleAxesBattleKnivesAvarsVojvodina

InthispaperIwillpresentthesomewhatneglectedfindsofatoolandcertaintypesofweaponsfromthesouthoftheAvarKhaganatethatisfrompresent-daynorthernSerbianprovinceofVojvodinaandtheircontextsThebattleaxesandthebattleknivesarenotamongthemostfamousAvarweaponslikeforexampletheirreflexbowsAtthattimeaxesand

battleaxessharedthesameshapesoriginatinginthedistantpast

artefactsofthesamedesignweretobeusedforcenturiesafterwardsSofarexcludingtherecenteffortsbyFrigyesSzücsi battleaxesfromAvarterritoryhavenotbeenprocessedasawholeandthesporadicfindsofbattlekniveswerebroughttogetherinasectionofanarticlebyGergelyCsiky Thusonemayconcludethatthetwogroupshavenotbeenstudiedsufficientlyandthateventhefunctionofthefindsisnotresolvedinanunambiguousway

ThemajorityofAvar-timeaxesincludingtheonestobepresentedisofasimpletriangularshapeSomeofthem–theaxe-hammers–havetheirbacksflattenedDespitetheaxesbelongingtoparticulartypologicalgroupsareofacommondesignthereareno identicalspecimensSomewhatdifferentaretheso-calledL-shapedaxesalsoknownfromthecontextspreceding andfollowingthe Avardominationtime

ApartfromaddingthefindsfromthesouthernpartoftheKhaganatetotheexistingrecordsthearticle’saimistohelpresolvetheissueofthefunctionaluseoftheaxesandtosomeextentofthatoftheknivesaswellIronknivescomprisethemostabundantgroupofutensilsinAvaruseTheyarecommonlyfoundinbothgenders’gravesandinthoseofchildrenandarethusseenasthemostelementarypossessionofafreeAvar Mostoftheknivesaresmallinsizebuttherearealsolargeronesupto cminlengthandmoreItisnotalwayseasytodistinguishbetweentheknivesandthe

Ricz egAkhmedovVorontsovRupnik egKirpichnikov–TXIGórecki–Ryc– Szücsi

Csiky Szücsi– egQuastAbb egKouřilAbb Iotov–ObrGóreckiRyc– Kovačević


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130 I B

battleknives(shortseaxes Kurzseaxe )andperhapsunlikeseaxesingeneral thelattergroupoffindsdidnotcompriseacharacteristicclassofAvarweaponry

An Axe and the Battle Axes

We willstart our surveywithan atypicalaxefind fromLovćenac(Szeghegy) It wasfound ac-cidentallyinaccordingtosomevaguementionsinahorseman’sgraveorinadoublebur-ialperhapsmalewhichalsoproducedhorsebonesAchainandasilverearringfromthisgravewouldratherrefertoawomanhavingbeenburiedalongsidethe(horse)manRelyingonthesefindsandthe Salona–

Histriatypepursebucklethegraveisusuallydatedtothefirsthalfofthesev-enthcentury butthankstoasolidusof Emperors Heraclius and HeracliusConstantine minted between and

itsdatecanbenarroweddowntothesecondquarterofthatcenturyThebulkofthefindsisillustrated

in an archive photograph ( Fig )Togetherwithaceramicpotthegraveproduced a wooden bucket and a rarefindingofthecoppercauldronAheavilycorrodedspearheadandthefragmentsofaswordandashield(?)camefromthisgrave too aswell astwoiron stir-rupswithcircularloopsasickleandanaxeThissimpleaxeis cmlongandwasrecentlyclassifiedasvarianta-H-IofSzücsi’sdetailedtypologywhichcon-siderstheformsofcuttingedgessock-etsandbuttsIthasbeensuggestedthatthisisabattleaxe amattertobediscussedbelow

The next finds come from Aradac(Aradka) This cemetery also includ-ing a certain number of Germanic fu-neralscanbedatedtotheEarlyandMiddleAvarPeriodsiefromtheend

ofthesixthcenturytoaroundtheyear Grave (III) produced a sheetstrap-end which belongs to the ear-

cf Csiky Csiky Vinski Somogyi Garam ADAM VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl Somogyi

GaramAbb Szücsi DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSlGaramCurtan Nadj NadjTXXV

Fig. 1 – Lovćenac, a selection of finds, after Garam 1982.


