,aw;gpay; topfhl;Lk; Ehy; khzth;fs; ftdj;jpw;F. tpdhj;jhspy; xt;bthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; chpa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J/ ghl';fis ed;F gapd;W njh;tpy; mjpf kjpg;bgz; bgw v';fsJ rpy fUj;Jf;fs; cjt[k; vd ek;g[fpnwhk;/ (1) gog;g[k; vGj;Jk; ,uz;L fz;fisg; nghd;wit/ ,it ,uz;Lk;

,ize;jnj fy;tp/ ftdkhfg; goj;jy; kw;Wk; gpiHapd;wp vGJjy; ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpak;/

(2) cd;dplk; cs;s Mw;wypd; |yk; mr;rkpd;wpj; njh;it vGjKoa[k; vd;W ek;gntz;Lk;/

(3) vg;nghJk; cw;rhfj;Jld; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ cw;rhfk; thH;f;ifapy; gy btw;wpfis njoj;jUk;/

(4) fy;tpf;F Mgj;J kwjp/ kwe;Jnghdtw;iw jpUk;gg; gog;gjd; |ynk epidthw;wiy tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;s Koa[k;/

(5) njh;t[ beU';Fk; neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; mtru mtrukhf vy;yh ghl';fisa[k; gog;gjhy; ve;jg;ghlKk; kdj;jpy; epw;fhJ/

(6) njh;t[f;F Kd;dnu jpl;lkpl;Lg; goj;jy; mtrpak;/ (7) ,aw;gpay; ghl ifnalhdJ khzth;fSf;F topfhl;Lk; Ehyhftopfhl;Lk; Ehyhftopfhl;Lk; Ehyhftopfhl;Lk; Ehyhf jahh;

bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ (8) nkYk; TLjy; kjpg;bgz; bgw tpUk;g[k; khzth;fs; gj;J kjpg;bgz;

tpdhf;fSf;F rpy ghl';fis (2 my;yJ 3 ghl';fis) jahh; bra;at[k;/ (9) fl;lhakhf tpilaspf;f ntz;oa fzf;fpw;Fk; jahh; bra;at[k;/

ciHg;gpd; nth;fs; frg;ghdit/ mjd; fdpnah ,dpg;ghdJ/

“thH;j;Jf;fs;”

BLUE PRIT - PHYSICS

UNIT PART-A PART-B PART-C PART-D MARKS

1. 4 2 1 1 25

2. 1 3 2 -- 20

3. 2 1 1 1 20

4. 4 2 1 1 25

5. 4 2 1 1 25

6. 4 2 1 1 25

7. 2 1 2 --- 15

8. 4 2 1 1 25

9. 3 4 1 1 30

10. 2 1 1 1 20

TOTAL 30 20 12 8 230

,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp,aw;gpay; tpdht';fp

gFjp - m 1/ epiy kpd;dpay;

1 kjpg;bgz;Zf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; 1/ xU fz;zhoj; jz;L. gl;Lj; Jzpa[ld; nja;f;fg;gLk; nghJ +8 x 10-12C

kpd;Dl;;lj;ij Vw;fpwJ/ mJ Vw;Wf;bfhz;l my;yJ ,He;j vyf;l;uhdpfspd; vz;zpf;if/

(a) 5 x 10-7 (Vw;wJ) (b) 5 x 101010107777 (,He;jJ(,He;jJ(,He;jJ(,He;jJ) (c) 2 x 10-8 (,He;jJ) (d) -8 x 10-12 (,He;jJ)

2/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;Dl;l';fs;. εr = 6 bfhz;l Clfj;jpy;. d bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epiy kpd;dpay; tpir 0/3 N. btw;wplj;jpy; mnj bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;l mk;kpd;Dl;l';fSf; fpilnaahd tpir

(a) 20N (b) 0.5 N (c) 1.8 N (d) 2N

3/ xU g[s;sp kpd;Dl;lj;jpypUe;J 2 m bjhiytpy; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 400 Vm1

vj;bjhiytpy; mjd; kpd;g[yr; brwpt[ 100 Vm-1 Mf mika[k;?

(a) 50 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 4 m (d) 1.5 m

4/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;Dl;l';fs; +4q kw;Wk; +q, 30 cm bjhiytpy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mk;kpd;Dl;l';fis ,izf;Fk; nfhl;od; kPJ vg;g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; RHpahFk;?

(a) kpd;Dl;lk; +q-ypUe;J 15 cm (b) kpd;Dl;lk; + q-ypUe;J 7.5 cm (c) kpd;Dl;lk; +4 q-ypUe;J 20cm (d) kpd;Dl;lk; + q-ypUe;J 5 cm

5/ rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy;. g[yj;jpw;F ,izahf. mjd; mr;R mika[khW xU kpd; ,UKid itf;fg;gl;lhy;. mJ czh;tJ

(a) bkhj;j tpiria kl;Lk; (b) jpUg;g[ tpiria kl;Lk; (c) bkhj;j tpir kw;Wk; jpUg;g[ tpir ,uz;ila[k; (d) bkhj;j tpira[k; my;y. jpUg;g[ tpira[k; my;y 6/ kpd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J x bjhiytpy; mika[k; g[s;spapy;

kpd;dGj;jk;. vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mikfpwJ? 1 1

(a) (b) х

2 х

3

1 1

(c) (d)

х4 х

3/2

7/ 'a' gf;fk; bfhz;l rJuj;jpd; ehd;F |iyfs; A,B, C kw;Wk; D-f;fspy; Kiwna kpd;Dl;l';fs; +q, +q, -q kw;Wk; -q itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ rJuj;jpd; ikak; O-tpy; kpd;dGj;jkhdJ/

1 q 1 2q

(a) (b)

4 лε° a 4 лε° a

1 4q

(c) (d) RHp 4 лε° a

8/ rk kpd;dGj;jg; gug;gpy; cs;s ,U g[s;spfSf;F ,ilna 500 µС kpd;Dl;lj;ij efh;j;j bra;ag;gLk; ntiy

(a) RHp (b) tuk;g[s;s neh;f;Fwp kjpg;g[ (c) tuk;g[s;s vjph;f;Fwp kjpg;g[ (d) Kotpyp 9/ fPH;f;fz;l mst[fSs; vJ *;nfyhq msthFk;? (a) ,UKid jpUg;g[j; jpwd; (b) kpd;g[y tpir (c) kpd;g[yk; (d) kpd;dGj;jk; 10/ tpLjpwdpd; myF (a) C

2 N

-1 m

-2 (b) N m

2 C

-2 (c) H m

-1 (d) N C

-2 m

-2

11/ 1 TYk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; tpirf;nfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if (a) 1.129 x 10

11 (b) 1.6 x 10

-19 (c) 6.25 x 10

18 (d) 8.85 x 10

12

12/ kpd;Dl;l mlh;j;jp σ bfhz;l. ,U vjpbujph; kpd;Dl;lk; bgw;w cnyhfj;jfLfSf;F btspna cs;s g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk;/

+σ -σ (a) (b) 2εo 2εo

σ (c) (d) RHpahFk; εo 13/ xU ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;F jpwdhdJ. jl;LfSf;fpilna

kpd;fhg;g[g; bghUisf; bfhz;L epug;g[tjhy;. 5µF FypUe;J 60µF Ff;F mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ kpd;fhg;g[g;bghUspd; kpd;fhg;g[ khwpyp

(a) 65 (b) 55 (c) 12 (d) 10 14/ kpd;Dl;lk; bgw;Ws;s cs;sPlw;w cnyhfg; ge;J xd;W. RHp kpd;g[yj;ij vg;g[s;spfspy; njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ? (a) nfhsj;jpw;F btspna (b) mjd; gug;gpd; nky; (c) nfhsj;jpd; cl;g[wk; (d) ,U kl';F bjhiyt[f;F mg;ghy;

2/ kpd;ndhl;ltpay;2/ kpd;ndhl;ltpay;2/ kpd;ndhl;ltpay;2/ kpd;ndhl;ltpay; 15/ 60C mst[s;s kpd;Dl;lk; xU kpd;tpsf;fpd; tHpna 2 epkpl';fSf;Fr;

brd;why;. kpd;tpsf;fpy; bry;Yk; kpd;ndhl;lk;/ (a) 30 A (b) 1 A (c) 0.5 A (d) 5 A

16/ kpd;Dl;l';fs; vg;bghUspd; tHpna vspjhfg; gha;e;J bry;Yk;? (a) Fthh;l;*; (b) ikf;fh (c) b$h;kdpak; (d) jhkpuk; 17/ flj;jpapd; tHpna gha[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; vjw;F neh;j;jftpy; mika[k;? (a) ,Gg;g[ jpirntfk; (b) 1/ FWf;F btl;Lg; gug;gpd; ,Uko (c) 1/vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if (d) FWf;F btl;Lg; gug;gpd; ,Uko 18/ 240 V kpd;dGj;jj;jpy; braw;gLk; kpd; Nnlw;wpapd; kpd;jil 120Ω vdpy;

kpd;jpwd; (a) 400 W (b) 2 W (c) 480 W (d) 240 W 19/ Fwpg;gpl;l ePsk; bfhz;l jhkpuf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil R. mjd; ePsk; ,Ukl';fhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mjd; kpd;jil vz; (a) ,U kl';fhFk; (b) ehd;fpy; xU g';fhFk; (c) ehd;F kl';fhFk; (d) khWglhJ 20/ ,U 2Ω kpd;jilfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,Ue;jhy;. bjhFgad; kpd;jil (a) 2 Ω (b) 4 Ω (c) 1 Ω (d) 0.5 Ω 21/ btg;gepiy Fiwa[k;nghJ kpd;fhg;g[g; bghUs;fspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; (a) Fiwa[k; (b) mjpfhpf;Fk; (c) khWglhJ (d) RHpahFk; 22/ 0° C fk;gpr; RUspd; kpd;jil 2Ω kw;Wk; α= 0.004 / °C vdpy; 100° C y; mjd; kpd;jil (a) 1/4 Ω (b) 0 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 2/8 Ω 23/ \ghunlapd; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpg;go. kpd;gF jputj;jpd; tHpna kpd;ndhl;lk;

bry;Yk;nghJ. vjph;kpd;thapy; goa[k; madpfspd; epiw vijr; rhh;e;jJ my;y? (a) kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) kpd;Dl;lk; (c) fhyk; (d) kpd;jil

3/ kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; tpist[fs; 3/ kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; tpist[fs; 3/ kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; tpist[fs; 3/ kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; tpist[fs; 24/ $%ypd; btg;g tpjp I

2

(a) H = (b) H = V2 Rt

Rt

(c) H = VIt (d) H = IR2t

25/ Nnlw;Wk; ,iHahf epf;nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy; mJ (a) Fiwe;j kpd;jil vz; bfhz;lJ (b) Fiwe;j cUFepiy bfhz;lJ (c) mjpf kpd;jil vz; bfhz;lJ (d) mjpf flj;Jk; vz; bfhz;lJ 26/ btg;g kpd;dpul;ilapd; re;jpapy; bgy;oah; Fzfk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ? (a) kpd;dpul;ilapy; cs;s kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) kpd;ndhl;lk; gha[k; neuk; (c) re;jpapd; btg;gepiy (d) kpd;dpul;ilapd; tHpna gha[k; kpd;Dl;lk; 27/ xU btg;g kpd;dpul;ilapy; Fsph;re;jpapd; btg;gepiy 20°C jpUg;g[ btg;gepiy

270°C vdpy; g[ul;L btg;gepiyahdJ/ (a) 520°C (b) 540°C (c) 500 °C (d) 510°C

28/ gal; - rhth;l; tpjpapd; rkd;ghL µo Idl → Idl sin θ

(a) dB = (b) dB =

4л r2 4л r2

→ → → →

→ µo Idl x r → µo Idl x r (c) dB = (d) dB =

4л r2 4л r3

29/ nld;$d;l; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy;. Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;F tpyfy; 30° fk;gpr;

RUspd; jsj;jpid 90° jpUg;gpagpd; mnj kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; tpyfy; (a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 0° 30/ irf;nshl;uhdpy; KLf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dl;lk; bgw;w Jfspd; Rw;wpaf;ff; fhyk;

vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (a) fhe;jj; Jz;ly; (b) Jfspd; kpd;ndhl;lk; (c)Jfspd; jpirntfk; (d) Jfspd; epiw 31/ rPuhd fhe;jg; g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l brt;tff; fk;gpr; RUspd; kPJ bray;gLk;

jpUg;g[ tpir bgUkkhf ,Uf;f/

(a) Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; (b) Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; (c) RUspd; jsk; fhe;jg; g[yj;jpw;F br';Fj;jhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; (d) RUspd; gug;g[ Fiwthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; 32/ ,a';F RUs; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; fk;gpr; RUis bjh';ftpl gh*;gh; - btz;fyf;

fyitf; fk;gpiag; gad;gLj;jf; fhuzk;/ (a) flj;Jk; jpwd; mjpfk; (b) kpd; jilvz; mjpfk; (c) XuyF nfhz tpyfYf;fhd jpUg;g[ tpir mjpfk; (d) XuyF nfhz tpyfYf;fhd jpUg;g[ tpir Fiwt[ 33/ gpd;tUk; rhjd';fspy; xd;wpd; kpd;jil kpff; Fiwt[ (a) ,a';F RUs; fhy;tdhkPl;lh; (b) 0 - 1A mk;kPl;lh; (c) 0 - 10 A mk;kPl;lh; (d) nthy;l; kPl;lh; 34/ G kpd;jil bfhz;l fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; S kpd;jil bfhz;l ,izj;jlk;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tikg;gpd; gaDW kpd;jil Ra vdpy; gpd;tUk; Tw;wpy; vJ rhpahdJ?

(a) G MdJ S-I tplf; Fiwt[

(b) S MdJ Ra-I tplf; Fiwt[ Mdhy;. G tpl mjpfk;

(c) Ra MdJ G, S-I tplf; Fiwt[

(d) S MdJ G, Ra-I tplf; Fiwt[ 35/ rpwe;j nthy;l; kPl;lhpd; gz;g[ (a) RHp kpd;jil (b) RHp kjpg;gpw;Fk; G-f;Fk; ,ilna Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;jil (c) G tpl mjpfkhf Mdhy; <wpyh kjpg;gpid tpl Fiwe;j kpd;jil (d) <wpyh kpd;jil

4/ kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lKk;4/ kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lKk;4/ kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lKk;4/ kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lYk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lKk; 36/ kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; gad;gLj;jg;glhjJ (a) kpd;khw;wp (b) miw Nnlw;wp (c) AC kpd;dpaw;wp (d) milg;g[r; RUs; 37/ 0.5m

2 gug;gsita[k; 10 Rw;Wfisa[k; bfhz;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk; 0.2 Wb/m

2 fhe;jg;g[yj;jpw;F Fj;jhf cs;snghJ fk;gpr; RUspd; tHpna gha[k; fhe;jg;ghak;/

(a) 100 Wb (b) 10 Wb (c) 1 Wb (d) RHp 38/ byd;*; tpjp ///////////////////// tpjpapd; mog;gilapyhdJ (a) kpd;Dl;l mHptpd;ik (b) gha mHptpd;ik

(c)ce;j mHptpd;id (d) mw;wy; mHptpd;ik 39/ neh;f;flj;jpapd; jd; kpd; Jz;ly; vz; ////////// (a) RHp (b) Kotpyp (c) kpf mjpfk; (d) kpft[k; rpwpaJ 40/ b&d;wp vd;w myfpid ,g;goa[k; vGjyhk; (a) Vs A

-1 (b) Wb A

-1 (c) Ω s (d) midj;Jk;

