AWW2013: Future of Urban Water Management by Kala Vairavamoorthy

7/29/2019 AWW2013: Future of Urban Water Management by Kala Vairavamoorthy

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FUTURE OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT

Kala Vairavamoorthy

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA + GWP



Water Security - Good News & Bad News

‘Open the loop’ - linear supply and disposal

• Upper income countries have revolutionized public

• Also have made major progress in mitigation of

environmental damage

Bad News

• resilience – not suited to the challenges ahead

• Extraordinaril resource intensive

• ‘All or nothing’ - Unaffordable to 2/3 of the planet







Bad News – External pressures

make the future difficult• Entire earth system is changing!



The Urban Arithmetic for 2050

• 155 000 ersons er da

• 90% in developing countries

• ~90% in urban areas

• ~850 000 er week in urban settin s

Growing but also ‘Growing Up’



Opportunity to do Things Differently

Source: UN (2003)

G



Asia has fastest growing economies

(World Bank, 2012)



Window of Opportunity is Small

Shenzhen

1980 Today

Fishing village of

several thousand

City of 7 million – big in

electronic manufacturing



Need to think differently



When designing urban water systems

• Urban Water Cycle is one system: understand ther w v r u

• Urban water cycle closely linked to watershed:ty epen s on an mpacts t e w er waters e

• Security through diversity: explore diverse andflexible options for water sources

• Water should be fit for purpose – matching water

qua ity to its inten e use.• Maximize benefits: great potential for water, energy

an nu r en recovery ene c a on




• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helpingto serve more people with less

• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take intoaccount t at t e uture s n erent y uncerta n

• Water should be managed across institutions:goo governance s a cr ca o opera ona ze

• Involve all the players: integration of all

sta e o ers in ecision-ma ing process




• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helpingto serve more people with less

• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take intoaccount t at t e uture s n erent y uncerta n

• Water should be managed across institutions:goo governance s a cr ca o opera ona ze

• Involve all the players: integration of all

sta e o ers in ecision-ma ing process



We need to break down barriers

Catchment

KI WU … UP… Urban

6

Township



And involve all the players

• Why?•

• Fragmented institutional arrangements• ‘Wicked’ problems - need for ‘integrated’ solutions

• Who?• Policy makers, planners, regulators, service

providers, NGOs, researchers, developers…

• How?• Inception (training, stakeholder analysis…)

• Operational (visioning, planning processes..))

• ac s opp ng suppor mon or ng, eva ua on…



Example: Bogota, Colombia

Issue:

• pollution of upper Rio

Bogota (tanneries)

Key players:

• Association of tanners,Regulator, Local

government, NGO,University,…

Outcomes:

•

enterprises haveimplemented cleanerproduction principlesremov ng po u on



Example: Lodz, Poland

Issue:

• restoring polluted rivers

Key players:

• cit office UniversitEcohydrology institute,service providers,

developers u comes:

• Demonstrationtechnologies being scaled

redevelopment

• development of a city-wide strategic plan forwater



We need to put water in the minds of people?



r w

‘Integration the key’

o s c sys ems approac

to the urban watershed



Tailored IUWM Framework for

D v l in n ri R irIntermittent& Irregular

Water Scarcit

Irregular Energy

upp y

Fast GrowingCities

Highly Polluted

Water Bodies

LowPressure

Lack of High Levels of Leakage

Wastewater Collection and

Treatment

Poor SolidWaste

Management

Source: CSIRO



Case Study: Water Resources for

Nairobi and Satellite Towns• Today 3.14 M

• Prediction year 2035.

11.2 M Inhabitants

gap

framework and the principles.