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131 Axe Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina

liestFAphaseofZábojník’sseriationdatedupuntilacastbronzematricefromtheendofthesixthandthefirstthirdoftheseventhcenturies asimilarlydated Salona–Histriatypebuckleandaso-calleddisentanglinghook ItispossiblethattherewasalsoaswordinthisgraveandanaxefindshouldbementionedaswellThebattleaxeis cmlong andbelongstotheb-Avariantofthereferencetypology Grave(III)canbedatedtotheendofthesixthandthefirstthirdofthe

seventhcenturies( Fig )

Fig. 2 – Aradac, grave 3 (III), a selection of finds, after Nadj 1959 (no scale).

Thesecondaxefromthiscemeterywasfoundingravewhichcontaineda veryinterestingassemblageofGermanicmilitaryequipmentAlongtheright-handedgeofthegravepitfromtoptobottomtherewereneatlyarrangedpartsofashieldthebattleaxeandthreethree-wingedar-rowheadsoneofthemperforatedsucharrowswereusedtocausefiredamageTheshieldisveryinterestingWithitshandlepartlypreservedandtheumbo sans boutonitresemblesafindfromthe VišeGrobalja cemeteryatViminaciumTheuseof suchshieldsoccurredalreadyinthesecondhalfofthefifthcenturybutthemajorityofthefindscamefromlatercontextsThroughouttheseventhcenturytheseweretypicaloftheLombardsinItalyandthereisanotherGermanicprobablyGepidicfindfromtheterritoryoftheAvarKhaganateInthisgravetherewasalsopresumablyaquiverhookThe cmlongbattleaxeisofasimpledesign( Fig )ItwasonlymentionedinthearticlebyFrigyesSzücsibutwasnotattributedtoanyofhisvariants

The grave was dated to the second half of the sixth century A massive silver earring and a

bone purse-clasp cannot assist us in dating it more accurately Given the context of the funeral

and the fact that the published ground plan of the cemetery does not present the graves excavated

in (one of them being grave ) it can only be suggested that this grave dates from the end of

the sixth and the first half or the first two thirds of the seventh century Around another

Middle Avar culture emerged and Roman and Germanic features in Avar cemeteries can no longer

be traced

ZábojníkTaf Abb DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXVIIcf Garam–Taf Tabelle Uenze–Abb Varsik–Taf IVIGaramafTabelle NadjSl NadjTXXVI Szücsi NadjY()– KovačevićBugarskiaSl NadjY() IvaniševićKazanskiMastykova–Fig NadjY()

Szücsi NadjY NadjY() Nadj Vida


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132 I B

Fig. 3 – Aradac, grave 108, after Nadj 1973 (no scale).

TheNovaLederataquadriburgiumabridgeheadoftheLederatafortificationsystemonthenow-inundatedSapajaislealongtheBanatshoreoftheDanubeisthelocationofahighlyinterestinggravefromtheEarlyMiddleAgesThissinglegravewasdugintothedebrislayerinthewell-exploredfortandproducedaceramicvesselandabattleaxeRegrettablythefindsarepoorlyillustratedinthe

otherwisedetailedpublicationbyDanicaDimitrijević ThepotrepresentsarelativelysmallgroupofvesselsofaneasternnomadicoriginlabeledasIIIBgroupinthetypologybyTivadarVidaMostlikelyitbelongstotheIIIBcsubgroupcharacteristicoftheEarlyandMiddleAvarPeriods

ThequoteddrawingisnotaccompaniedbythescaleanddimensionsofthetwoobjectsarenotmentionedinthearticlebyDimitrijević Yetifthescalewasatthebattleaxewouldbeca cmlongandthevesselca cmhighwhicharebothusualsizes( Fig )Thegravewasdatedtothesev-enthcentury andmistakenlytotheeighthinamorerecentaccountbutitsdatingmaybeplacedwithinthelastthreequartersoftheseventhcentury

Jovanović

Dimitrijević–Sl Vida–Abb Taf Dimitrijević–Sl Dimitrijević– ADAM


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Fig. 4 – Sapaja, grave finds, after Dimitrijević 1984 (no scale).