41/ xU fk;gpr; RUspy; gha[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; tpdhof;F 40 As-1 vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk;bghGJ. Jz;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 12V vdpy;. fk;gpr; RUspd;

jd;kpd; Jz;ly; vz; ///////// (a) 0.3 H (b) 0.003 H (c) 30 H (d) 4.8 H

42/ 5A DC kpd;ndhl;lk; cUthf;Fk; mnj mst[ btg;g tpisit cUthf;Fk; khWjpir kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; mst[ //////// (a) 50A rms kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) 5A bgUk kpd;ndhl;lk; (c) 5A rms kpd;ndhl;lk; (d) nkw;fz;l vJt[k; ,y;iy 43/ kpd;khw;wp bray;gLtJ (a) AC apy; kl;Lk; (b) DC apy; kl;Lk; (c) AC kw;Wk; DC apy; (d) DC I fhl;oYk; AC apy; jpwk;gl bray;gLk; 44/ fk;gpr; RUspy; ,Ue;J g[wr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;ndhl;lj;ij ghar; bra;a[k; khWjpir

kpd;dpaw;wpapd; cWg;g[ (a) g[yf;fhe;jk; (b) gpst[gl;l tisak; (c) eGt[ tisa';fs; (d) Jhpifs; 45/ xUkhWjpir kpd;Rw;wpy; bray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir

e = E°sin (ωt + л/2), I = I° sin (ωt - л/2) vd;w kpd;ndhl;lj;ijtpl ////// vd;w fl;l mstpy; Ke;jpr; bry;Yk;/

(a) л /2 (b) л/4 (c) л (d) 0

46/ fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vjid kpd;khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jp cah;j;j Koa[k;? (a) cs;sPL kpd;ndhl;lk; (b) cs;sPL kpd;dGj;jk; (c) cs;sPL jpwd; (d) midj;ija[k; 47/ neh;jpir kpd;ndhl;lj;ij jd;tHpna gha mDkjpf;fhj fUtp vJ? (a) kpd;jil (b) kpd;njf;fp (c) kpd;Jz;o (d) nkw;fz;l midj;Jk; 48/ xU AC kpd; Rw;wpy; (a) kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; ruhrhp kjpg;g[ RHp (b) kpd;ndhl;l';fspd; ,Ukor; ruhrhp kjpg;g[ RHp (c) ruhrhp jpwd; ,Hg;g[ RHp

(d) rms kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; cr;r kjpg;igg; nghy; √2 kl';F

5/ kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;. miy xspapaYk;5/ kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;. miy xspapaYk;5/ kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;. miy xspapaYk;5/ kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;. miy xspapaYk;

49/ kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;. Mw;wy; (a) kpd; g[yj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; g[yj;jpw;Fk; xnu msthf gut[fpd;wd (b) ,U g[y';fSf;Fk; br';Fj;jhfg; gut[fpd;wd (c) kpd; g[yj;jpy; gut[fpwJ (d) fhe;jg; g[yj;jpy; gut[fpwJ 50/ kpd; fhe;j miyfs; (a) FWf;fiyfs; MFk; (b) bel;liyfs; MFk; (c) FWf;fiyfshfnth my;yJ bel;liyfshfnth ,Uf;fyhk; (d) FWf;fiyfSk; my;y. bel;liyfSk; my;y 51/ ,lg;bgah;r;rp kpd;ndhl;lk; vd;w fUj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; Twpath;? (a) ngh*; (b) b&h;l;*; (c) khh;nfhdp (d) khf;*;bty;

52/ kpd;fhe;j miyfspy;. kpd;g[yk; Er kw;Wk; fhe;jg;g[yk; B

r f;F ,ilna cs;s

fl;l ntWghL (a) л/4 (b) л/2 (c) л (d) RHp 53/ mZ epwkhiy vd;gJ (a) Ja thpepwkhiy (b) btsptpL gl;il epwkhiy (c) cl;fth; thp epwkhiy (d) cl;fth; gl;il epwkhiy 54/ epal;ld; tisaj; bjhFjpapy;. fz;zhoj; jl;Lf;Fk; jl;lf; Ftpbyd;Rf;Fk;

,ilapy; xU Jsp ePh; itf;fg;gl;lhy;. tisaj; bhFjp (a) RU';Fk; (b) tphptila[k; (c) khwhJ (d) Kjypy; tphptila[k; gpd;g[ RU';Fk; 55/ xw;iw epw xspfw;iw. btw;wplj;jpypUe;J xsptpyfy; vz; µ bfhz;l

Clfj;jpw;Fs; EiHfpwJ/ gLk; kw;Wk; tpyfyile;j miyfspd; miyePs';fspd; jft[

(a) µ : 1 (b) 1 : µ (c) µ 2 : 1 (d) 1 : µ2

56/ xU xspapd; miyePsk; ehd;F kl';fhff; Fiwe;jhy; mjd; rpjwy; mst[ (a) 16 kl';F mjpfhpf;Fk; (b) 16 kl';F Fiwa[k; (c) 256 kl';F mjpfhpf;Fk; (d) 256 kl';F Fiwa[k; 57/ epal;ld; tisa Ma;tpy; m-MtJ kw;Wk; (m + 4) tJ fUik tisa

tpl;l';fs;Kiwna √5 mm kw;Wk; √7 mm vdpy; m-d; kjpg;g[ vd;d? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10

58/ 4000 Ǻ0 miyePsKs;s xU xw;iwepw xsp miyfSf;F ,ilna cs;s ghij ntWghL 2 x 10

-7 m mtw;wpw;F ,ilna cs;s fl;l ntWghL

(a) л (b) 2 л (c) 3 л (d) л/2

2

59/ a'; Ma;tpy; 6000 Ǻ0 miyePsKs;s xspapd; 3tJ bghypt[g;gl;il kw;bwhU |yj;jpd; 4tJ bghypt[g; gl;ila[ld; bghUe;JfpwJ vdpy;. me;j xsp |yj;jpd; miyePsk; vd;d?

(a) 4500 Ǻ0 (b) 6000 Ǻ0

(c) 5000 Ǻ0 (d) 4000 Ǻ0

60/ 0.005m mfyj;jpy; 2500 nfhLfs; cs;s fPw;wzpapd; kPJ 6000 Ǻ0

miyePsKs;s xspahdJ neh;f;Fj;jhfg; gLfpd;wJ/ mjd; bgUk thpir vd;d?

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4

61/ xU rptg;g[ xspf; fw;iwapypUe;J tpspk;g[ tpist[ bgwg;gLfpd;wJ/ rptg;g[ xspf;F gjpyhf ePy xspiag; gad;gLj;jpdhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d?

(a) gl;ilfs; kiwe;JtpLk; (b) vJt[k; khwhJ (c) tpspk;g[ tpist[ FWfyila[k; kw;Wk; Tl;lkhf xd;W nrUk; (d) tpspk;g[ tpist[ mfykila[k; kw;Wk; xd;iwtpl;L xd;W gphpa[k; 62/ 60° js tpist[ nfhzj;jpw;fhd xsp tpyfy; vz; vd;d? (a) 1.732 (b) 1.1414 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.468

6666/mZ ,aw;gpay;/mZ ,aw;gpay;/mZ ,aw;gpay;/mZ ,aw;gpay;

63/ nfj;njhL fjph;fs; vd;gd (a) vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw (b) neh; kpd; madp fw;iw (c) kpd;Dl;lkw;w Jfs; fw;iw (d) g[iHf; fjph;fisg; nghd;wit 64/ E = 3 x 10

4 V/m kjpg;g[ila kpd;g[yKk;. B = 2 x 10

-3 Wb/m

2 kjpg;g[ila fhe;jg;g[yKk; xd;Wf;bfhd;W br';Fj;jhf bray;gLk; gFjpapy; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw tpyfy; milahky; bry;fpwJ/ vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; ,af;fk;. fhe;jg;g[yk;. kpd;g[yk; Mfpait xd;Wf;bfhd;W br';Fj;jhf ,Ue;jhy;. vyf;l;uhdpd; ntfk;/ a) 60 ms

-1 (b) 10.3 x 10

7 ms

-1 (c) 1.5 x 10

7 ms

-1 (d) 0.67 x 10

-7 ms

-1

65/ nghhpd; bfhs;ifapd;go. Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;g[fisg; bgWk; mst[ (a) ,af;f Mw;wy; (b) epiy Mw;wy; (c) nfhz ce;jk; (d) ce;jk; 66/ mZtpd; Kjy; |d;W tl;lg; ghijfspd; Mu';fspd; tpfpjk; (a) 1 : 1/2 : 1/3 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 :27

67/ i&l;u$d; mZit mo epiyapypUe;J fpsh;r;rpahf;fj; njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r Mw;wy; (my;yJ) Kjy; fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy;

(a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2eV (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.89 eV

68/ Qjh;\nghh;L mZ khjphpapd;go. mZ xd;wpd; epwkhiy (a) thp epwkhiy (b) bjhlh; epwkhiy (c) bjhlh; cl;fth; epwkhiy (d) gl;il epwkhiy

69/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l mZtpd; Mw;wy; kl;l';fs; A,B,Cd; Mw;wy; kjpg;g[fs; VW thpirapy; cs;sd/ mjhtJ EA<EB<EC CapypUe;J Bf;F BapypUe;J Af;F kw;Wk; CapypUe;J Af;F jht[k;nghJ njhd;Wk; miyePs';fs; Kiwna λ1, λ2, λ3

vdpy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rhpahdJ? λ1

(a) λ3 = λ1 + λ2

λ2 λ3

(b) λ3 = λ1 λ2

λ1 +λ2

(c) λ1 = λ2 + λ3 = 0

(d) λ23 = λ2

1 + λ22

70/ mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ePs;tl;lg;ghij fUj;jpidf; Twpath; (a) J.J.jhk;rd; (b) nghh; (c) rhkh;bgy;L (d) o gpuhyp 71/ X-fjph; vd;gJ (a) ,af;f Mw;wiy fjph;tPryhf khw;wk; epfH;r;rp (b) ce;jk; khw;wg;gLjy; (c) Mw;wy; - epiwahf khw;wkiljy; (d) kpd;Dl;l mHptpd;ikj; jj;Jtk; 72/ X-fjph; FHhapy; btspg;gLk; X-fjph;fspd; brwptpid vt;thW mjpfhpf;fyhk;? (a) kpd;dpiHapd; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjd; |yk; (b) kpd;dpiHapd; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjd; |yk; (c) ,yf;fpd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjd; |yk; (d) ,yf;fpd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjd; |yk; 73/ Typl;$; FHhapy; njhd;Wk; rpwg;g[ X-fjph; \nghl;nlhdpd; Mw;wy; vt;thW bgwg;gLfpwJ? (a) ,yf;fpd; fl;lw;w vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (b) ,yf;fpd; madpfspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (c) nkhJk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wypypUe;J (d) ,yf;fpd; mZ jht[k;nghJ 74/ Typl;$; FHha; xd;W 24800 V kpd;dGj;jj;jpy; bray;gLfpwJ/ njhd;Wk;

X-fjph;fspd; bgUk mjph;btz; (a) 6 x 10

18 Hz (b) 3 x 10

18 Hz (c) 6 x 10

8 Hz (d) 3 x 10

8 Hz

75/ i&l;u$d; mZtpy; gpd;tUk; bgah;t[fspy; vjpy; bgUk mjph;btz; njhd;Wk;? (a) 2 1 (b) 4 1 (c) 6 5 (d) 5 2

C

B

A

76/ i&l;u$d; mZtpy; gpd;tUkhW vyf;l;uhd;fs; jht[k;bghGJ. vjpy; bgUk miyePsk; bfhz;l fjph;tPr;R njhd;Wk;? (a) 2 1 (b) 6 2 (c) 4 3 (d) 5 2

77/ nyrhpy; bjwpg;g[ epfH;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; (a) fpsh;r;rp epiy mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl moepiy mZf;fspd;

vz;zpf;if mjpfk;/ (b) moepiyapy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl fpsh;r;rp epiyapy;

mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk; (c) moepiyapYk; fpsh;r;rp epiyapYk; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if rkk; (d) fpsh; epiyapy; mZf;fs; ,Uf;fhJ 78/ Qgp jz;oy; cs;s Fnuhkpa madpfs; (a) rptg;g[ xspia cl;ftUk; (b) gr;ir xspia cl;ftUk; (c) ePy xspia cl;ftUk; (d) gr;ir xspia ckpGk;

7/ fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;bghUspd; ,ul;il gz;g[ kw;Wk; 7/ fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;bghUspd; ,ul;il gz;g[ kw;Wk; 7/ fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;bghUspd; ,ul;il gz;g[ kw;Wk; 7/ fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;bghUspd; ,ul;il gz;g[ kw;Wk; rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;rhh;gpay; jj;Jtk;

79/ V mjph;btz; bfhz;l \nghl;lhd;. gad; bjhlf;f mjph;btz; vo bfhz;l cnyhfj;jpd; kPJ gLfpwJ/ btsptplg;gLk; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; (a) h (v - v0) (b) hv (c) hvo (d) h (v + vo)

80/ bghUs; xd;wpd; xspkpd; btspnaw;W Mw;wy; 3.3 eV vdpy;. gad; bjhlf;f mjph;btz;

(a) 8 x 1014

Hz (b) 8 x 1010

Hz (c) 5 x 1020

Hz (d) 4 x 1014

Hz

81/ cnyhfg; gug;g[ xd;wpd; epWj;J kpd;dGj;jk; vjidr; rhh;e;jpuhJ? (a) gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; mjph;btz; (b) gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; brwpt[ (c) cnyhfg; gug;gpd; jd;ik (d) btspg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpirntfk; 82/ gad;bjhlf;f mjph;btz;zpy;. vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpirntfk; (a) RHp (b) bgUkk; (c) rpWkk; (d) Kotpyp 83/ xspapd; tpisit vjd; mog;gilapy; tpsf;f Koa[k;? (a) xspapd; Ez;Jfs; bfhs;if (b) xspapd; miyf; bfhs;if (c) xspapd; kpd;fhe;jf; bfhs;if (d) xspapd; Fthz;lk; bfhs;if 84/ gUg;bghUs; miyePsk; vjidr; rhh;e;jjy;y? (a) epiw (b) jpirntfk; (c) ce;jk; (d) kpd;Dl;lk; 85/ ,a';Fk; bghUs; xd;wpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; E vdpy; mjd; O gpuhyp miyePsk; h 2mE

(a) λ = (b) λ =

2mE h

h

(c) λ = h 2mE (d) λ =

E 2m

86/ 2A° miyePsk; bfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; ce;jk; (a) 3.3 x 10

24 kg ms

-1

(b) 6.6 x 1024

kg ms-1

(c) 3.3 x 10-24

kg ms-1

(d) 6.6 x 10-24

kg ms-1

87/ rhh;gpaypd;go. ,af;fj;jpYs;s jz;od; ePsk; (a) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;jpw;Fr; rkk; (b) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl mjpfkhf mika[k; (c) epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl Fiwthf mika[k; (d) jz;od; ntfj;ijg; bghUj;J. epiyahf cs;snghJ ,Ue;j ePsj;ijtpl mjpfkhfnth my;yJ Fiwthfnth my;yJ rkkhfnth mika[k;/ 88/ 1 kg epiwa[s;s bghUs; KGtJkhf Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLk;nghJ cUthFk;

Mw;wy; (a) 9 x 10

16 J (b) 9 x 10

24 J (c) 1 J (d) 3 x 10

8 J

8/ mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;8/ mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;8/ mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;8/ mZf;fU ,aw;gpay; 8 89/ 4

Be mZf;fUtpd; Muk; (a) 1.3 x 10

-15m (b) 2.6 x 10

-15 m

(c) 1.3 x 10-13

m (d) 2.6 x 10-13

m 27 28

90/ 13 Al kw;Wk; 14

Si vd;w mZf;fUf;fs; vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mika[k;? (a) Inrhnlhg;g[ (Isotope) (b) Inrhghh; (Isobar) (c) Inrhnlhd; (isotone) (d) Inrhkh; (isomer) 91/ mZf;fU xd;wpd; epiw tG 0/03 amu vdpy;. mjd; gpizg;g[ Mw;wy; (a) 27.93 eV (b) 27.93 KeV (c) 27.93 MeV (d) 27.93 GeV

92/ mZf;fUg; gpsitia tpsf;FtJ (a) TL khjphp (b) jputj; Jsp khjphp (c) Fthh;f; khjphp (d) nghh; mZ khjphp 93/ mZf;fUtpDs; cs;s mZf;fUj; Jfs;fs; vjdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd? (a) <h;g;gpay; tpir (b) epiykpd;dpay; tpir (c) mZf;fU tpir (d) fhe;jtpay; tpir 94/ bgUk madpahf;Fk; jpwidg; bgw;Ws;sit (a) epal;uhd;fs; (b) α - Jfs;fs; (c) γ - fjph;fs;(d) β - Jfs;fs;