IUWM Application 1 (stormwater,

70000 m3/d 780831m3/d

192851 m3/d

DM=50537 m3/d

111081 m3/d

Demand =1205300 m3/d



IUWM Application 1 (stormwater,

• Unit costs of US$ 0.29/m3 (cf. to 0.36)



Nairobi - It’s about having a

Private Boreholes

Greywater Harvesting

Existing Leakage Mgt.Water Sources

Conventional Sources

Stormwater

New Conventional Sources

Existing

Harvesting

Water

Sources

Water Demand Mgt.

pproac

Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3

onven ona pproac

Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3



Phnom Penh’s Water Success Story

• NRW reduced from 72% to6.19% (1993-2008)

• 25,000m3/d (serving aboutone million more people)

• Increasing revenues by overUS$ 20 million per annum

Biswas and Tortajada 2009



It’s already happening: Ethekwini



It’s already happening: Windhoek

NGWRP Dam Water Groundwater r26%

10% Unaccountedfor Water

g w a t

90%

Domesti

7%

d

r i n k i

83%

Consumed38%

Security through diversity

c

WW Treatment

45%

u s e f o

6%

Irri . -

R OGWRO

13%

26%

Irrig. -ParksFodder

River

Reuse for Irrigation



It’s already happening: Singapore

Security through diversity

Direct Non-

Potable Use



Unconventional water sources:

NEWRI 2010



Natural systems can help

bank filtration,

soil-aquifer treatment,constructed wetlands,

hybrid systems

O2

O2



Natural systems can help

LBF

Lake Bank FiltrationReservoir

Water WWIrrigationEH 0.012 -0.024 $/m3

(cf 0.05-0.15 $/m3)

Dam Water

Trans.

ConsumerPrimary Treatmentand/or CW & WSP

Distribution Constructed Wetlands

RBF

(0.17 $/m3)

River Bank FiltrationEcohydrology

a za on on s

River

SAT/ARREH $0.067/m3 (cf 0.28/m3)

Soil Aquifer TreatmentArtificial Recharge Recovery

Low Energy – Water Efficient’ Closed Loop



Flows from Kibera pollute Nairobi Dam

Greywater from Polluted runoff Overflow from

Kibera

unserv cehouseholds

rom s ree s p a r nes

Nairobi Dam

Ngong River



Urban water infrastructure provision

Cost for provision of drainage andCondominium sewers

• EAC US$ 1.0MSUDS

DEWATS Potential water resources afterslum improvement

on om n um sewers • ,

• Cost of water (0.16 $/m3)SUDS

DEWATS

,

revenue per year



Slum networking can provide

SlumFlooding

City



Slum networking can provide

Pressur

e

SlumCity

Illegalconnections

Pressure deficits

Equity pressuredistribution



Take home message

,

together (one urban water cycle)……. and thinkcreatively about what could be your water sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).

(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component

of the water system within this perspective)

We need to build connections



We need to build connections

between silos

Water e

water

water

water

water

G, I



The water sector can’t do it alone

Land planners Architects

Developers

Gov’t officialsFinanciers

Energy experts



T n a out Harvest ng

Integrated Treatment

Entrepreneurs see the



Entrepreneurs see theharvesting potential, India

Collection, transport, treatment and reuse-system (GTZ,2009)

Entrepreneurs see the



Entrepreneurs see theharvestin otential Durban

Fecal sludge into safe fertilizer: LaDePa machine

Medium-waveSave Pellets

Radiation



We’re harvesting for Agriculture: China

Under the 11th five-year plan, 400 million m3 treated

MITIGATION

H ti h t f



Harvesting heat from sewers

Heat exchanger in sewers

Heat is reclaimed from treated sewage water of the adjacent sewage treatment plant

Dalian-Xinghai (China) : Environment-friendly heating and cooling

Thi k b t W t M hi



Think about a Water Machine

PotableReclaimed Quality

UrineSurface Water

- , ,

Grey water

Brownwater Ground Water

Rain Water

Solid wasteEnergy

yg en zeSludge

G,R,FX-S

W t M hi ‘d i t ’



Water Machine – ‘designer waters’

ert ary: rr ga on

Photos courtesy: West Basin MWD RO(Double): Refinery2nd+RO+MF: AAR



Water Machine: Semi - Centralized

TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.



Xing Dao – water machine proposal


But how will water machines



But how will water machinesbe lumbed?

Challenge: Deliver Water

ToiletLaundry

Pipe Bundles for DifferentWater Qualities

Garden

Water Machine Water Users

Service water for toilet & laundryService water for garden

Potable water

T k h



Take home message

Driver for water management should bebeneficiation –maximize value added

(institutions & regulations to support and not hinder)

‘All water is good water: fit for purpose’

(educate future urban leaders on all benefits of water –public health, aesthetics, economic development, drive



ustere Approac to UWM

In order to implement the principles a clusteredapproac o wa er managemen s e p u .