ThefindfromSelenča(Bácsújfalu)againcomesfromaveryvaguelydescribedcontext( Fig )

Byallappearancesinseveralhorsemens’gravesratherthanahoardweredamagedproducingavarietyofarchaeologicalfindscollectedbytheworkersThefindsweredatedtothefirsthalf ortothelastquarteroftheseventhcentury ThelattersuggestionismoreaccurateifwetakeintoaccounttheseriationorderingofAvarbeltpieceswhichaccordingtoZábojník’sworkcomefromtheMSIandMSIIphases(––) Thegildedhorseharnessfittings areverymuchlikethosefromthegravesoftheso-calledTótipuszta-Igargroupandverycharacteristicarethesil- versheetharnessfittingshavinganalogousfindsinKunágotaandOzoradatedbycoinsofEmperorConstantineIV andinKunszentmártonTwopairsofstirrupswithcircularloopswerecollectedaswellandfivesnufflebitsFromSelenčathereisanothercoppercauldronandsomeveryinterest-ingsilversheetfittingsperhapsofaknife

Asforweaponryaspearheadandahelmetcheek-piecewerefoundaswellasatotalofsevenironarmuorplates ItisnotsurprisingthatthepartofahelmetparticularlyrareinAvarusegainedsomeattentionwhileanaxefinddidnotTheironbattleaxefromSelenčais cmlong Itbe-longstoSzücsi’sb-Bvariant

AxesfromthelargeunpublishedBankertcemeterynearBačkaTopola(Topolya)wereonlylistedinafootnoteamongtheotherfindsfromthesiteAfteranalyzingtheveryscantavailableinforma-tiontheBankertcemeterymaybedatedtotheMiddleandLateAvarPeriods(ca–)ratherthantotheseventhandthefirsthalfoftheeighthcenturies

VinskinDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiADAM Tomka– VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski ADAM VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski–SlTXI ZábojníkTaf –Abb VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl BónaFigs DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXIcf VinskiTXVII–GaramTaf CsallányTaf II VinskiTV–SlDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl GaramAbb VinskiTVIDimitrijevićKovačevićVinski– Tomka DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiTXI Bugarskia–nFig

cf GladCatno DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl Szücsi Mrkobradn cfADAM


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134 I B

Fig. 5 – Selenča, a selection of grave finds, after Vinski 1958, Dimitrijević /Kovačavić/ Vinski 1962, Bugarski 2006a (no scale).

ThefindfromMandjelos(Nagyolaszi)isofalaterdateTheaxewasfoundingraveofthisLate Avarcemetery( Fig )ina contextwhichalsoproducedthe beltpieces matchingZábojník’stypesfromtheSSIIIphaseThusgrave canbedatedbetweentheyearsandThisL-shapedbattleaxeis cmlong ItisnotwithoutanalogousfindsfromAvarcontexts Fromanaccidentallyuncoveredwarrior’sgraveattheJandalocalityinStariSlankamen(Szalánkemén)alsointheSremRegioncameaheavilycorrodedbattleaxe cmlongaccompaniedby characteristicLateAvarbeltelementswhichonthebasisofreferenceseriationcanbedatedtothesecondhalfifnottothelastquarteroftheeighthcentury Thisaxeisnotillustrated

ZábojníkTaf Abb TadinTVIIIIII egZábojníkObrseefootnotesandabove DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl–KovačevićADAM Zábojník–Taf Abb


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Fig. 6 – Mandjelos, grave 6, after Tadin 1995 (no scale).