95/ rpijt[ khwpyp 0/0693 / ehs; bfhz;l fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;wpd; miu Ma[l;fhyk; (a) 10 ehs;fs; (b) 14 ehs;fs; (c) 140 ehs;fs; (d) 1/4 ehs;fs; 96/ tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fjphpaf;f Inrhnlhg;g[ 31 32 23 24 (a) 15

P (b) 15

P (c) 11

Na (d) 11

Na

97/ mZf;fUg; gpsit xd;wpy; btspg;gLk; ruhrhp Mw;wy; (a) 200 eV (b) 200 MeV (c) 200 meV (d) 200 GeV

98/ mZFz;L btoj;jypy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; (a) fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fU gpsit tpid (b) fl;Lg;ghlhd mZf;fU gpsit tpid (c) mZf;fU ,izt[ tpid (d) btg;g mZf;fU tpid 99/ ,uj;jr; nrhifiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ 31 32 59 24 (a) 15

P (b) 15

P (c) 26

Fe (d) 11

Na

198 198 1

100/ 80 Hg

+ X 79 Au

+ 1 H, vd;w mZf;fU tpidapy; X vd;gJ vjidf;

Fwpf;Fk;? (a) g[nuhl;lhd; (b) vyf;l;uhd; (c) epal;uhd; (d) oal;uhd; 101/ β rpijtpd;nghJ (a) mZ vz; xd;W Fiwa[k; (b) epiw vz; xd;W Fiwa[k; (c) g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if khWglhJ (d) epal;uhd; vz;zpf;if xd;W Fiwa[k;

102/ Inrhnlhg;g[fs; vd;git (a) xnu epiw vz;iza[k; ntWgl;l mZ vz;iza[k; bfhz;lit/ (b) rkkhd g[nuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epal;uhd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; bfhz;lit/ (c) rkkhd g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; khWgl;l epal;uhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k;

bfhz;lit/ (d) rkkhd epal;uhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; khWgl;l g[nuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; bfhz;lit/

103/ fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;W bjhlf;f mstpy; 1/e kl';fhff; Fiwa vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; (a) miu Ma[l; fhyj;jpy; ghjp (b) ruhrhp Ma[l;fhyk; (c) miu Ma[l;fhyj;jpy; fhy; (d) ruhrhp Ma[l;fhyj;jpd; ,Ukl';F 104/ N

13d; miu Ma[l;fhyk; 10/1 epkpl';fs;/ mjd; Ma[l;fhyk; (a) 5/05 epkpl';fs; (b) 20/2 epkpl';fs; (c) 10/1/0/6931 epkpl';fs; (d) Kotpyp 105/ xU jdpkj;jpd; neh;kpd; fjph;fs;. bgapd;gphpl;$; epiwkhiyapy; ,U ntWgl;l

RtLfisj; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd/ ,e;j neh;kpd; madpfs; (a) xnu epiwiaa[k; ntWgl;l jpirntfj;ija[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (b) xnu epiw kw;Wk; jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (c) ntWgl;l epiw kw;Wk; xnu jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; (d) ntWgl;l epiw kw;Wk; jpirntfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; 56

106/ 26 Fe mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;g[ Mw;wy;

(a) 8.8 MeV (b) 88 MeV (c) 493 MeV (d) 41.3 MeV

107/ mZf;fUtpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk;. ghjurj;jpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; Rkhuhf (a) 1.3 x 10

10 (b) 1.3 (c) 1.3 x 10

13 (d) 1.3 x 10

4

9/ Fiw flj;jp rhjd';fs9/ Fiw flj;jp rhjd';fs9/ Fiw flj;jp rhjd';fs9/ Fiw flj;jp rhjd';fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs; 108/ xU jdpkj;jpd; ntjp kw;Wk; kpd;gz;g[fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd mj;jdpkj;jpd;

mZtpYs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; vit? (a) ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; (b) RHYk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; (c) mjpfg;goahd vyf;l;uhd;fs; (d) bray;jpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; 109/ N-tif Fiwflj;jpapy; cs;sit (a) ,af;fkpy;yh vjph;kpd; madpfs; (b) rpWghd;ik Ch;jpfs; my;y (c) ,af;fkpy;yh neh;kpd; madpfs; (d) kpd;Jisfs; bgUk;ghd;ik Ch;jpfs; 110/ P- re;jp ilnahoy; cUthFk; jpUg;g[r;rhh;g[ bjtpl;L kpd;ndhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ (a) bgUk;ghd;ik Ch;jpfs; (b) rpWghd;ik Ch;jpfs; (c) Vw;ghd; madpfs; (d) bfhilahsp madpfs;

111/ Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ rpwg;g[ tiuapy; ilnahL bray;gLtJ (a) xU cah; kpd;jilahf (b) xU kpd; njf;fpahf (c) xU epWj;J (OFF) Rtpl;rhf (d) xU ,af;F (ON) Rtpl;rhf 112/ mtyh";rp Kwpt[ (avalanche breakdown) Kjd;ikahf rhh;e;Js;s epfH;t[ (a) nkhjy; (b) madpahf;fk; (c) khNl;ly; (d) kWxd;wpizg;g[ 113/ xsp ckpH;t[ ilnahoy; ckpHg;gLk; xspapd; epwk; vjidr; rhh;e;jJ? (a) mjd; gpd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ (b) Kd;ndhf;F kpd;ndhl;l mst[ (c) mjd; Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[ (d) Fiwf;flj;jp bghUspd; tif 114/ xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; ckpH;g;ghd; - motha; re;jpf;F Kd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[k;

Vw;ghd; -motha; re;jpf;Fg; gpd;ndhf;Fr; rhh;g[k; bfhLf;fg;gl:Ls;sJ/ motha; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ vdpy;. mjd;

(a) VCE mjpfhpf;Fk; (b) IC Fiwa[k; (c) IC mjpfhpf;Fk; (d) VCC mjpfhpf;Fk; 115/ ouhd;rp*;lUf;F chpa Kiwapy; rhh;g[ kpd;dGj;jk; bfhLf;fg;glhj epiyapy; (a) ckpH;g;ghdpy; mjpf kpd;ndhl;lk; Vw;gLfpwJ (b) btspaPL irifapy; cUf;Fiyt[ (distortion) Vw;gLfpwJ/ (c) Vw;ghd; Kid mjpf btg;gkilfpwJ (d) btspaPl;Lf; nfhL (load line) jtwhd epiyapy; mikfpwJ/ 116/ xU miyapaw;wp vd;gJ (a) gpd;Dl;lk; cs;s xU bgUf;fp (b) AC-ia DC Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; mikg;g[ (c) ntbwhd;Wk; my;y. bgUf;fpna MFk; (d) gpd;Dl;lk; ,y;yhj xU bgUf;fp 117/ fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpr; Rw;wpy; (a) kpd;njf;fp gpd;Dl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ (b) Kid bgw;w RUs; (tapped coil) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ (c) ,ira[W LC Rw;W gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy (d) kpd;njf;fp gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy 118/ ,yl;rpa bray;ghl;Lg; bgUf;fpapd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ KotpyhjJ/ Mifahy;. (a) mjd; cs;sPL kpd;ndhl;lk; RHp (b) mjd; btspaPL kpd;jil mjpfk;/ (c) mjd; btspaPl;L kpd;dGj;jk; btspaPl;L g[w kpd;jilia rhh;e;jpuhky; ,Uf;Fk;/ (d) mJ. kpd;ndhl;lf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rhjdkhf khWk;/ 119/ bfhLf;fg;gl;l mikg;gpd; yh$pf; bray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa nfl; (a) AND (b) OR

(c) NAND (d) EXOR

120/ bfhLf;fg;gl;l Rw;wpd; btspaPL (Y) kjpg;g[ 1 vdpy; mjd; cs;sPLfs; ABC

(a) 0 1 0 (b) 1 0 0

(c) 1 0 1 (d) 1 1 0

121/ gypad; my;$pg;uh tpjpfspd;go (A+AB) vd;w rkd;ghL vjw;Fr; rkk;? (a) A (b) AB (c) B (d) A

122/ ABC vd;w gypad; rkd;ghl;od; vspikahf;fk;

(a) AB +C (b) CBA .. (c) AB + BC + CA (d) CBA ++

10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs; 10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs; 10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs; 10/ jfty; bjhlh;g[ mikg;g[fs;

123/ cah; mjph;btz; miyfs; gpd;gw;WtJ (a) jiu miy gutiy (b) ghh;itf; nfhl;od; jpiria (c) madp kz;lyg; gutiy (d) g[tpapd; tisit 124/ gz;ngw;wk; bra;ag;gLtjd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; (a) btt;ntW mjph;btz; bfhz;l ,U miyfis ,izf;f (b) Ch;jp miyapd; miy totj;ijg; bgw (c) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; bfhz;l jftiy ePz;l bjhiyt[fSf;F jpwk;gl mDg;g (d) gf;fg; gl;ilfis cUthf;f 125/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy; (a) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; tPr;Rf;F Vw;g khWgLk;/ (b) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;/ (c) Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R gz;ngWk; miyapd; mjph;btz;izg; bghUj;J khWk; (d) gz;ngw;Wk; mjph;btz; brtpa[zh; mjph;btz;. beLf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; 126/ tPr;Rg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy;. gl;il mfyk; (a) irifapd; mjph;btz;Zf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; (b) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ,U kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; (c) irif mjph;btz;zpd; Kk;kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; (d) irif mjph;btz;zpd; ehd;F kl';fhf ,Uf;Fk; 127/ fl;lg; gz;ngw;wj;jpy; (a) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kl;Lnk khWk;

(b) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kl;Lnk khWk; (c) Ch;jp miyapd; fl;lk; kw;Wk; mjph;btz; khWk; (d) Ch;jp miyapd; mjph;btz; kw;Wk; fl;lk; khwhJ/ 128/ nuonah gug;gpapy; cs;s RF miythpir cUthf;FtJ/ (a) brtpa[zh; iriffs; (b) cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs; (c) brtpa[zh; irif kw;Wk; cah; mjph;btz; Ch;jp miyfs; (d) Fiwe;j mjph;btz; cila Ch;jp miyfs; 129/ Xt;bthU rl;lj;ija[k; (glj;ija[k;) ,uz;L g[y';fshfg; gphpj;J xU brfz;Lf;F 50 fhl;rpfis mDg;g[tjd; nehf;fk;/ (a) glj;jpy; rpkpl;liyj; jtph;f;f (b) cah;e;j mjph;btz;fisf; ifahStJ vspJ vd;gjhy; (c) 50 Hz vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpd;dhw;wy; mDg;g[jypd; mjph;btz; vd;gjhy; (d) irifapy; cs;s njitapy;yhj ,iur;ry;fis ePf;f 130/ bjhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g ntz;oa mr;roj;j Mtzj;ij kpd;diyfshf khw;Wk; Kiw (a) vjpbuhspg;g[ (b) thpf;fz;nzhl;lk; (c) gz;ngw;Wk; (d) xsp khWghL 131/ ,U g[s;sp kpd;Dl;l';fspd; kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; --------

(a) 2

0

21

4 r

qq

πε (b)

r

qq

0

21

4πε (c) PE Cosθ (d) PE Sinθ

132/ cl;g[Fjpwd; bfhz;l Clfj;jpy; <wpyh neh;f;flj;jp xd;wpd; tHpna kpdndhl;lk;

gha[k;nghJ xU g[s;spapy; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp---------

(a) a

I

πµ4

0 (b)

a

I

πµ2

0 (c)

a

I

πµ

4 (d)

a

I

πµ

2

133/ R kpd;jil bfhz;l n kpd;jilfs; bjhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; bghGJ bjhFgad; kpd;jil

(a) n/R (b) R/n (c) nR

1 (d) nR

134/ kpd; mDg;gPl;Lf; fk;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,Hg;g[ vg;bghGJ Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;?

(a) kpd;dGj;jk; Fiwthft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ (b) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;snghJ

(c) kpd;dGj;jk; mjpfkhft[k; kpd;ndhl;lk; Fiwthft[k; cs;snghJ (d) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,uz;Lk; Fiwthf cs;s nghJ

tpilfs; tpilfs; tpilfs; tpilfs;

1/ (b) 2/ (c) 3/ (c) 4/ (c) 5/ (d) 6/ (a)

7/ (d) 8/ (a) 9/ (d) 10/(a) 11/ (a) 12/(d)

13/ (c) 14/ (c) 15/ (c) 16/(d) 17/ (a) 18/(c)

19/ (d) 20/ (c) 21/ (b) 22/(d) 23/ (d) 24/(c)

25/ (c) 26/ (c) 27/ (a) 28/(d) 29/ (d) 30/(c)

31/ (a) 32/ (d) 33/ (c) 34/(c) 35/ (d) 36/(b)

37/ (c) 38/ (d) 39/ (a) 40/(d) 41/ (a) 42/(c)

43/ (a) 44/ (d) ------- 45/(c) 46/ (c) 47/(b)

48/ (a) 49/ (b) 50/ (a) 51/(d) 52/ (d) 53/(a)

54/ (a) 55/ (a) 56/ (c) 57/(d) 58/ (a) 59/(a)

60/ (a) 61/ (c) 62/ (a) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (c)

66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (a)

72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (c) 7 6. (a) 77. (b)

78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (d)

84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b)

90. (c) 91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (a)

96. (b) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100.(c) 101.(d)

102.(c) 103.(b) 104. (d) 105. (c) 106.(c) 107.(c)

108. (a) 109.(c) 110.(b) 111.(d) 112.(a) 113.(d)

114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (a)

120. (c) 121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125 (a)

126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b) 131. (b)

132. (d) 133. (d) 134. (c)

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42

43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54

55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66

67 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77 78

79 80 81 82 83 84

85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 92 93 94 95

96 97 98 99 100 101

102 103 104 105 106 107

108 109 110 111 112 113

114 115 116 117 118 119

120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128 129 130 131

132 133 134

F q

3 kjpg;bgz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9 myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9 myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9 myF 1> 2> 7> 8 kw;Wk; 9

myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay;myF 1. epiy kpd;dpay; 1111.... kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; Fthz;lkhf;fyFthz;lkhf;fyFthz;lkhf;fyFthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d?

ve;j xU mikg;gpd; kpd;Dl;lKk;> xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpd; [1.6 x 10

-19C] KO vz; klq;FfshfNt vg;NghJk; mikfpwJ. ie. q = ne

2222.... $Yk; tpjpia $Wf.$Yk; tpjpia $Wf.$Yk; tpjpia $Wf.$Yk; tpjpia $Wf. ,U Gs;sp kpd;Dl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ftHr;rp tpir my;yJ tpul;L tpirahdJ kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;F NeHj;jftpYk;> mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpHj;jftpYk; mikAk; 3333. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf.. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf.. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf.. Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; $Wf. xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir vd;gJ kw;w kpd;Dl;lq;fs; mk;kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; kPJ Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpirfspd; ntf;lH $LjyhFk;. 4444....kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W?

kpd;Dl;lq;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;. 5555.... kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (kpd;Gyr; nrwpT (E) tiuaW.) tiuaW.) tiuaW.) tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s XuyF NeHkpd;Dl;lk; czUk; tpir mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Gyr; nrwpT vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ntf;lH msT. E = NC

-1 my;yJ V m

-1

6666.... kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d?kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d?kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d?kpd; ,UKid vd;why; vd;d? ,U rkkhd> vjpnujpuhd kpfr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Dl;lq;fs; xU kpd; ,UKidahFk;. v.fh.v.fh.v.fh.v.fh. ePH> mk;Nkhdpah> CO2> FNshNuhghHk; %yf;$W. 7777....kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf.kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? myif jUf. kpd; ,UKidapd; VNjDk; xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; vz; kjpg;gpid kpd;Dl;lq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhiytpdhy; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;. P = q x 2d. jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF C m jpir –q ypUe;J +q Nehf;fp. 8888.... ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.ikf;Nuh miy rikay; fyd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. ,J kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; czT rikf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; ikf;Nuh miyfs; rPuw;w miyTWk; kpd;Gyj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. cztpy; cs;s ePHk %yf;$Wfs; miyTWk; jpUg;G tpirf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L gpizg;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd ,jdhy; ntg;g Mw;wy; cUthfp> czT rikf;fg;gLfpwJ. 9999. kpd;dOj;j NtWghL . kpd;dOj;j NtWghL . kpd;dOj;j NtWghL . kpd;dOj;j NtWghL ---- tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. kpd;Gyj;jpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F kpd; tpul;L tpirf;F vjpuhf XuyF NeHkpd;Dl;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. 11110000. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf.. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf.. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf.. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myfpd; tiuaiw jUf. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF Nthy;lNthy;lNthy;lNthy;l; XU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F xU $Yk; NeHkpd;Dl;lj;ij kpd;tpirf; nfjpuhf vLj;Jr; nry;y nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy xU [_y; vdpy; mg;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xU Nthy;lxU Nthy;lxU Nthy;lxU Nthy;l; MFk;. 11111111.... kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.kpd;Gyj;jpy; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW. XuyF NeHkpd;Dl;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf> mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;F rkk;. 11112222.... kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; $l;ly; gz;G vd;why; vd;d?

xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;. 11113333.... rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdrkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdrkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdrkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vd;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d? xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd vdpy;> mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdg;gLk;. rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;Dl;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;.

kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; rkkpd;dOj;j gug;Gf;F n11114444.... kpd;Gy ghakkpd;Gy ghakkpd;Gy ghakkpd;Gy ghak ; tiuaW.; tiuaW.; tiuaW.; tiuaW. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if kpd;Gy ghak; MFk;.