Clusters allow maximum efficiency



ywhile ivin ada tive ca acit

A supply and treatment unit (watermachine) for each district

• Semi central supply and treatment

• Use scalability of treatmenttechnology (membranes)

• Customized supply and treatment foreach cluster

•

re-use potentials


Energy sector is already



gy ythinkin in these lines

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP CHP

Look for opportunities to create new



paradigms (not extended old ones)

FormalisedSmall scale providers

a er ys em

Newdemand

Growth

Decentralized

community based

Expansion of existingsystem to serve new

demand

Xi’an – newly developed district as



y p

Qujiang New DistrictQujiang New District

Xi’anXi’anCentralCentral

citycity

North lakeDistrict wastewater

network Gardening

Associated

wetland

District

wastewater

treatment

plant

(Regulation

lakes)

Forestation

Miscellaneoususes

Car washing

ou a e

District storm water drainage

(Secondary treatment)



ARUA

MBALE

C t l i f t t di



Central infrastructure core expanding

Let’s ring fence the old paradigm




A1A2

A3

A8 A6

A5A7





A1

A2

A8

A5A7

Tailor made solutions for cluster



Tailor made solutions for cluster

Black water Potablewater

A8

Surface water

Groundwater

BiogasProductio

n

to the river

Semi Centralized is cheaper?



Semi-Centralized is cheaper?

A9

Average Annual Costs

3,787,000 US$

Average Annual Costs

5,148,000 US$

Take home message



Take home message

,

together (one urban water cycle)……. and thinkcreatively about what could be your water sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).

(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component

of the water system within this perspective)



Smart Thinking

Smart Water , Smart Networks , Smart by Design

New low pressure/super strong membranes makethem attractive to developing countries



them attractive to developing countries

.

To the tap

tor

Clean waterstorage tank

ag

e Super smooth carbon nano-tubesBuckyball treated membranesRichard Merritt 2009

Scalability of membranes makes them veryattractive across a continuum of o tions



attractive across a continuum of o tions

City/Town Scale

Point-of-Use

Networks of the future will



Smart Pipes Self Healing

•

Frictionless

• Sli er Li uid-Infused

embedded into pipes during

manufacturing.• Sensors monitor data on

,

vascular, intrinsic

• Pipes store healing agentsand polymerizers that

solidif when mixed

Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)

• Super-thin Nano-

substrates infused with a

liquid lubricant creates a , ,

environmental

• Sensors provide geo-

referenced data points

• Healing efficiencies 100%

• Recovery strength >100%

smooth surface

• Reduced biofilm formation

by 96-99%

Metje et al. 2011

Corrosion

formation

Corrosion

Repair White et al. 2011 Epstein et al. 2012

‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts



Calculate Location of Burst Optimal ValveIsolation

Allen et al. 2011




Isolate Leak

Allen et al. 2011




Alertus ome

Repair Team

- Location GPS- Pipe Material- Pipe Depth- …

Allen et al. 2011

‘Smart’ allows appliances to negotiate



n d

W a t e r D e m a

D e m a n d

Time

E l e c t r i c




Smartmeter

Smart

n d

meter

W a t e r D e m a

D e m a n d

Time

E l e c t r i c Central Control

Unit




n d Flattened Peak

W a t e r D e m a

D e m a n d Flattened Peak

Central ControlUnit

Time

E l e c t r i c



Trans t on ng

Transitioning

Transitioning



Existing System

Future System Future System

Graph Theory Transition Systems

Based on Old System Totally New System

0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



0 10 20 30 40



Sempewo, J., Vairavamoorthy, K. and Grimshaw, F. (2010)

Take home message



Move away from tinkering and think abouthow ou mi ht have desi ned from scratch -then look at transitional pathways & don’t

Institutions are the origin of change and the medium for legitimizing change

MMM

Choices Before Us



Stay in Lane -Business as

Usual

Try Harder,Spend More for Traditional Sys

Truly DifferentApproach

What YouKnow..

What YouDon’t Know..

What YouKnow..



Kalanithy Vairavamoorthyan ou

[email protected]

Documents

AWW2013: Future of Urban Water Management by Kala Vairavamoorthy