ThreeLateAvargraveswerefoundbychanceinnear-byZemunPolje(Zimony)intheperipheryofamulti-layeredsiteinthelocationofRomanmutatioAltinaTwograveswerefemaleandthethirdwasofawealthymalewearinggildedbeltgarnitureofMediterraneanorigin whosepiecescanbeat-tributedtotypesoftheSSIIIphaseofZábojník’stypology Despiteprevioussuggestions thegravecanbedatedto–Thesameburialproducedtwobeadsaswellanda cmlongbattleaxe( Fig )belongingtothea-I-IItypeofFrigyesSzücsi

TwoaxescannotbedatednarrowlyThefirstfindcamefromgraveattheŽutaJamacem-eteryinMaliIdjoš(Kishegyes)This cmlongaxewitha cmwidecuttingedgewaslistedinanoldaccountbyKálmánGubitzaandattributedtothe-H-ItypeofSzücsi’sclassificationbutthegraveitselfisnotdatedmorepreciselyThecemeterycanbedatedtobetweentheendofthesixthandtheendoftheeighthcenturies FromtheTelečkasiteinKulathereisanaccidentalfindfromwhenbrickfactoryworkersapparentlyruinedseveralgravesFromoneofthemapairofgolden

Szent-EndretypeearringsandaskullwerecollectedandsometwometersfromthisgraveanaxewasfoundAnotherinterestingfindingwasaBronzeAgeceramicvesselThe Szent-Endretypeearringsaredatedtothelastquarterofthesixthandespeciallytothefirsthalfoftheseventhcentury ortoitsopeningtwothirdsbutitcannotbeclaimedthattheaxetoocamefromtheEarlyAvarPeriod

Dimitrijević–TI–V ZábojníkTaf –Abb KovačevićMrkobradnADAM DimitrijevićTVI Szücsi Gubitza–

Szücsi cf VinskiMrkobradnADAM– Velenrajter Ormándy–Abb – Balogh


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136 I B

LastlytwomorefindsfromVojvodinaarementionedinSzücsi’slistsbutthesearenotaxesThe cmlongobjectfromtheMiddleAvarcemeteryBogojevoI(Gombos)waslabeledasanaxeonlywithcautionandinthefirstpublicationitwasdescribedasacsákány(pick)AndatoolfromtheCiglanaPoletcemeteryinVrbas(Verbász)wasattributedtothegroupof“doublehammeraxes” Yetsuchfindingsdonothavecuttingedgesandthereforeitissemanticallyincorrecttolabelthem

asaxesMoreoverthoseAvar-timehammerswererecentlydescribedasgoldsmiths’toolsperhapsvom römischen Typ

Fig. 7 – Zemun Polje, grave finds, after Dimitrijević 1966 (no scale).

The Battle Knives

WehavenotedsomedifficultiesifnotinconsistenciesindistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesIfwesticktothecommon cmbladelengthcriterionthereareonlyfourbattleknivesfromAvar-timegravesinVojvodinatobediscussedinoursurveyTobesurethereareafur-thercoupleofca cmlongknivesbutthatwouldbethefulllengthofaknife(includingtang)notofitsbladeonly FollowingHeinrichHärkesuchobjectsmaybelabeledaslargeknives“becausetheyaretoosmalltoberealweaponsandinordertoavoidconfusionwithshortseaxes[]although

borderlinecasesobviouslyexist(astheywouldwithvirtuallyanyothersubdivisionofbladesizes)”

ThefirstbattleknifetobepresentedherecomesfromtheMokrin(Homokrév)cemeteryinnorth-ernBanatHorseman’sgravewasrichinfinds( Fig )AmongthevarietyofcorrodedironobjectstherewerepartsofhorseridingequipmentincludingstirrupsTheobjectsservingthispurposeweremadeoutofboneaswellTherewereseveralthree-wingedarrowheadsandtwoironknivesoneofthem cmlongwithpartlypreservedbronzesheetsheath

VinskiDimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiADAM SzücsiFig Cziráky NagyTXXIII Szücsicf SzücsiFig

BálintPl RáczTaf – NadjTIIBunardžićCatnoFig Härke RanisavljevTXXII–XXIV


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Fig. 8 – Mokrin, grave 62, a selection of finds, after Ranisavljev 2007 (no scale).