φ = ∫ dsE .

,J xU ];NfyhH msT ,jd; myF 11115555. epiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfo;T. ,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ.16161616.... ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ Vd;?Vd;?Vd;?Vd;?

Vnddpy;> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa kpd;dpwf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. 17171717.... epiykpd;Jz;lyepiykpd;Jz;lyepiykpd;Jz;lyepiykpd;Jz;ly; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;Dl;lj;ij,t;tif Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Dl;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;Jz;ly; vdg;gLk;. 18181818.... flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; vd;gJ> mf;flj;jpf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;Fk;> flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk;cs;s jfT MFk;.

kpd;Njf;F jpwd; c = V

q

myF ghul;.ghul;.ghul;.ghul;. 19191919. 1 ghul; . 1 ghul; . 1 ghul; . 1 ghul; tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;Dl;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; 1 ghul; MFk;. 22220000. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;. kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf. midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUs;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ikf;fh/ vNghidl; 22221111. Kidtw;w %yf;$W . Kidtw;w %yf;$W . Kidtw;w %yf;$W . Kidtw;w %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;> xd;whf nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;. v..fh. O22222222. KidTs;s %yf;$W. KidTs;s %yf;$W. KidTs;s %yf;$W. KidTs;s %yf;$W vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUegpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.

xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.

;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d?;why; vd;d? xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd vdpy;>

mg;gug;G rkkpd;dOj;j gug;G vdg;gLk;. rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;Dl;lj;ij efHj;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;. kpd; Gyf; NfhLfs; rkkpd;dOj;j gug;Gf;F nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if

= Eds Cos θ

,J xU ];NfyhH msT ,jd; myF N m2 C

-1 epiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;whyepiykpd;dpay; jLg;Giw vd;why; vd;d?; vd;d?; vd;d?; vd;d? Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfo;T.

,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ.,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ

> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa

vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;Dl;lj;ij

,t;tif Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Dl;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;Jz;ly;

flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd; tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. xU flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fjpwd; vd;gJ>

mf;flj;jpf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;Fk;> flj;jpapy; cUthFk; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

V

q

flj;jp xd;wpw;F 1 $Yk; kpd;Dl;lk; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;

why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.why; vd;d? v.fh jUf. midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg;

ngw;Ws;s kpd;flj;jhg; nghUs;fs; kpd;fhg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;> vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;

xd;whf nghUe;jp mikfpd;w %yf;$W Kidtw;w %yf;$W vdg;gLk;. O2 , N 2 , H 2

vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUfvd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUe

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s %yf;$W KidTs;s %yf;$W vdg;gLk;.

xU mikg;gpd; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lkhdJ mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J kpd;Dl;lq;fspd;

xU gug;gpDila midj;Jg; Gs;spfSk; rk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; cs;sd vdpy;>

rkkpd;dOj;j gug;gpd; kPJ ve;j ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kpd;Dl;lj;ij efHj;j

nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; kpd;tpirf; NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if

Gw kpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J> ntspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfo;T. ,e;epfo;T flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyk; RopahFk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpwJ. ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ ,b> kpd;dypd; NghJ jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ug;gijtpl NgUe;jpDs; ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ

> NgUe;jpd; cNyhfg; gug;gpDs;> kpd;Gy kjpg;G Ropahtjhy; NgUe;J epiy kpd;dpay; jLg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypd;NghJ NgUe;jpd; Gwg;gug;G topNa

xU kpd;Dl;lj;jpid njhLjy; ,d;wpNa NtnwhU kpd;Dl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. ,t;tif Jz;lg;gl;l kpd;Dl;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;T epiykpd;Jz;ly;

mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; kpd;dOj;j cah;T 1 Nthy;l; vdpy; flj;jpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;

midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; mZf;fUTld; ,Wf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fisg; v.fh.

vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaKk;

Neh;kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikak;> vjph; kpd;Dl;lq;fspd; <h;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J

v.fh N2O, H2O, HCl, NH3,

22223333. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.. kpd; Kidthf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf. Gw kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ epiyahd my;yJ Jz;lg;gl;l ,U Kidfspd; ,UKid jpUg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa xUq;fikg;gLfpd;w epfo;T Kidthf;fy; my;yJ kpd; Kidthf;fy; vdg;gLfpwJ. 22224444. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?. kpd;Njf;fpapd; gad;fs; ahit?

jhdpaq;F ve;jpuq;fspy; vhpnghUs; vhpA+l;Lk; mikg;gpy; jPg;nghwp Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

kpd;jpwd; mDg;gPl;by; mjd; gaDW jpwid mjpfhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. kpd;fhe;j miyfis Njhw;Wtpf;fTk;> NubNah Rw;Wfis xj;jpirT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

22225555. $h;Kid nray;ghL. $h;Kid nray;ghL. $h;Kid nray;ghL. $h;Kid nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? kpd;Dl;lk; ngw;w flj;jpapd; $h;KidfspypUe;J kpd;Dl;lk; frpfpd;w epfo;T $h;Kidfspd; nray;ghL my;yJ xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)myF 2 (kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;;)

26262626. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf;fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?

jhkpuj;jpd; kpd;jilvz; FiwT. Mdhy; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; njhlu;e;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jNtz;bAs;sJ. jhkpuf;fk;gp vdpy; ntg;gepiy cau;thy; kpd;jil Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT cau;e;J tpLk;. / jhkpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ;

22227777.... Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.Xk; tpjpiaf; $W.Xk; tpjpiaf; $W. khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; flj;jpapd; ,UKidfSf;fpilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;;j NtWghl;bw;F Neu;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ I

α V my;yJ V = I R

28282828.... jd;jd;jd;jd; kpd;jil vz;kpd;jil vz;kpd;jil vz;kpd;jil vz; tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpnahd;W kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; vdg;gLk;. jd;kpd;jil vz; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs; flj;jpfs;> fhg;ghd;fs;> Fiwflj;jpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; myF Xk; - kP

29292929. kPf;flj;J jpwd. kPf;flj;J jpwd. kPf;flj;J jpwd. kPf;flj;J jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; nghUspd; jd;ik kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; vdg;gLk;

30. kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf.kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf.kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf.kp;d;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d myif jUf. xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlu;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;Dl;lk; ,aq;Fk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa> XuyF fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpd; msthFk;. ,jd; myF Am

-2

33331111.... ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW.ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW.ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW.ngau;T ntg;gepiy tiuaW. rhjhuz flj;jpfs; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fs; kpd;jilia jPBnud ,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngau;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ khWepiy ntg;gepiy Tc vdg;gLk;. ghjurj;jpd; ngau;T ntg;gepiy 4.2 K

32. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fskPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fskPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fskPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs; ahit?; ahit?; ahit?; ahit?

(1) kpd; mDg;Gk; fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; (2) fzpdpfspy; epidT my;yJ Nrkpf;Fk; mbg;gil $Wfshf gad;gLfpd;wd. (3) kPf;flj;Jj; jpwd; nfhz;l fhe;jq;fs; cjtpAld;> kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wypy; ,uapy;

tz;bia mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 33333333.... kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. 1˚C ntg;gepiy cau;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 0˚C apYs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;.

33334444.... kpd;jpwdkpd;jpwdkpd;jpwdkpd;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;jpwdhFk;. kpd;jpwd; = Ntiy / fhyk; kpd;jpwd; = V I

35353535.... kpd;dhw;wykpd;dhw;wykpd;dhw;wykpd;dhw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahFk;. ,jd; myF I_y; MFk;. eilKiwapy; fpNyh thl; kzp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ. 1 fpNyh thl; kzp = 1000 x 3600 J = 36 x 10

5 J

36363636. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf. kpd;dpaf;F tpir> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gpLf

kpd;dpaf;F tpirkpd;dpaf;F tpirkpd;dpaf;F tpirkpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghLkpd;dOj;j NtWghLkpd;dOj;j NtWghLkpd;dOj;j NtWghL

jpwe;j Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

%ba Rw;wpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

kpd;jilia rhu;e;jJ my;y kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

37373737.... kpd; Ntjpa vzkpd; Ntjpa vzkpd; Ntjpa vzkpd; Ntjpa vz; tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW.tiuaW. kpd;gF jputnkhd;wpd; topNa xU $Yk; kpd;Dl;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz; vdg;gLk;

38383838....; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kKjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kKjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kKjd;ik kpd;fyd; > Jiz kpd;fyd; NtWghL jUf.pd;fyd; NtWghL jUf.pd;fyd; NtWghL jUf.pd;fyd; NtWghL jUf. 39393939. . . . ,Og;,Og;,Og;,Og;Gj; Gj; Gj; Gj; jpirjpirjpirjpir

Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d? Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d? Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d? Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d? ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; MFk;. 40.40.40.40. ,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d?,af;f vz; vd;why; vd;d? xuyF typikf; nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;. 41. Jiz kpd;41. Jiz kpd;41. Jiz kpd;41. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? kpz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;af; $bait mf kpd;jil FiwT. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ngw KbAk;. fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ. 42. 42. 42. 42. jhdpapjhdpapjhdpapjhdpapaaaaq;fpq;fpq;fpq;fpfspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil fspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil fspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil fspy; gad;gLk; kpd;fy mLf;Ffspd; mf kpd;jil Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;? kpd;tha;fSf;F ,ilNa kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjpd; %yk; mfkpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mf kpd;jil Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jiz kpd;fyd;Jiz kpd;fyd;Jiz kpd;fyd;Jiz kpd;fyd;

kPsh Ntjp tpid kPs; Ntjp tpid

kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk;

myF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;GmyF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;GmyF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;GmyF 7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G

kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

44443333. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kPJ γ fjpu;fs;> X fjpu;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fs;> kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;witgLk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T xsp kpd; tpisT vdg;gLk.; 44444444. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW?. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW?. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW?. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;ij tiuaW? xU xsp czu; NfNjhL gug;gpy;> gLk; fjpu;tPr;rpd; mjpu;ntz;izAk;> nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk; 44445555. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW?. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW?. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW?. gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; tiuaW? xU xsp czu; jfl;by; gLk; xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j xU mjpu;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpwNjh> me;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad; njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLfpwJ. 44446666. . . . ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; tiuaW?

xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhid

ntspNaw;;w> gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhDf;Fj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; MFk;

44447777. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd. xsp kpd;fyq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

xspkpd;fyd; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J %d;W

tifg;gLk;.

(1) xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; (2) xsp Nthy;l;lh kpd;fyd; (3) xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyd;.

44448888. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,aq;Fk; gUg;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila miyfs; gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vdg;gLk;. gpshq;f; khwpyp h> gUg;nghUspd; epiw m, jpirNtfk; v, vdpy;

miyePsk; λ = mv

h MFk;.

44449999. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW?. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW?. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW?. Fwpg;ghak; tiuaW? ,U gupkhz my;yJ Kg;gupkhz ntspapy; Jfnshd;wpd; epiyia tiuaWf;Fk; Maj;njhiy mr;Rfspd; njhFg;G Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 50505050. xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? . xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? . xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? . xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw ahJ? cd; Kbtpw;F tpsf;fk; jUf. nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 vdTk;> V jpirNtj;jpy; epiw mvdTk;C xspapd; jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

2

2

0

1C

V

mm

−

= MFk;. ,q;F V = C vdpy; m <wpyh kjpg;igg; ngWk;. ,J

rhj;jpaky;y. vdNt ve;j xU nghUisAk; xspapd; jpirNtj;jpw;F rkkhfNth> mjw;F NkNyh KLf;Ftpg;gJ ,ayhj xd;W.

55551111. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf.. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf.. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf.. rpwg;G rhu;gpay; nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf. (1) ,aw;gpay; tpjpfs;> midj;J epiykf; Fwpg;ghaq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf mikAk; (2) midj;Jf; Fwpg;ghaq;fspYk; ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; khwpypahFk; 55552222. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs. epiyk my;yJ KLf;fg;glhj Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d?; vd;why; vd;d? Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; epa+l;ldpd; epiyk tpjp kw;Wk; ve;jputpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;gLkhdhy;> mJ epiykf; Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. 55553333. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. epiykk; mw;w my;yJ KLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;ghaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

ntspg;Gw tpir nray;glhjNghjpYk; nghUs; KLf;fkile;jhy;> mJ epiykk; mw;w Fwpg;ghak; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F epa+l;ld; tpjpfs; nghUe;Jtjp;y;iy.

myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;myF 8 mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;

55554444.... INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd mZ vz;izAk;> NtWg;gl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu

jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) 1H1

1H2

1H3 ,it epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifapy;

NtWgLk;. xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 55555555. INrhghh;fs;. INrhghh;fs;. INrhghh;fs;. INrhghh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d? rkkhd epiw vz;izAk; NtWg;gl;l mZ vz;izAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW

jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;. v.fh 8O16

, 7N16

, ,it ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk;.

56. INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?INrhNlhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fis nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; MFk;.

v.fh 6C14

, 8O16

57575757. mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? . mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? . mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? . mZepiw myF vd;why; vd;d? fhh;ghd; 6C

12 mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpw;F rkk; rhjhuz epiw myfpy; 1 amu

= 1.66 x 10-27

kg

epiw-Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> 1 amu – f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; = 931 MeV

55558888. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d?. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d?. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d?. epiw tO vd;why; vd;d? mZf;fUtpd; cz;ik epiw m. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Jfs;fspd; epiwia fhl;bYk; FiwT.

,e;j epiw NtWghL epiw tO vdg;gLfpwJ.mjhtJ Zmp + N mn - m = m (epiw tO) mp – xU GNuhl;lhdpd; epiw> mn – xU epA+l;uhdpd; epiw.

59595959. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?. gpizg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? epiw tO (m) f;F rkkhd Mw;wy; mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;

vdg;gLfpwJ. gpizg;G Mw;wy; (BE) =m.C2 mZf;fUj; JfSf;fhd gpizg;G Mw;wy;

= BE/A

60. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mZ vz; 82-I tpl mjpfkhd mZ vz; nfhz;l fdkhd jdpkq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf α> β> γ Nghd;w fjph;fis ntspapLk; epfo;T fjphpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 66661111. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; taJ fzpg;G vd;why; vd;d?

C14 fjphpaf;fKilaJ. ,jd; miu MAl; fhyk; 5570 Mz;Lfs; caphpdq;fs;

,wg;G Vw;gLk; NghJ C14 vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ epWj;jg;gl;L C

14 rpijtila njhlq;FfpwJ.

,we;j nghUspy; cs;s C14 msit fz;lwpe;Jk;> rpijT tPjj;ij fz;lwpe;Jk; mJ

,we;j fhyj;ij> mjhtJ mjd; taij fzf;fplyhk;. 66662222. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk. nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?

nraw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;nwhU jdpkkhf khw;Wjy; nraw;if jdpk khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. 66663333. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?. khWepiy gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?

khWepiy gUkdkhWepiy gUkdkhWepiy gUkdkhWepiy gUkd;: xt;nthU gpsitf;F gpwFk; Fiwe;jJ xU epA+l;uhdhtJ mLj;j gpsitia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; gpsitg;nghUspd; gUkd; khWepiyg; gUkd; vdg;gLk;. 66664444. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw. mZf;fU ciyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; ahit?;Wk; gad;fs; ahit?;Wk; gad;fs; ahit?;Wk; gad;fs; ahit? 1. Muha;r;rp ciyfsMuha;r;rp ciyfsMuha;r;rp ciyfsMuha;r;rp ciyfs;: Muha;r;rpf;F Njitahd epA+l;uhd;fisAk;> fjphpaf;f

INrhNlhg;GfisAk; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. 2. cw;gj;jp ciyfscw;gj;jp ciyfscw;gj;jp ciyfscw;gj;jp ciyfs;: gpsitf;F cl;glhj> mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis (U238

) gpsitf;F cl;gLk; (Pu

239) nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd.

3. jpwd; ciyfsjpwd; ciyfsjpwd; ciyfsjpwd; ciyfs;: mZf;fU gpsitapdhy; cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.

66665555. . . . mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW.mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW.mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW.mZf;fU ,izT tiuaW. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J xU fdkhd mZf;fU cUthFk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izT vdg;gLk;. mZf;fU ,iztpd; NghJ Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk;. 66666666. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf.. i`l;u[d; Fz;L gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf. mZf;fU ,izTj; jj;Jtk; i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

mZf;fU ,iztpw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiyia mZf;fU gpsT%yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp ntg;gepiy) i`l;u[d; Fz;by; cUthFk; mZf;fU tpid 1H

3 + 1 H

2→ 2He

4+ 0n

1+Mw;wy;.

66667777. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: ---- fhkhf; fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l fh];kh]; vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Gtpia milAk; fjph;tPr;Rfs; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;.

66668888. Kjd;ik fh];kp. Kjd;ik fh];kp. Kjd;ik fh];kp. Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fsKjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fsKjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fsKjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg;glyj;jpDs; EioAk; fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; 90% GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 9% Pypak;> kw;Wk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fSk; cs;sd. ,jd; Mw;wy; 108 MeV.

69696969. Jiz fh];kp. Jiz fh];kp. Jiz fh];kp. Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?f; fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;:Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;:Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;:Jiz fh];kpf; fjph;fs;: Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s thAf;fSld; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs; tpid Guptjhy; Jiz fh];kpf; fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jpy; α Jfs;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs;> kPrhd;fs;> /Nghl;lhd;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; fye;J ,Uf;Fk;.

70.70.70.70. fpa+hp fpa+hp fpa+hp fpa+hp tiuatiuatiuatiuaWWWW? xU tpdhb fhyj;jpy; 3.7 X 10

10 rpijTfis jUk; fjphpaf;f jdpkj;jp;d; msT 1 fpA+hp vdg;gLk;. ,J xU fpuhk; Nubaj;jpd; fjphpaf;f nray;ghl;bw;F rkk;. 71.71.71.71. uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW?uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW?uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW?uhz;l;Id;; tiuaW? xU fpuhk; fhw;wpy; 1.6 X 10

12 Nrhb madpfis cUthf;Fk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd; msT xU uhz;l;Id;; vdg;gLk;. 72.72.72.72. Nrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vNrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vNrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vNrhb cUthjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d?d;why; vd;d?d;why; vd;d?d;why; vd;d? Nghl;lhd; xd;W mZf;fUit Rw;wpAs;s typikahd kpd;Gyj;Jld; Nrh;e;J vyf;l;uhd; > ghrpl;uhd; cUthFk; epfo;T Nrhb cUthjy; vdg;gLk;. Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhd; ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J Nghl;lhd; cUthFk; epfo;T gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vdg;gLk;.

myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay;myF 9 vyf;l;uhdpay; 77773333/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?/ jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? khWjpir kpd;dGj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;;ndhl;lj;ij neh;jpir kpd;dGj;jk;

my;yJ neh;jpif kpd;ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfH;t[. #jpUj;Jjy;# vdt[k;. ,e;epfH;t[f;F gad;gLk; rhjdk; jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk;/

77774444/ xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? / xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? / xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? / xU ouhd;rp*;lh;. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d? ouhd;rp*;lh; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa bray;ghL mjd; bgUf;fk; MFk;/ typik Fiwe;j iriffspd; tPr;rpid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; xU Rw;wikg;g[ bgUf;fp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/ nkYk; ouhd;rp*;lh; Fiwe;j btspaPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. mjpf cs;sPL kpd;bdjpqg;g[. kpd;ndhl;lg; bgUf;fk;. kpd;dGj;jg; bgUf;fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt xU ouhd;rp*;lh; kpd;ndhl;l bgUf;ff; fUtp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

77775555//// bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d?bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d?bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d?bgUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; vd;why; vd;d? gl;il mfyk; vd;gJ. jhH;t[ btl;L kw;Wk; cah;t[ btl;L mjph;btz;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l mjph;btz; ,ilbtsp vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/

\ BW = fH - fL

77776666//// bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; gypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; gypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; gypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s yh$pf; glj;jpd; gypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf/

gypad; my;$Pg;uhitg; gad;gLj;j

ABY1 =

CDY2 =

CDABY +=

)DC.(AB += 77777777//// bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?bghJnfl; vd;why; vd;d? Vd; mt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

NAND kw;Wk; NOR nfl;Lfs; bghJ nfhl;Lfs; vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;. ,it kw;w mog;gil yh$pf; bray;ghLfis bra;af;Toait/

NAND kw;Wk; OR nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp mog;gil yh$pf; bfl;Lfs; Md NOT,

OR kw;Wk; AND mikf;fg;gLtij mwpayhk;/ 77778888//// oooo----khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~khh;fd; njw;w';fis TWf~ Kjy; njw;wk;~Kjy; njw;wk;~Kjy; njw;wk;~Kjy; njw;wk;~ TLjypd; epug;gp. epug;gpfspd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;Fr; rkkhf mika[k; A kw;Wk; B vd;gd

cs;sPLfs; vdpy;. B.ABA =+ ,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/,uz;lhk; njw;wk;/

bgUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ epug;gpfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;/ A kw;Wk; B vd;gJ

cs;sPLfs; vdpy; BAB.A +=

77779999//// bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vd;gJ (IC) xU rpyf;fhd; gofbkd;glyj;jpy; kPJ bray;jpwd; kw;Wk;

bray;jpwdw;w cWg;g[fisa[k; mtw;wpd; ,izg;g[fisa[k; bfhz;ljhFk;/ 80808080//// xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; khaj;jiu vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff/ xU bray;ghl;L bgUf;fpapy; g[ul;Lk; kw;Wk; g[ul;lyw;w cs;sPLf;F ,ilna

kpd;dGj;jk; RHp nthy;l;Lf;Fr; (ov) rkkhf ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ/ vdnt g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL Kida[k; O nthy;l;lhf mika[k;/ ,f;fhuzj;jhy; g[ul;Lk; cs;sPL khaj;jiu mile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

81818181//// bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/bray;ghl;Lf; bgUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;g[fisf; TWf/ OP – AMP d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;g[fshtd (i) cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpf mjpfk; my;yJ Kotpypahff; Tl mika[k;/ (ii) bgUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (Gain) (iii) btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpff; Fiwt[ my;yJ RHp 88882222//// ,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?,izjpwd; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il my;yJ cah; Mw;wy;

bgw;Ws;s gl;il. ,izjpwd; gl;il vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,izjpwd; gl;il gFjpahfnth my;yJ KGikahfnth epug;gg;goUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xU nghJk; fhypahf ,uhJ/

88883333//// flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d?flj;Jg; gl;il vd;why; vd;d? fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s gl;il flj;Jg; gl;il vdg;gLfpwJ/ 88884444//// tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d?tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d?tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d?tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vd;why; vd;d? ,izjpwd; gl;ilf;Fk;. flj;Jg;gl;ilf;Fk; ,ilnaahd ,ilbtsp tpyf;fg;gl;l

Mw;wy; ,ilbtsp vdg;gLk;/ Ge = 0.7ev Si = 1.1 ev 85858585//// cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? xU Ja. khrw;w. Fiwf;flj;jp cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jp vdg;gLk;/ cs;shh;e;j

Fiwf;flj;jpapy;. fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if rkkhFk;/ 88886666//// khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?khNl;ly; vd;why; vd;d? cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khRr; nrh;f;if epfH;t[ khNl;ly;

vdg;gLk;/ 88887777//// khNkhNkhNkhNl;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?l;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?l;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?l;lg;gl;l (my;yJ) g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

khR mZf;fisg; bgw;Ws;s Fiwf;flj;jp. Ja;ikaw;w my;yJ khNl;lg;gl;l my;yJ g[wtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;/

88888888//// P----tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? |d;W ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpW mstpyhd khrpid Ja Fiwf;flj;jpg; gofj;Jld;

nrh;g;gjhy; fpilf;fg;bgWk; gofk; P-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 88889999//// ----tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d?tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;why; vd;d? Mh;rdpf; nghd;w Ie;J ,izjpwd; bfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd khrid Ja

b$h;khdpa Fiwf;flj;jp gofj;Jld; nrh;f;f. fpilf;fg; bgWk; gofk; N-tif Fiwf;flj;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

99990000//// miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?miyaw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? miyapaw;wp vd;gJ d-c |yj;jpypUe;J Mw;wiyg;bgw;W Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; khWfpd;w

btspaPlhf khw;Wk; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; Rw;whFk;/ btspaPL kpd;dGj;jj;ijg; bghUj;J miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; tot miyapaw;wpfs;. ird; totkw;w miyapaw;wpfs; vd ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;/

99991111//// bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?bjhFg;g[r; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit? bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wf;F fPH;fz;l ew;gad;fs; cz;L/

(i) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;g[ (ii) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk;/ (iii) ek;gfj; jd;ik (iv) kypthd tpiy (v) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil (vi) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp Mfpait MFk;/

99992222//// ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp ilnahLfis gad;gLj;jp OR nfl;il tiuf/nfl;il tiuf/nfl;il tiuf/nfl;il tiuf/

99993333//// Ex - OR nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf/

cs;sPL btspaPL Y = A⊕B A B

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

99994444//// RUf;Ff RUf;Ff RUf;Ff RUf;Ff A (A+B)

A (A+B) = A.A + A.B

= A + A.B

= A (1+B)

= A .1

= A

99995555//// C RO tpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpLtpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpLtpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpLtpd; gad;ghL |d;wpid Fwpg;gpL 1/ AC, kw;Wk; DC kpd;dGj;j';fis mstpl

2/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; miytotj;jpid bgw 3/ AC kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; mjh;btz;id mstpl 99996666//// glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L miy tot';fs; OR nfl;odnfl;odnfl;odnfl;od; ; ; ; cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/ cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/ cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/ cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gl;lhy; btspaPl;od; miy totk; jUf/

tpil~

99997777//// BCAY += vd;w gypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid vd;w gypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid vd;w gypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid vd;w gypad; rkd;ghl;ow;fhd yh$pf; Rw;wpid and

nfl;il nfl;il nfl;il nfl;il I kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/ kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/ kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/ kl;Lk; bfhz;Lk; tiuf/

99998888//// gpd;Dl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? gpd;Dl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? gpd;Dl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? gpd;Dl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; btspapl;oUe;J xU gpd;dgFjpia vLj;J kPz;Lk; cs;sPl;ow;F mspg;gJ

gpd;Dl;lk; vdg;gLk;/ tiffs; 1/ neh;Fwp gpd;Dl;lk; 2/ vjph; Fwp gpd;Dl;lk; 99999999//// vjph; gpd;Dl;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/vjph; gpd;Dl;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/vjph; gpd;Dl;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/vjph; gpd;Dl;lj;jpd; ew;gad;fs; |d;wpid TWf/ 1/ cah;thd epiy epWj;jg;gl;l bgUf;fk; 2/ ,iur;ry; Fiwg;g[ 3/ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l gl;il mfyk; 101010100000//// miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit?miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit?miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit?miyt[ xd;wpw;fhd gh;bfsrd; epge;jidfs; ahit? bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk; bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk; bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk; bgUf;fpapd; bgUf;fk;

A

AA f

β−=

1

epge;jidfs; epge;jidfs; epge;jidfs; epge;jidfs; 1/ βA = 1 2/ gpd;ndhl;l tiyiar; Rw;wp bkhj;j fl;lbgah;r;rp O° my;yJ 2π d; KG kl';FfshFk; 101010101111/ ou/ ou/ ou/ ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?hd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?hd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?hd;*p*;lh; rhh;g[ mspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU ouhd;*p*;lhpd; bray;ghl;L g[s;spia rhpahf njh;e;bjLg;gJk; kw;Wk; irif mDg;gg;gLk; nghJ. rhpahd ckpH;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;ij epiy epWj;JtJk;. ouhd;*p*;lh; rhh;gspj;jy; vdg;gLk;/

101010102222/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;/ ouhd;*p*;lhpd; btspaPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d?g;g[ vd;why; vd;d?g;g[ vd;why; vd;d?g;g[ vd;why; vd;d? khwhj motha;; kpd;ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghd; - ckpH;g;ghs; kpd;dGj;j khWghl;ow;Fk;. mjw;fhd Vw;ghd; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ btspaPL kpd;djph;g;g[ MFk;/

101010103333/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d?/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d?/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d?/ brdh; Kwpt[epiy vd;why; vd;d? PN re;jpapd; ,Ug[wKk; mjpf mstpy; khNl;lg;gLtjhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; ,ilbtsp FWfpajhfpwJ/ ,J nghd;w FWfyhd bky;ypa re;jpapy; brdh; Kwpt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ mjhtJ Fiwthd jpUg;g[ rhh;g[ toq;fg;gLk; NghJ typikahd kpd;Gyk; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf cUthFk;. jpUg;G rhh;G kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUkkhFk;.

101010104444/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd/ bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW?; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW?; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW?; Rw;wpy; xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gij tiuaW? xU ouhd;rp*;lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ vd;gJ bfhLf;fg;gl;l VCEf;F motha; ckpH;g;ghd; kpd;dGj;jj;jpd; rpwpa khw;wj;jpw;Fk;. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; motha; kpd;ndhl;l khWghl;ow;Fk; cs;s jft[ vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/ cs;sPL kpd; vjph;g;g[ ri =

CEVB

BE

I

V

∆∆

101010105555/ neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W / neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W / neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W / neh;nghf;Fj; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W kw;Wk; ,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W ntWgLj;Jf?ntWgLj;Jf?ntWgLj;Jf?ntWgLj;Jf?

1) bjhlh;kpd; iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs; neh;nghf;F bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 2) ,yf;f iriffisr; bray;gLj;Jk; bjhFg;g[r; Rw;Wfs;

,yf;f bjhFg;g[r; Rw;W vdg;gLk;/ 101010106666/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (/ gy;gad; kPl;lh; (multimeter) vd;why; vd;d?) vd;why; vd;d?) vd;why; vd;d?) vd;why; vd;d? gy;gad; kPl;lh; ,J kpd;dGj;jk;. kpd;ndhl;lk;. kpd;jil

nghd;wtw;iw msf;f cjt[k; xU vyf;l;uhdpay; fUtpahFk;/ ,ij AVO kPl;lh; (ampere, voltage, ohm) vd;Wk; Twyhk;/

101010107777//// ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. ouhd;rp*;lhpd; bgUf;Fk; bry;ghl;oy;. CB mikg;ig tpl mikg;ig tpl mikg;ig tpl mikg;ig tpl CE mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;? mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;? mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;? mikg;ig mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;?

CE kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;sPL kpd;bdjph;g;g[ kpd;ndhl;lg;bgUf;fk; kw;Wk; kpd; Mw;wy; bgUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sd/ ,jd; fhuzkhf kw;w ,uz;L Rw;Wfis tplkpf mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/

101010108888//// AD nfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUfnfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUfnfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUfnfl;od; cz;ik ml;ltiz jUf Y= A .B

A B Y

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1

101010109999//// OR nfl;Lfis bfhz;L nfl;Lfis bfhz;L nfl;Lfis bfhz;L nfl;Lfis bfhz;L AD nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/nfl;od; mikg;ig bgUf/

(A+B) 110/(A+C) =

A+BC vdf; TWf?