Themostcharacteristicfindfromgraveisthesilversheetstrap-end

attributabletotheseriationtypesfrombothFSandMSphasesthatisuptotheyearsandAtTiszafüredsimilarstrap-endsaredateduptoInhiscitedmonographAleksandarRanisavljevdatedtheMokrincemeteryuptotheyearwhentheKutrigurshavingbeende-featedbytheAvarslefttheCarpatianBasin butinareviewofthisbookitwasnotedthatsomefindsbelongtoalaterdatewithintheseventhcenturyuptoorevenalittlelater

FromagraveatthePionirskaStreetsiteinBečej(Óbecse)thereisan-otherbattleknifeItis cmlongandtracesofclothandwoodarepre-servedbycorrosion( Fig )Apart froma fragmentedbronze linkonly asmall( cm)ironknifewascollectedfromthisruinedgraveYetjudgingbythepositionofthegraveatthiscemeterywhereAvargravesofdifferentdatesaredistributedinspatiallydistinctzonesitmightwellbepresumedthatgravewasfromtheearliergroupofburials

The third battle knifecomes from horseman’s grave atthe VojkacemeteryintheSremRegionThebronzesheetstrap-endfromthisgravecan beassigned tothe MSII seriation phase(–)andthesmallcastbronzebucklewithapairofnarrowsheetfittingsmatchesthefindsfromaMiddleAvargraveatthePerleksiteinBečej andfromNovéZámky

ZábojníkTaf Abb GaramAbb – Ranisavljev

Bugarskib Mikić-AntonićSlTVII–Plan BugarskibTXXIXXXX ZábojníkT– Mikić-Antonić–Sl

Fig. 9 – Bečej, grave 15, afterMikić-Antonić 2012 (no scale).


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138 I B

cemetery The mlongswordisnotpreservedbuttheelipticbronzesheetpommelfitting isresemblingthefindfromtheKölked-FeketekapuBcemetery Atotalofsixreflexbowboneplatescomefromthisgravealongwiththreethree-wingedarrowheadsQuiverboneplateswerefoundaswellanalogoustothefindfromahorseman’sgraveatSolymár ThegravealsoproducedapairofhighlycorrodedstirrupsnotoftheearliesttypesinAvaruseandthehorseharnesswasdecorated

withgildedandroundbronzesheetfittingsnoneofthempreservedThebattleknifewasfoundundertherightfemuroftheskeletonItis cmlongandthankstocorrosiontracesofthewoodensheatharepreservedaswellassixrivetsoncefixingthegrip( Fig )

Fig. 10 – Vojka, grave 94, after Bugarski 2006b (no scale).

ČilinskáTXXXVIII– Bugarskib–TXXX–

Kiss–Taf Bugarskib–TXXX–– TörökTaf IX BugarskibTXXIX– BugarskibTXXIX–


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FromanaccidentallyfoundgraveinApatintheDunavskaStreetsite comesanotherbattleknifeThisheavilycorrodedand’arch-likecurved’weaponis cminlengthUnlikethe cmlongsword(sabre?)thebattleknifeisnotillustrated EvenifthedescriptionoftheartefactisnotclearenoughitsdimensionssuggestthattheauthorswererighttolabelitasabattleknifeThiswarrior’sgravealsoproducedathree-wingedarrowheadOnthebasisofthecharacteristiccastbronzebeltelements–the

strap-endthebuckleandthebelt-fitting –thegravecansafelybedatedtoZábojník’sSSIIphase(–)