(A+B) (A+C) = A.A+AC+AB+BC

= A+AC + AB +BC

= A (1+C) + AB + BC

= A .1 + AB + BC

= A+AB +BC

= A (1+B) + BC

= A . 1 + BC

= A+BC 111111111111//// gypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/ gypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/ gypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/ gypad; my;$Pg;uhtpd; mog;gil tpjpfis TWf/

ghpkhw;W tpjpghpkhw;W tpjpghpkhw;W tpjpghpkhw;W tpjp A+B = B+A

AB = BA nrq;g;g[ tpjpnrq;g;g[ tpjpnrq;g;g[ tpjpnrq;g;g[ tpjp A+(B+C) = (A+B) +C

A(BC) = (AB) C g';fPl;L tpjp g';fPl;L tpjp g';fPl;L tpjp g';fPl;L tpjp A(B+C) = AB+AC

111111112222/ xU fl;l / xU fl;l / xU fl;l / xU fl;l CE bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/bgUf;fpapd; mjph;btz; czh;jpwd; tiu nfhl;oid tiuf/

113113113113. xsp ckp;o; ilNahL xsp ckp;o; ilNahL xsp ckp;o; ilNahL xsp ckp;o; ilNahL ( LED ) vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?vd;why; vd;d?

Mw;wy; Cl;lg;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ckpo;fpd;w Kd;Ndhf;F rhh;gpy;

mike;j PN re;jp ilNahL MFk;. 114. gd;Ngw;w vz; 114. gd;Ngw;w vz; 114. gd;Ngw;w vz; 114. gd;Ngw;w vz; ---- tiuaW?tiuaW?tiuaW?tiuaW? gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;> gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT miyg; gz;Ngw;w vz; vdg;gLk;.

m = ∆Ec / Ec

115. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ?jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ?jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ?jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d ? thd; miy guTjypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu cs;s rpWk njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfsrpy Kf;fpa tpjpfsrpy Kf;fpa tpjpfsrpy Kf;fpa tpjpfs;;;;

1.1.1.1. kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W?kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W?kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W?kpd;fhe;j Jhz;ly; gw;wpa ghuNl tpjpfis $W? Kjy; tpjp Kjy; tpjp Kjy; tpjp Kjy; tpjp xU %ba Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpy; kpd; ,af;F tpir Jhz;lg;gLk;. fhe;j ghak; khWgLk; tiuapy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd; ,af;F tpirAk; ePbf;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp,uz;lhk; tpjp,uz;lhk; tpjp,uz;lhk; tpjp xU %ba Rw;wp;y Jhz;lg;gLk; kpd; ,af;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G mr; Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.

2.2.2.2. nyd;R nyd;R nyd;R nyd;R tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W?tpjpiaf; $W? xU Rw;wpy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirahdJ mjidf; Jhz;l fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;j gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;.

3.3.3.3. gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp)gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp)gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp)gpskp;q; tyf;if tpjpiaf; $W? ( kpd;dpaw;wp tpjp) tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eL tpuy;> fl;il tpuy; %d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itf;Fk; NghJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; fhe;j Gyj;jpiriaAk;> fl;il tpuy; flj;jp efUk; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; eLtpuy; Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria Fwpf;Fk;.

4.4.4.4. Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?Nkh];Ny tpjpiaf; $W?

rpwg;G X fjph; epwkhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; thpapd; mjph;ntz; mjid ckpOk; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F Neh; jftpy; mikAk;.

fzf;Ffs;fzf;Ffs;fzf;Ffs;fzf;Ffs;

1. kpd; tpsf;F Xd;W 240v kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk; mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A

vdpy;;; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jilitf; fzf;fpLf.

Givem v = 240v

I = 0.5A

R = v = 240 = 240 =480 Ω

I 0.5 Y2

R=480Ω

2. 0.C – y; epf;Nuhk; kpd;jil 10Ω mjd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; 0.004C ePupd;

nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.

Given Ro = 10 Ω

∝ = 0.004.C

R100 = ?

Rt = Ro [1+∝ t]

R100 = [1+0.004 x 100]

R100 = 14 Ω

3. 100 W> 220V kpd; gy;G xd;wpd; kpd;dioapd; kpd;jilapidf; fzf;fPLf.

Given P = 100 W

V = 220 V

R = V2=(220)

2 = 484

P 100

R = 484Ω

4. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s Juk; 20.48m. ,J

tlf;F Nehf;fp 40ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtp fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd;

nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5

T> vdpy; ,wf;ifapd;

KidfSf;fpilNa Jz;lg;gLk; kpdpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf

Given B=2X 10-5

T, l=20.48m; V=40m-s-1

e=- = -Blv=-2x10-5

X20.48 X40

e=-0.0164v

5) xU RUspy; ghAk; 4A kpd;Nlhl;lk; 0.5s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf khWk;NghJ kw;nwhU

RUspy; 50mv kpd;dpaf;f tpir Jz;lg;gLfpwJ vdpy; mt;tpU RUs;fSf;FfpilNa

cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;Jz;ly; vz;iz fzf;fpLf

Given I1 = 4A; I2=8A; dt =0.85

e=50x10-3V

m= -e = 50 x 10-3

dI 4

dt 0.5

M= -6.25 x10-3

H

6) jstpisT khdpapy; 60CC, rh;f;fiuf; fiury; 300 mm ePsk; nfhz;l Nrhjidf;

FohapDs; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ Row;wg;gLfpwJ. Row;rp jpwd; vz;.60o vdpy; fiurypy;

cs;s rh;f;fiurapd; msT vd;d?

Given

l = 300 mm = 3 decimeter

Ө = 9o S = 60; V = 60cc

m = ӨV = 9x60 = 3

lxS = 3x 60

7) ,e;Jg;G gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit ,ilntsp d = 2.82 Ao ,g;gbfj;jpidf;

nfhz;L Kjy; thpirapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ngUk miyePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf

Given d = 2.82A ; = 2.84 x 10-10m

n = 1

λ ngUkk; = 2d SINӨ ngUkk; n

λ ngUkk; = 2X2.82 x 10-10

x1

1

λ ngUkk; = 5.64 x 10-10

m

8) 84Po- 218 miu MA+l;fhyk; 3 epkplq;fs; 15 epkplq;fspy; mJ rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL

vd;d?

T ½ =3m; t= 15m

15 epkplq;fspy; 5 miu MA+l;fhyk; cs;sd

u) 15 = 5

3

Kjy; miu MA+l;fhyk; Kbtpy; kPjk; cs;sit = 50%

2-tJ ” = 25%

3-tJ ” = 12.5%

4-tJ ” = 6.25%

5-tJ ” = 3.125%

rpijtile;j tpOf;fhL = 100 – 3.125

= 96.875%

9. Nulhdpd; miu MA+l;fhyk; T ½ = 3.8 ehl;fs; mjd; ruhrhp MA+l;fhyj;ijf;

fzf;fpLf

λ = T ½ = 3.8

0.6931 0.6931

λ = 5.482 ehl;fs;

10. xU ngUf;fpf;F vjph; gpd;Dl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ngUf;f vz;. 50-y;

,Ue;J 25-f;F FiwfpwJ. mjd; gpd;Dl;l jftpidf; fhz;f

Af = A

1+βA

25 = 50

1+βX50

β = 0.02

5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; 1. 1. 1. 1. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l flj;jpiaf; fUJf. x

nray;gLk; E vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk; flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ. kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ. kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; cs;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH jpirapy; F = eE KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it kpd;Gyj;jpw;Fvd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd. fzf;fPL: fzf;fPL: fzf;fPL: fzf;fPL:

,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk;

vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk;

m epiw nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk;

a =

/ V

/ µ =

= 0.02

5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.

kpd;fyj;Jlk; ,izf;fg;gl;l xy vd;w xy; ,Ue;J yI Nehf;fp vd;w rPuhd kpd;Gyk;

flj;jpapy; epWtg;gLfpwJ. kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;lhuhd;fs; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;lhJ. kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jTld; y Kidapy; s;s vyf;uhd;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpH

F = eE vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs; KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ gpd;Ndhf;fpa tpir nraw;gLk;. ,it kpd;Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd jpirapy; vd;w rPuhd ruhrhp ,Og;G jpirNtfj;Jld; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,U Nkhjy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp fhyk; τ vdTk; vyf;l;uhd; ngWk; KLf;fk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy;> ,Og;G jpirNtfk; Vd = aτ

epiw nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk;

eE

a =

m

eE

Vd = τ = µ E

m

eτ µ = µ vd;gJ ,af;f vz; vdg;gLk;.

5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;5 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;

,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp. ,Og;G jpirNtfk; kwWk; ,af;f vz; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.

vd;w tpiria czUk;. ,jdhy; vyf;uhd;fs; KLf;fkile;J> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;> flj;jpapy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfSlDk; NkhjYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjypd; tpisthf vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ

vjpuhd jpirapy; Vd

vdTk; vyf;l;uhd; ngWk; KLf;fk; a

m

,af;f vz; vd;gJ XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;G jpirNtfk;

vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF m2 V

-1 S

-1

2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpidj; jUtpf;fTk;.

L ePsKk;> A nFWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l xy vd;w flj;jpiaf; fUJf. mjd;

KidfSf;fpilNa E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. flj;jpapd; XuyF

gUkdpy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; Vd vd;w epiyahd ,Og;G jpitNtfj;Jld;

,lg;gf;fkhf ,aq;Fk;.

flj;jpapy; cs;s fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = nAL

vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dl;lk; = e

flj;jp topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;Dl;lk; q = (nAL) e

L

kpd;Dl;lq;fs; flj;jpapd; topNa nry;y MFk; fhyk; t =

Vd

q (nAL) e

flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = =

t L / Vd

I = n A e Vd

flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhllk;> ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.

rkd;ghL (1)y; ,Ue;J A

I = n e V

J = n eVd ( /

3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.jUtp.jUtp.jUtp.

kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; njhFgad; kpd;jilapid Xk; tpjp nfhz;LR1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd. ,jdhy; xt;nthU kpd;jilapd; topahfTk; xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;;lk; KidfSf;fpilNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NV1,V2,V3,V4 vdpy; V = V1 + V2

Rs vd;gJ njhlhpizg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;jil vdpy; IRS = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

MfNt njhluhf ,izf;fl;Ls;s gy kpd;jilahf;fkpd;jil> jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;. 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtp.jUtp.jUtp.jUtp.

R1, R2, R3, R4 kpd;jilfs; tpir %yj;Jld; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd. xt;nthU kd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghLk; Vf;F rkk;. njhFg;gpid milAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; KiwNa I1, I2, I3, I4 vd gphpe;J nry;Yk;.

Xk; tpjpg;gb I1 = 2

21 R

VI,

R

V=

I = I1

V V

= RP

,q;F Rp vd;gJ gf;f ,izg;gpy; njhFgad; kpd;jilahFk;. 1 1 1 1

flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhllk;> ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.

= n e Vd

/ J = A

I kpd;Ndhl;l mlHj;jp)

3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj;

kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; njhFgad; kpd;jilapid Xk; tpjp nfhz;L

kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd. ,jdhy; xt;nthU kpd;jilapd; topahfTk; xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;;lk; I ghAk;. njhFg;gpd; KidfSf;fpilNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = V xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j N

+ V3 + V4, V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3, V4

vd;gJ njhlhpizg;gpd; njhFgad; kpd;jil vdpy;

3 + IR4 / RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 MfNt njhluhf ,izf;fl;Ls;s gy kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;F njhFgad;

kpd;jil> jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; $LjYf;Fr;

4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; 4. gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgaDf;fhd Nfhitiaj;

kpd;jilfs; V Nthy;l; kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yj;Jld; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd. xt;nthU

FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j f;F rkk;. njhFg;gpid milAk;

vd gphpe;J nry;Yk;.

44

33

2 R

VI,

R

VI,

V==

1 + I2 + I3 + I4

V V V V V

= + + +

R1 R2 R3 R4

vd;gJ gf;f ,izg;gpy; njhFgad; kpd;jilahFk;. 1 1 1 1 1

flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhllk;> ,Og;G jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.

3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj; 3. njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghDf;fhd Nfhitiaj;

kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; njhFgad; kpd;jilapid Xk; tpjp nfhz;L fhzyhk;. kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd. ,jdhy; xt;nthU

ghAk;. njhFg;gpd; Xk; tpjpg;gb>

xt;nthU kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

4 = IR4

pfSf;F njhFgad;

vdNt> = + + +

Rp R1 R2 R3 R4 gy kpd; jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPopfspd; $LjyhdJ njhFgad; kpd;jilapd; jiyfPopf;Fr; rkk;.

5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;. mfkpd;jil: mfkpd;jil: mfkpd;jil: mfkpd;jil: kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;.

Nthy;l; kPl;Nthy;l; kPl;Nthy;l; kPl;Nthy;l; kPl;lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil fhzy;:fhzy;:fhzy;:fhzy;: glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp kpd;dpaf;F tpir Etpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; kpd;Rw;ijpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;.R vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp %lg;gLk;. R f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk;

V = IR .................. (1)

kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir V = E-lr (m) lr = E

(2) I (1)y; tFf;f r

E,V kw;Wk; R kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil

6. 6. 6. 6. fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf Kjy; tpjp:Kjy; tpjp:Kjy; tpjp:Kjy; tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk; re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;LjRopahFk;. kuG:kuG:kuG:kuG: re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;. ,uz;lhk; tpjp: ,uz;lhk; tpjp: ,uz;lhk; tpjp: ,uz;lhk; tpjp: xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;.kuG:kuG:kuG:kuG: kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;.

7. tPltPltPltPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:

5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.kpd;fyj;jpDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nry;Yk; epfo;tpy; kpd;fyj;jpDs; cs;s kpd;gF jputk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F xU kpd;jiliaj; jUfpwJ. ,J kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil vdg;gLk;.

lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil lH nfhz;L kpd;fyj;jpd;mfkpd;jil

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rhtp K jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd;

E mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; kpd;Rw;ijpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;. vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp

f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F rkk; (V)

V = IR .................. (1)

kpd;fyj;jpd; mfkpd;jil r fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk; msthdJ kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir EI tpl Fiwthf mikAk;.

) lr = E-V ................. (2)

RV

VEr

−=

kjpg;Gfs; njhptjhy; mfkpd;jil r kjpg;G fzf;fplyhk;.

fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf fpHr;r/gpd;dpd; tpjpfisf; $Wf xU kpd;Rw;wpy;> ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk;

re;jpf;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif

re;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHf;FwpapidAk; re;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntspapy; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjpHf;FwpapidAk; ngWk;.

xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;i;wg; ngUf;fp ; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s

kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rkk;. kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis NeHFwp

cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis vjpHFwp cilajhfTk; fUJNthk;. ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd ;];ld; rkdr; Rw;W xd;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd

epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.epge;jidfiy jUtpf;fTk;.

5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.5. mfkpd;jil vd;why; vd;d? mjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk;.

jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> kpd;fyj;jpd; mstplg;gLk;. caHkpd;jilAila Nthy;l; kPl;lH

tpyf;fkila kpff;Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; kpd;Rw;iw jpwe;j Rw;whfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt Nthy;l; kPl;lH mstPL kpd;fyj;jpd;

vd;w rpwpa kjpg;Gila kpd;jil ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L rhtp K

f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf

fhuzkhf> Nthy;l; kPl;lH fhl;Lk; msthdJ V,

kjpg;G fzf;fplyhk;.

; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s

kpd;Rw;W tiyfspy; tyQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis NeHFwp cilajhfTk;> ,lQ;Ropahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis vjpHFwp

fphpr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mBg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ

mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G: P, Q, R, S vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

kpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. B, Df;F ,ilNa cs;sJ.

G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I1, I2, I3, I4, Ig vd;W gphpfpwJ.tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;: fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb re;jp Bapy;> I1 –

re;jp Dapy> I2 +I

fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb I1P + I

mNj tpjpia ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ. I1P + I

fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; (xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;.