Discussion and Conclusions

SometenaxesfromthesouthoftheAvarKhaganatewereprocessedinoursurveyThelargestfindisfromLovćenac cmlongwhiletherestoftheaxesarebetweenand cminlengthonlythefindsfromZemunPoljeandMaliIdjošareand cmlongrespectivelySimilarlyshapedaxesfromByzantinecontextsaslargeastheLovćenaconearecommonlydescribedastools andtheaxesinAvargravesareusuallyseenasweapons InhismonographonEarlyMediaevalBulgarianweaponryValeryIotovgroupedmorphologicallysimilaraxesofbothsizestohistypevariantsA-C

statingthatthesetenth-andeleventh-centuryobjectsmighthavebeenusedasbothtoolsandweap-onsThesamewasbelievedforEarlyMediaevalaxesfromCroatiaHoweveronthebasisofgraveassemblagesMajaPetrinecthinksthatthefindsofdifferentdimensionswerealltools

IbelievethatthesizeofanaxeiscrucialforjudgingitsfunctionaluseIfwetakethesizeoftheobjectsastheprincipalcriterionfordistinguishingtheLovćenacfindwasatoolandtherestofthelistedaxeswereweaponsWecanseethattheirsizewasstandardizedandithasalreadybeenbreeflysuggestedthatthe– cmlongaxesinAvarusewereinfactbattleaxesItislikelythatthesamecanbesaidofthe– cmlongfindstheburialfromZemunPoljewasalreadydescribedasawarri-or’sgraveInthelateeighthcenturythereweremanyothermeansofwarriorrepresentationatthedisposalbutitseemsthatthesinglepieceofweaponryinthisgravetestifiesthattheburiedwealthypersonamongothersocialrolescouldhavebeen(seenas)amilitarypersonaswell

SimilarlyFrigyesSzücsistatedthattheaxeswiththeircuttingedgeslessthan– cminwidthwereusedasweaponsThesizeofanobjectisdirectlyrelatedtoitsweightDouble-sizedaxesaremuchheavierForexamplethe– cmlongironaxesfromKeszthely-Fenékpusztaarefivetosixtimesheavierthanthe– cmlongonesItisobviousthatthetwoclassesofaxesmusthavebeenmanipulatedindifferentwaysandconsequentlyusedfordifferentpurposes

TherearealsocontextualgroundstooptforthissolutionInLovćenacthewarriorstatusofthedeceasedwasunderscoredbygravegiftslikespearswordandperhapsshieldandalongwiththeaxeanothertoolwasplacedinthegrave– asickleBearinginmindotherinterpretationsofsuchfindsinAvargravessicklesareanimportanttestimonyto agriculturalactivitiesofapopulationoftendescribedasnomadicToputsuchtoolsinagravecouldmeanthattheburiedpersoninthiscaseawarriorhadsomecontrolovertheagruculturalproductionaswellorthatthesocietybelievedthatthetoolsmightbeofsomevaluetohimintheafterlife

OntheotherhandthecontextofgraveatAradactestifiesthatthesmallerfindsarebattleaxesAsmentionedabovetheshieldtheaxeandthearrowswereneatlydistributedalongthegrave’sedgeItseemstomethatsuchadisplayofwarriorattributeswasnottobedisturbedbyplacingatool DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl DimitrijevićKovačevićVinskiSl– ZábojníkTaf Taf Abb cf Garam–Abb – egBavantCatnoPl XXXVIIIJankovićJankovićŠpeharCatnoTXZIV egKiss IotovTLII–– Petrinec–Sl BugarskiIvanišević

Dimitrijević–Kovačević Szücsi RupnikAbb Slivenska cf DaimBugarskia–


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140 I B

inthemiddleofitSotheaxeswerenotputingravesbecauseofthepowerofironinitself butchieflyasweaponsInheavilymilitarizedsocietiessuchastheAvars’thesymbolicvalueofaweaponwassurelymoreappreciatedthanthatofatool

Thiswasparticularlysointhecaseofchildrens’burialsItwassuggestedrecentlythatthesym-bolicpowerofgrave-goodsincreasesincaseswheretheageofthedeceaseddoesnotcorrespondto

thestatusvalueoftheobjectsdepositedintheirgravesThereforethesinglefindofabattle-axeinchildrens’burialsmayhaveservedasasymboloftheprojectedfuturestatusofasoldier Thisinter-pretationoftheaxefindsissupportednotonlybythegravesofAvaryouthbutbytheninth-tenthcenturiesrecordfrompresent-dayCzechRepublicaswell Furthermorechildrenwereburiedasiftheywerewarriorsinthecemeteriesofthesixth-seventhcenturiesUpper-Ob’cultureinSiberiaandinAnglo-Saxoncemeteries