I1 = I

I2 = I

I1P=Irkd;ghL (5) (6) (7)d; kjpg;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl

I1P + I

I1(P+Q) = Irkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f

I1(P+Q) I

P

,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;. P, Q, R d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; 8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;8. kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;: tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. mikg;G :mikg;G :mikg;G :mikg;G :

vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. kpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fyk; A,C Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa

f;F ,ilNa G kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH

kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;W gphpfpwJ.

fphpr;r/gpd; Kjy; kpd;Ndhl;l tpjpg;gb – Ig – I3 = 0 -----------(1)

+Ig – I4 = 0 -----------(2)

fpHr;r/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpg;gb ABDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j P + IgG - I2R = 0 -----------(3)

vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLfpwJ. P + I3Q - I4S - I2R = 0 -----------(4)

hy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; (Ig = 0 ) fhl;Lk;NghJ B kw;Wk; xNu kpd;dOj;jjpy; mikAk;. Ig =0 vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl

= I3 -----------(5)

= I4 -----------(6)

P=I2R ------------(7) g;Gfis rkd;ghL (4)y; gpujpapl

P + I1Q - I2S - I2R = 0

(P+Q) = I2 (R+S) -----------(8) rkd;ghL (8)I rkd;ghL (7)My; tFf;f

(P+Q) I2 (R+S)

=

I1P I2R

P

Q+ =

R

SR + 1+

P

Q = 1+

R

S

P

Q =

R

S

Q

P =

S

R

,JNt rkdr; Rw;W rkepiyapy; miktjw;fhd epge;jid MFk;. d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpe;jhy; S d; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplyhk;.

W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk; W je;Jtk; kw;Wk; mikg;G ,tw;iw tpthpf;fTk;

tPl;];ld; rkdr; Rw;wpd; nray;Kiw tbtNk kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;whFk;. ,J fpHr;r/g; tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;

vd;w kpd;jilfs; xU %ba rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd. E Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa

kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH

kpd;jil nfhz;l fhy;tdh kPl;lH cs;sJ. Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I,

vd;w %ba ghijf;F gad;gLj;j

kw;Wk; D Gs;spfs; vd rkd;ghLfs; (1) (2) (3) y; gpujpapl

kpd;jil Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f %d;W jbj;j jhkpug; gl;ilfs; kug;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W jhkpug; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilapy; G1, G2 vd;w ,U ,ilntspfs; cs;sd. xU kPl;lH ePsKk;> rPuhd jbkDk; nfhz;l khq;fdpd; fk;gp AC msTNfhYf;F ,izahf kug;gyifapd; kPJ ,Oj;Jg;

nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpapd; kjpg;G njhpahj P vd;w kpd;jil G ,ilntspapYk;> Q vd;w gbj;ju kpd;jil G2 ,ilntspapYk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J vd;w cNyhfj; njhLNfhyhdJ fhy;tdh kPl;lH (G) kw;Wk; caH kpd;jil (HR) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. AC fk;gpapd; KidfSf;F FWf;Nf nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; rhtp

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;:

kPl;lH rkdr; Rw;W fk;gpapd; kPJ njhLNfhiy efHj;jp fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;sp J fk;gpapd; AJ kw;Wk; JC gFjpfs; tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; R>S vd;w kpd;jilfSf;F gjpyhf mikfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ

P R r.AJ

= =

Q S r.JC

r vd;gJ XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilahFk;. P AJ ℓ1

/ = =

Q JC ℓ2

AJ = ℓ1, JC = ℓ2

P = Q ℓ1

ℓ2

Kid kpd;jil fhuzkhf 2

1

l

l; kjpg;gpy; rpWgpio Vw;gLk;. ,g;gpioia

jtpHf;f P kw;Wk; Q it ,lkhw;wk; nra;J rkd; nra;Ak; Gs;sp J MdJ fk;gp ACapd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;FkhW mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;L Pd; ruhrhp kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:jd;kpd; jil vz; fhzy;:

fk;gpapd; kpd;jil (P) Muk; (r) kw;Wk; ePsk; (L) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G njhpAkhdhy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;iz

Pπr2

ρ = rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;. L

kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;izf; fhzy;: t1, t2 ntg;gepiyfspy; fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpd; kpd;jilfs; KiwNa R1, R2

vdpy; fk;gpg; nghUspd; kpd;jil vz; R2 –R1

α = /oC

%yk; fzf;fplg;gLfwpJ. R1t2 – R2t1

9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.

kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;.mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G: kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s

khq;fdpd; fk;gp rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10 gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F ,izahf kPl;lH msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. jj;Jt tpsf;fk;:jj;Jt tpsf;fk;:jj;Jt tpsf;fk;:jj;Jt tpsf;fk;:

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A

K cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; (Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk; njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr; Rw;whFk;. A kw;Wk; Jf;F ,ilapyhdtpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;

r vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Rop tpyf;f epiyapy; I kw;Wk; r khwpypfshtjhy; ,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. 10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpdtpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:jj;Jtk;:

kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:

kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp mLf;F (Bt) rhtp (K)Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; rhtpapd; ikaKid ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid D cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;.kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; mikg;G> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw tpthpf;fTk;. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp kpd;dOj;jkhdpahFk;.

kug;gyifapd; kPJ 10kP. ePsKs;s rPuhdjhf> 1kP. ePsKila 10

gFjpfshf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpf;F ,izahf kPl;lH msTNfhYk;> fk;gpapd; ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; njhlHG Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; njhLNfhy; xd;Wk; cs;sJ.

A>B KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F ,jdhy; fk;gpapy; (I) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik

Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk; njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Jizr; Rw;whFk;.

f;F ,ilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. vdNt fhy;tdh kPl;lH Rop tpyf;fk; fhl;Lk; AJ rkd; nra;Ak; ePskhFk;.

vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why; NtWghL = Irℓ

E = Irℓ E α ℓ

,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;

,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;JtkhFk;.

10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpdtpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.tpirfis vt;thW xg;gpLtha;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfis xg;gply;:

kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk; ,JNt kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd;

khdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ> kpd;fy (K) kpd;jil khw;wp

Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid> DPDT

rhtpapd; ikaKid C> cld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid cld; fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil

KidfSf;fpilapy; xU kpd;fy mLf;F Bt> rhtp ) rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ,J Kjd;ik

Rw;whFk;. xU fhy;tdhkPl;lH> caH kpd;jil kw;Wk; njhLNfhYld; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;;fydpd; NeHkpd;tha; A KidAld;

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;F rkkhFk;NghJ> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. vdNt

vd;gJ XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;why; AJf;F

,t;thW kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir rkd; nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;

10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd10. kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F ;dpaf;F ;dpaf;F ;dpaf;F

kpd;dOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,Ukpd;fyd;fspd;

kpd;fydpd;; kpd;dpaf;F tpir> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy;

(HR), njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. D1 KidfSf;F ,ilNa KidfSf;F ,ilNa ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpsf;fk;: tpsf;fk;: tpsf;fk;: tpsf;fk;:

Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf.

DPDT rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓkpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtg;gb

E2 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izAk;gb fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; Rop tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

E2 rkd;ghLfs; (1)I (2)My; tFf;f

11.11.11.11. ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia

tpthp.tpthp.tpthp.tpthp. Kjy;tpjp; Kjy;tpjp; Kjy;tpjp; Kjy;tpjp;

kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;F NeHjftpy; mikAk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdpy; m ∝ q (or) m = z I t

,q;F z mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz;> myF ghuNlapd; Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;:

kpd;gFg;Gfyd; xd;Wld; kpd;fy mLf;F> rhtp> kpd;jil khw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lH Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> Nja;j;Jf; fOtp Jilj;J cyu itj;j gpd;dH mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjid kPz;Lk; nghUj;j Ntz;L

I1 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;kPl;lhpd; cjtpahy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mstplg;gLfpwJ. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> ed;whf ePhpy; myrp> cyu itj;J> kPz;Lk; mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. vjpu; kpd;thiakPz;Lk; nghUj;jp I2 msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij jdpkj;jpd; epiw m2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

m1 I1 ,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

Mfpait njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. DPDT

KidfSf;F ,ilNa E1 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk;

Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk;> XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; vdTk; fUJf.

rhtpia jFe;jthW rPuikj;J> E1 kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp fhytdhkPl;lH Roptpyf;fk; fhl;Lk;gbr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

ℓ1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL = I r

kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtg;gb E1 = I r ℓ1 .................. (1) kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izAk;gb DPDT rhtpia rhpnra;J gpwF

fhy;tdh kPl;lhpy; Rop tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; ℓ2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL

= I r ℓ2 .................. (2) rkd;ghLfs; (1)I (2)My; tFf;f

E1 ℓ1

=

E2 ℓ2 ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia

;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Dl;lj;jpw;F NeHjftpy; mikAk;> t fhy mstpw;F nrYj;jg;gLk;

q (or) m = z I t

mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd; Ntjpa vz;> myF KgC-1

Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: Kjy; tpjp rhpg;ghHj;jy;: kpd;gFg;Gfyd; xd;Wld; kpd;fy mLf;F> rhtp>

kpd;jil khw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lH Mfpait njhluhf

vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> Nja;j;Jf; fOtp Jilj;J cyu itj;j gpd;dH mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjid kPz;Lk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhy

mstpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;kPl;lhpd; cjtpahy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mstplg;gLfpwJ. vjpHkpd;thia ntspNa vLj;J> ed;whf ePhpy; myrp> cyu itj;J> kPz;Lk; mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw

LfpwJ. vjpu; kpd;thia msTs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij t fhyj;jpw;F nrYj;jp ntspg;gLk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

DPDT rhtpapd; C1,

kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; C2, D2

kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk;

XuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf;

kpd;fyd; Jizr; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhL rhtpia kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; kPJ efHj;jp

= I r ℓ1

rhtpia rhpnra;J gpwF fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia ghuNl kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; Kjy;tpjpia $wp mjid rhpghh;j;jy; Nrhjidia

) kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk;

mjd; epiwia fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw m1

fhyj;jpw;F nrYj;jp ntspg;gLk;

m2 I2

/ xNu msTs;s I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; ntspg;gLk; jpz;kj;jpd; epiwfs; KiwNa

,g;NghJ 2

1

4

3

t

t

m

m= vd miktijf; fhzyhk;

/ 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia ,uz;lhk; tpjp ,uz;lhk; tpjp ,uz;lhk; tpjp ,uz;lhk; tpjp

kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;Dl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw (NeHjftpy; mikAk;. m α E

CuSO4 kw;Wk; AgNO3 Nghd;w ntt;NtW fiury;fs; nfhz;l ,U

kpd;gFg;Gf; fyq;fs;> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lUld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhkpu kpd;thia fiurypYk;;;>; nts;sp kpd;thia fiurypYk; nrUf Ntz;Lk;. vjpH kpd;tha;fis vLjNja;j;Jf; fOtp> cyu itj;J gpwF mtw;wpd; epiwfis fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp rpwpJ Neuk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vjpHkpd;tha;fis ntspNa vLj;J ed;whf fOtp> cyu itj;J gBe;j jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; epiwfs; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

m1 E1

,g;NghJ = vd miktijf; fhzyhk;. m2 E2 E1, E2 vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;.

/m

13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;. njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiuay; jhkpug; ghj;jpuk; - NeHkpd;tha;Jj;jehf jz;L – vjpHkpd;tha;Ez; Jis ghz;lj;jpy; ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyk; Mf;]PfuzpahFk;.Zn jz;L ePh;j;j H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Ez; Jisfs; topNa nrd;W cUthf;fp jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Jj;jehf jz;bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s NeHkpd; madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,jdhy;

/ m α I

vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; t1,t2 vd;w ntt;NtW fhy msT nrYj;jp> ntspg;gLk; jpz;kj;jpd; epiwfs; KiwNa m3, m4 vd fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd.

vd miktijf; fhzyhk;

/ m α t ; m α I t (or) m α q vd mwpayhk; 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia 12. ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia rhpghHj;jy;; Nrhjidia tpthp.tpthp.tpthp.tpthp.

kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;Dl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw (m) mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F (

Nghd;w ntt;NtW fiury;fs; nfhz;l ,U kpd;gFg;Gf; fyq;fs;> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp kw;Wk; mk;kPl;lUld; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhkpu kpd;thia CuSo4

fiurypYk;;;>; nts;sp kpd;thia AgNo3

vjpH kpd;tha;fis vLj;J ed;whf

Nja;j;Jf; fOtp> cyu itj;J gpwF mtw;wpd; epiwfis fhz Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; nghUj;jp rpwpJ Neuk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

vjpHkpd;tha;fis ntspNa vLj;J ed;whf fOtp> cyu itj;J gBe;j jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; epiwfs; m1, m2

vd miktijf; fhzyhk;.

vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;.

m α E MFk;;; ;;

13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.13. Nldpapy; kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. ,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk;. njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiuay; - kpd;gFspahFk;

NeHkpd;tha; vjpHkpd;tha;

Ez; Jis ghz;lj;jpy; ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyk; Mf;]PfuzpahFk;. cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn

++madpjUk;. Ez; Jisfs; topNa nrd;W CuSO4y; Cu++ madpfis cUthf;fp jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Jj;jehf bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s NeHkpd;

madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,jdhy;

;w ntt;NtW fhy msT nrYj;jp> vd fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd.

kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;Dl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;nghOJ> xU ) mj;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F (E)

vd;git jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;spapd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wfs; MFk;.

kpd;gFspahFk;

,J

jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.08 V ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juhJ.

14.nyf;yhQ;rp kp14.nyf;yhQ;rp kp14.nyf;yhQ;rp kp14.nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.,J xU Kjd;ik kpd;fyk; njtpl;ba mNkhdpak FNshiuL fiury; jputk; Jj;jehf jz;L vjpHkpd;tha;khq;fdPR –il – Mf;i]by; fhHgd; jz;L>%lg;gl;l Ez;Jis ghz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ NeHkpd;tha; Zn + 2NH4 Cℓ 2NH3 + ZnCℓ2

Mf;]p[Ndw;wj;jhy; Nfj;Njhby; khw;wkilAk;. Zn

++ madpfs; NH

jUk;. i`l;u[d; madpfs; Ez;Jis topNa

NeHkpd;Dl;lk; fhHgd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gLk;.fhHgd; kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ

vyf;l;uhd;fs; C I mile;J mjd; NeHkpd;Dl;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;. vdNt C apypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.

,jd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1.5V 15. fhuPa m15. fhuPa m15. fhuPa m15. fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyk;kpy Nrkfyk;kpy Nrkfyk;kpy Nrkfyk;;; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf

fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md ghj;jpuk; cs;sJ. ePu;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; nkd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fhuPak; fhuPa Mf;i]L - Neu;kpd;tha; kpd;fyd; ntspr;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ NfNjhby; Vw;gLk; Mf;]pINdw;w tpidapy; fhuPak; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jUk;. vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntspr;Rw;wpy; NfNjhbypUe;J MNdhbw;Fr; nry;Yk;. vdNt> MNdhby;> Mf;]pId; ,wf;f tpid eilngWk;. MNdhby;> fhuPa Mf;i]L fe;jtpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl;il jUk;NghJ> ,U vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2 Nthy;l; kpd;gFjputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 1.28.

7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUgkw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.,J xspkpd; tpisit Muha cjTk;

NrhjidahFk;.

jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juhJ.

d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.d;fyk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

njtpl;ba mNkhdpak FNshiuL fiury; - kpd;gF

vjpHkpd;tha; Mf;i]by; fhHgd; jz;L>

%lg;gl;l Ez;Jis ghz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ

2 + 2H+ +2e

-

p[Ndw;wj;jhy; Nfj;Njhby; Zn++

madpfshfTk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshfTk; NH4Cℓ cld; tpidGhpe;J ZnCℓ2 Tk; mk;Nkhdpah thATk;

i`l;u[d; madpfs; Ez;Jis topNa MnO2 cld; tpidGhpe;J mtw;wpd; NeHkpd;Dl;lk; fhHgd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gLk;.

kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ mile;J mjd; NeHkpd;Dl;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.

f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.25A ,J njhlHr;rpahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; juhJ.

gw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiufgw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.... fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md ghj;jpuk;

cs;sJ. ePu;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; - kpd;gF jputk; nkd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fhuPak; - vjpu;kpd;tha;

Neu;kpd;tha; kpd;fyd; ntspr;Rw;wpy; ghJ NfNjhby; Vw;gLk; Mf;]pINdw;w

tpidapy; fhuPak; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jUk;. vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntspr;Rw;wpy; NfNjhbypUe;J MNdhbw;Fr; nry;Yk;. vdNt> MNdhby;> Mf;]pId; ,wf;f tpid eilngWk;. MNdhby;> fhuPa Mf;i]L fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; tpidGupe;J fhuPa ry;Ngl;il jUk;NghJ> ,U vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2 Nthy;l; kpd;gFjputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 1.28.