GraveatAradacisimportantforyetanotherreasonbyallappearancesitwasaGermanicburialofanearlydateearlierthantherestofthecontextsprocessedhereThebattleaxeswereinmorefrequentAvaruseonlyfromtheMiddleAvarPeriodonwards andourrecordfromthesouth-ernpartoftheKhaganatefollowsthesamestatisticaltrendMorepreciselyfromtheEarlytotheMiddleAvarPeriodthenumberofaxeswasontheincrease(caof them)whiletheremaining

majorityofthefindsdatefromtheLateAvarPeriodTheearliestspecimensclusterinTransdanubia–buteventhereinsmallnumbers–andfromtheMiddleAvarPeriodthebattleaxesoccureastoftheDanubeaswell

InthatrespectonemayraisethequestionwhetherthebattleaxeswereintroducedtotheAvarsbytheirGermanicsubjectsTheconclusionofGergelyCsikyis thateventheTransdanubianAvarsdidnotundergosignificantinfluencesfromtheGermanicMerovingianworldinthesphereofweap-onry AsopposedtotherecordfromItalyaxesareveryrareinLombardcemeteriesinpresent-day WesternHungary andinGepidiccemeteriesintheTiszaRegiontherewereno findsofthiskind

AsalreadymentionedthebattleaxeswerenotamongthemostfamousAvarweaponsbutevenifthelatestlistbyFrigyesSzücsiwasnotcompleteatotalofaxesfromAvar-timegraveswerepresentedOutofthisnumberofthefindscamefromgravesofadultmalesandtherestfromthoseoftheoldandtheyoung Forcomparisonthetotalofcuttingweapons(seaxesswordsandsabres)andspearswerelistedbyGergelyCsikyUnlikeinthecaseofaxesinthecourseoftimefromtheEarlytotheLateAvarPeriodtheirnumberwasdecreasing SometenyearsagoRaimarKorylistedtheremainsoflamellararmoursfromaroundAvarburialseachmaleandfemaleandchildrens’The finds ofarmour plates werevaguelyseen asa reflection ofAsiantraditionsinmalegravestheycouldsymbolicallyrepresenttheprofessionofthedeceased andingravesofwomenandchildrentheyperhapshadacertainapotropaicvalueattachedtothemAsarmourplatesweremorecommoninAvargravesthanhelmetsorshieldsonecanonlyconcludethattheoffensiveweaponswereinmuchmorefrequentusethanthedefensiveones

Kovačević Bugarskiet al – Bugarskiet al egDaimTaf B–A–Garam– Profantová–Abb Borodovskij Stoodley GaramAbb Csiky– Szücsi– Csiky BónaHorváth cf BónaNagyCsehet al Szücsi Szücsi–

Csiky–n Korycf Bugarskia Bóna Zábojník Kovačević–


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ThusthenumberofbattleaxesinmaleAvar-timegravesisconsiderablylargerthanthenumberofarmourplatesItalmostapproachesthenumberofspearsandthespearswerethemostfrequentweapontypefoundinAvarhorsemen’sgravesThiscanonlymeanthatthebattleaxes werechar-acteristicAvarweaponsandyettheyweresomewhatneglectedintheliteratureItseemstomethattherearetwo mainreasonsforsuchamodeststatusFirstthebattleaxesoftheAvartimedonot

displaydistincttypologicalfeaturesbutthosewidespreadinbothchronologicalandterritorialtermsSecondlymostofthemcomefromthelateseventhcenturyandlateronthatisfromthetimewellbeyondthescopeofwrittensourcesNamelythereareno historicalaccountsofAvarbattleaxesTheotherclassesofAvarweaponryandhorsemen’sequipmentareforexamplediscussedinthe

StrategikonanimportantsourcefromthefinalyearsofthereignofEmperorMauricereferringtothebattlestyleoftheAvarsOrmorepreciselytothatoftheirmilitaryelite AftertheearlystagesofAvarEuropeanhistorythrustingandthrowingweaponsdecreaseinnumberswhilethenumberofthebattleaxeswasontheincreaseByallappearancesthiscoincideswithradicalchangesinpoliticalandmilitaryrealityaftertheAvardisasteratConstantinopleafterwhichtherewereno furtherfierceattacksagainstByzantiumandwiththegeneraldevelopmentsinmilitarytacticsandequipment

JustasinthecaseofaxessizeoftheobjectsisthemaincriterionfordistinguishingbetweentheknivesandthebattleknivesThelengthof cmandoverisusuallyattributedtothebattleknivestheshortestvariantofseaxesThisismostlyinlinewiththeestimationbyHeinrichHärkewhothinksthatshortseaxesare cmormoreinbladelengthSuggestingtheminimum cmbladelengthasaparameterGergelyCsikyclarifiedandslightlymodifiedthisdivisionThusitiscrucialtomakeadistinctionbetweenthefulllengthofaknifewhichincludesthetangandthebladelengthaloneWhile the origin ofseaxeswaslongbelievedto bean Easternonetheir presencein theKhaganate–chieflyinitsnorthernandwesternfringes–isoftenexplainedasCarolingianinfluenceontheAvarsThemajorityofthefindsdatesfromthelateseventhandtheeighthcenturies butasalreadymentioneduntilrecentlytheywerenotlistedinacomprehensiveway

As regards the short seaxesiethe– cmlongbattleknivestheyaredocumentedintheEasternPannoniancemeteriesconnectedtotheMerovingianworldandinthecemeteriesoftheremainingGepidicpopulationinTransylvaniaTheiroccurrenceintheseGermanicburialsisoftencombinedwiththespathafindsInAvarcontextssuchweaponsappearduringtheopeninghalfoftheEarlyAvarperiodtobereplacedwithothertypesofseaxeslateron YetlongkniveslabeledasthebattleonesalsocomefromMiddleAvargravesatTiszafüred OutofeightshortseaxescollectedbyCsikysevenaredatedtotheEarlyAvarphasesixofthemcomefromtheKörnyecemetery TheseventhweaponagravefindfromBudapestisdatedtotheMiddleAvarPeriodAccordingtotheirbladelengthstwomoreknivesprocessedbytheauthormaybeascribedto thebattleknivesThreesuchknivesweremeasuredwiththeirbladelengthsofand cm

AlthoughsmallinnumbersourcasesshowthatinthesouthernpartoftheKhaganatethebattleknivesoccurinthesecondhalfoftheEarlyAvarPeriodandlateroninthemiddleandlatephasesoftheirdominationRegardlessofthedatingthegravesproducingsuchfindsbelongto horsemen

andwarriorsJustliketheknivesfrompresent-dayHungary theywereusuallyaccompaniedwithswordsandbowsarrowheadsOntheotherhandtwospecimensfromourrecordwerefoundin

Csiky–cf Curta– Szücsi– Maurice Kory Ostrogorski– ČilinskáPetrinec HärkeTable Csikyn cf Härke cf Csiky–

Csiky Garam SalamonErdélyi cf Csiky cf Csiky


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142 I B

horsemen’sgravesWiththeirbladesjustexceeding cmonaverageitappearsthatthekniveslistedhereweresomewhatshorterthanthosepresentedbyGergelyCsiky

Toconcludeitappearsthatevenintheabsenceofspecilaizedmetallographicstudieswecancomeclosetodeterminingthefunctionofthesurveyedobjectsonthebasisof theirsizeandafterstudyingthemosttellingarchaeologicalcontextsinwhichtheyoccurredAtleastinAvartimesmall

axeswerethebattleaxesacommonbutneglectedtypeofweaponintheiruseandthelargestkniveswerethebattleonesconstitutingtheleastcharacteristicgroupofAvarweapons

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