7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg7. fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G

kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;kw;Wk; rhu;gpay; jj;Jtk;

16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.16. `hy;thf;]; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;. ,J xspkpd; tpisit Muha cjTk;

jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Nldpay; kpd;fyk; jUk; kpd;dpaf;F

madpfshfTk; ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshfTk; Tk; mk;Nkhdpah thATk;

cld; tpidGhpe;J mtw;wpd;

kw;Wk; Jj;jehf jz;Lfis ntspapy; ,izf;Fk;NghJ Zn ypUe;J ,U

,J njhlHr;rpahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; juhJ.

fhuPa mkpy Nrkfyj;jpy; cWjpahd ug;gu; my;yJ fz;zhbahy; Md ghj;jpuk;

vyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiy Mf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ntspr;Rw;wpy; kuG kpd;Ndhl;lk; MNdhbypUe;J NfNjhbw;F ghAk;. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir 2.2 Nthy;l;

;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg; gz;G

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l FthHl;]; Fkpo; xd;wpDs; Nfj;NjhL vd;w ,uz;L Jj;jehfj; jfLfs; cs;sd.

jfLfs;> kpd;fyd; kw;W jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfotpy;iy).

fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfo;fpwJ)

fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs; vjpHkpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp

tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp. MNdhLf;Fk;> Nfj;NjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;> gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk; epiyahf itj;J gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; ntwpit khw;wp> mjw;Fhpa xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhy;tdhkPl;lupy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.

gLfjphpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;f> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHNfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLk; fjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l FthHl;]; Fkpo; xd;wpDs; Nfj;NjhL C kw;Wk; MNdhL vd;w ,uz;L Jj;jehfj; jfLfs; cs;sd. jfLfs;> kpd;fyd; kw;Wk; czHTkpf;f fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. (kpd;Ndhl;lk; epfotpy;iy). fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

lk; epfo;fpwJ) fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs; vjpHkpd;Dl;lk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjp17. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwptpd; HtPr;rpd; nrwptpd; HtPr;rpd; nrwptpd; HtPr;rpd; nrwptpd; tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp.tpisTfis tiuglj;Jld; tpthp. MNdhLf;Fk;> Nfj;NjhLf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilAk;> gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk; epiyahf itj;J gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; ntwpit khw;wp> mjw;Fhpa xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhy;tdhkPl;lupy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. gLfjphpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;f> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; NeHNfhl;Lg; gFjpahf mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLk; fjphpd; nrwptpw;F

kw;Wk; MNdhL A

k; czHTkpf;f fhy;tdhkPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jfLfspd; kPJ vt;tpj fjpHtPr;Rk; tpohjNghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

fjpHtPr;R vjpHkpd;thapd; NfNjhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

fjpHtPr;R NeHkpd;thapd; MNdhbd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ fhy;tdhkPl;lhpy; tpyf;fk;

,e;j NrhjidapypUe;J xspkpd; tpisT fhuzkhf ckpog;gLk; Jfs;fs;

18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.Fwpg;gpl;l xu; cNyhfg;gug;gpw;F gLnrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> jfLfSf;F ,ilNa jug;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

khWghL fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. MNdhL (A)-f;Fj; jug;gLk; NeH

kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ xspkpd;Ndhl;lKk; mjpfhpnjtpl;L epiyia milfpd;wJ.

MNdhL (A)-f;F vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; mspj;jhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; cldbahf Rop kpjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.

vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vjpH kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig

milfpd;wJ. Xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpH

kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; xNu mjpHntz;Zf;F> njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;> fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwpTfSf;F

NeHj;jftpy; cs;sJ vd;gij tiuglk; fhl;LfpwJ. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk;> gLfjphpd; Fwp

nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y. 19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp

gLfjphpd; nrwpit epiyahf itj;J %d;W ntt;ntW jpHntz;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l V kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; khWgLtij glk; fhl;L

gLfjphpd; mjpHntz; mjpfnkdpy; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfk;.

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ> mjpHntz;zpw;F NeHj; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;; nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y vd mwpayhk;. gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;Fk;> mjw;Fhpa epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jp

tiuglk; tiuAk; NghJ NeH;NfhL cUthFk;. ν 0 - vd;w mjpHntz;zpw;F fPNo epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;. Xsp kpd; tpisT eilngwhJ. ,e;j mjpHntz; cNyhfj;jpd; gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mjpHntz;zpw;F Nky; xspkpd;

tpisT epfOk;. Xspapd; nrwpT vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xsp

kpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpd;wNjh> me;j rpWk mjpHntz;> gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gL;k;;

ntt;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;F gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ntt;Ntwhdit.

18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp.18. xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; tpisit tpthp. Fwpg;gpl;l xu; cNyhfg;gug;gpw;F gLk; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk;> nrwpitAk; epiyahff; nfhz;L> jfLfSf;F ,ilNa jug;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il (V) rhHe;J xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khWghL fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.

f;Fj; jug;gLk; NeH kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ xspkpd;Ndhl;lKk; mjpfhpj;J njtpl;L epiyia milfpd;wJ.

f;F vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; mspj;jhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; cldbahf Rop kpjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vjpH kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig

l;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpH kpd;dOj;jk; ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; (m) epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.xNu mjpHntz;Zf;F> njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;> fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwpTfSf;F NeHj;jftpy; cs;sJ vd;gij tiuglk; fhl;LfpwJ. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk;> gLfjphpd; Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;Zf;F nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y.

19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthpgLfjphpd; nrwpit epiyahf itj;J %d;W ntt;ntW jpHntz;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l V kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; khWgLtij glk; fhl;LfpwJ. gLfjphpd; mjpHntz; mjpfnkdpy; epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; V0

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ> mjpHntz;zpw;F NeHj; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;; nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y vd mwpayhk;.gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;Fk;> mjw;Fhpa epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa tiuglk; tiuAk; NghJ NeH;NfhL cUthFk;.

vd;w mjpHntz;zpw;F fPNo epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;. Xsp kpd; tpisT eilngwhJ. ,e;j mjpHntz; cNyhfj;jpd; gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mjpHntz;zpw;F Nky; xspkpd;

Xspapd; nrwpT vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xsp kpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpd;wNjh> me;j rpWk mjpHntz;> gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gL;k;; ntt;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;F gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ntt;Ntwhdit.

k; fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;izAk;>

mspj;jhy; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; cldbahf Rop kpjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.

kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J Fwpg;gpl;l vjpH kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig

l;lk; RopahFkhW MNdhbw;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; rpWk vjpH epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

xNu mjpHntz;Zf;F> njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;> fjpHtPr;rpd; nrwpTfSf;F

19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp19. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kPjhd gLfjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz; tpistpid tpthp gLfjphpd; nrwpit epiyahf itj;J %d;W ntt;ntW jpHntz;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l V kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk;

d; kjpg;Gk;

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ> mjpHntz;zpw;F NeHj; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;; nrwptpid rhHe;jjy;y vd mwpayhk;.

w;Fk; ,ilNa

vd;w mjpHntz;zpw;F fPNo epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;. Xsp kpd; tpisT eilngwhJ. ,e;j mjpHntz; cNyhfj;jpd; gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j mjpHntz;zpw;F Nky; xspkpd;

Xspapd; nrwpT vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xsp kpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epd;W tpLfpd;wNjh> me;j rpWk mjpHntz;> gad;

ntt;NtW cNyhfq;fSf;F gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ntt;Ntwhdit.

20. xspkpd; ck20. xspkpd; ck20. xspkpd; ck20. xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.1. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT

mjpfk; ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjpHntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz; vdg;gLk;.

2. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czHjpwd; kpf;f mjpHntz;zhdJ gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.3. xspkpd; ckpo;T xU cldb epfo;thFk;. mjhtJ fjpHtPr;R gLtjw;Fk;

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,i4. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;F

NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; nrwptpidr; rhHe;jjy;y. 21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;. gLfjpu; tPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpYs;s xU vyf;l,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpa nray; tpistpdhy; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd. gLfjpH tPr;rpd; hν NkhJk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

1. gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wypd; xU gFntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; cNyhfj;jpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

2. Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw

/Nghl;ldpd; Mw;wy; = ntsp hν = W +

mf Nkhjy;fspy; Mw;wy; ,of;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; ( vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vyf;l;uhdp;d; ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk;. / hν = ,J Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghL. mjpHntz; ν > gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ,af;f Mw;wy; RopahFk;. / hν 0 (3) I (2) ,y; gpujpapl> hν - hν 0 h(ν - ν 0 ) ,J Id;];Bd; xsp kpd; tpisT r 22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;. ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ FthHl;]; Fohapy; rPrpak; Mf;i]L G+rpa miu cUis tbt Nfj;NjhL jfL vjpHkpd; KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;. gpshl;bdf; fk;gp xspkpd;fydpd; NeHKidAld; Nfj;NjhL jfL (C) d; mr;rpy; mikAkhW itf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;.jFe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk; NghJ xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gl;L MNdhlhy; ftug;gl;L Vw;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> xU ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; nfhz;L msf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xspapd; nrwptpw;F NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W.po;jypd; tpjpfis $W. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfk; ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjpHntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz;

Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czHjpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F gLfjpH tPr;rpd; mjpHntz;zhdJ gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.xspkpd; ckpo;T xU cldb epfo;thFk;. mjhtJ fjpHtPr;R gLtjw;Fk; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhyg; gpd;dilT ,Uf;fhJ.xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; nrwptpidr; rhHe;jjy;y.

21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.21. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;. gLfjpu; tPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpYs;s xU vyf;l

,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpa nray; tpistpdhy; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd. Mw;wy; nfhz;l xU /Nghl;lhd; cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy;

NkhJk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ. gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wypd; xU gFjp cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; cNyhfj;jpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W

Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw m> jpirNtfk; V vdpy;

ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; + vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;= W + ½ mV2 . . . (1)

mf Nkhjy;fspy; Mw;wy; ,of;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; (hν – W) vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vyf;l;uhdp;d; ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk;.

W + ½ mV2ngUkk;

. . . (2) ,J Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghL.

> gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz; ν 0 tpw;F rkk; vdpy; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; RopahFk;.

= W . . . (3) ,y; gpujpapl>

= ½ mV2 ngUkk;

) = ½ mV2 ngUkk;

,J Id;];Bd; xsp kpd; tpisT rkd;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU tbtk;.

22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;.22. xsp ckpo; kpd;fyd; gw;wp tpthpf;fTk;. ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ FthHl;]; Fohapy; rPrpak; Mf;i]L

G+rpa miu cUis tbt Nfj;NjhL jfL (C) kpd;fydpd; vjpHkpd; KidAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;. A vd;w MNdhL

;fydpd; NeHKidAld; Nfj;NjhL d; mr;rpy; mikAkhW itf;fg;gl;bUf;fk;.

jFe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk; NghJ xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gl;L MNdhlhy; ftug;gl;L Vw;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> xU ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; nfhz;L

;zpy; Njhd;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xspapd; nrwptpw;F NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUspw;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT mjpfk; ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjpHntz;zpw;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy; Kw;wpYk; epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjpHntz; gad; njhlf;f mjph;ntz;

mjpHntz;zhdJ gad; njhlf;f mjpHntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xsp kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ gLfjphpd; nrwptpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xspkpd; ckpo;T xU cldb epfo;thFk;. mjhtJ fjpHtPr;R gLtjw;Fk;

lapy; fhyg; gpd;dilT ,Uf;fhJ. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjpHntz;zpw;F

gLfjpu; tPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpYs;s xU vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa epfOk; gpd;dpa nray; tpistpdhy; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.

Mw;wy; nfhz;l xU /Nghl;lhd; cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy;

jp cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wy; cNyhfj;jpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W

Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff;

vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;

vd;w KO Mw;wYk; vyf;l;uhdp;d; ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk;.

tpw;F rkk; vdpy; vyf;l;uhdpd;

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ FthHl;]; Fohapy; rPrpak; Mf;i]L

23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;> xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;

gad;gLfpd;wd. 2. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.3. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,a4. ntg;gepiy gw;wp MuhaTk;> tpz;kPd;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk;

xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.5. tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ> #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;

ngWtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd.6. xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ik mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.7. fjTfisj; jhdhf

xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.8. jpUlH mwptpg;G kzp> jP mwptpg;G kzpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp. Mw;wYf;fhd gpshq;fpd; rkd;ghl;ilAk; (miy)> Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bidAk; (Jfs;)> b gpuhyp rkd;gLj;jpdhH. gpshq;f; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> Mw;wy; E = h ,q;F h vd;gJ gpshq;f; khwpyp Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd;gb> ,q;F c vd;gJ xspapd; jpirNtfk;

λ

hC = m

v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; JfSf;F

,q;F p = mv, Jfspd; ce;jkhFk;. ,e;jg; gUg;nghUspd; miyfs; kpf Nyrhdj; Jfs;fSf;F kl;Lk; fzprkhd miyePsj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

NkYk; meV

h

2=λ

25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.etPd vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;cl;GFk; tifapidr; rhHe;jJ. ,jpy; Fiwe;j Ftpaj; njhiyT nfhz;l fhe;j nyd;Rfs; kP caH cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.♣ kpd;dpioahy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs;

vyf;l;uhd; Jg;ghf;fp vd;w mikg;gpdhy; KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

♣ ,e;j nky;ypa vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw fhe;j nyd;R(A) ,izf; fw;iwahf cUg;ngUf;f Ntz;ba nghUs; kPJ tpOfpwJ.

♣ nghUis CLUTk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw nghUspd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

♣ fhe;jg; nghUsUF nyd;R

23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?23. Xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit? jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;> xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;

ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f cjTfpd;wd. ntg;gepiy gw;wp MuhaTk;> tpz;kPd;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk; xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ> #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg; ngWtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd. xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ik mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.

jpwf;fTk;> %lTk; gad;gLk; mikg;Gfspy; xspkpd;fyd;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. jpUlH mwptpg;G kzp> jP mwptpg;G kzpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp.24. gUg;nghUspd; b gpuhyp miyePsj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia jUtp. Mw;wYf;fhd gpshq;fpd; rkd;ghl;ilAk; (miy)> Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bidAk; b gpuhyp rkd;gLj;jpdhH. gpshq;f; rkd;ghl;bd; gb> ν mjpHntz; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

E = hν . . . (1) vd;gJ gpshq;f; khwpyp Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bd;gb> m epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wy; E = mC 2 . . . (2)

vd;gJ xspapd; jpirNtfk;C hν = mC 2 vdpy;

= mC 2 my;yJ λ = mC

h. . . (3) (Qν

jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; JfSf;F C = v vdpy;> rkd;ghL (3)ypUe;J

λ = mV

h=

P

h . . . (4)

Jfspd; ce;jkhFk;. ,e;jg; gUg;nghUspd; miyfs; kpf Nyrhdj; Jfs;fSf;F kl;Lk; fzprkhd miyePsj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

vd vOjyhk;

25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp.25. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp mikg;igAk; nray;ghl;ilAk; tpthp. etPd vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp vd;gJ vyf;l;uhd; cl;GFk; tifapidr; rhHe;jJ. ,jpy; Fiwe;j Ftpaj; njhiyT nfhz;l fhe;j nyd;Rfs; kP caH cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.

kpd;dpioahy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; vyf;l;uhd; Jg;ghf;fp vd;w mikg;gpdhy; KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j nky;ypa vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Ftpf;Fk;

topNa nrYj;jg;gl;L ,izf; fw;iwahf cUg;ngUf;f Ntz;ba nghUs; kPJ tpOfpwJ. nghUis CLUTk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw nghUspd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fhe;jg; nghUsUF nyd;R (B) vyf;l;uhd;

jpiug;glj; Jiwapy;> xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;

ntg;gepiy gw;wp MuhaTk;> tpz;kPd;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk;

tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ> #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;

xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ik mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd. jpwf;fTk;> %lTk; gad;gLk; mikg;Gfspy;

Mw;wYf;fhd gpshq;fpd; rkd;ghl;ilAk; (miy)> Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bidAk;

mjpHntz; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wy;

ν = c/λ)

vdpy;> rkd;ghL (3)ypUe;J

Jfspd; ce;jkhFk;. ,e;jg; gUg;nghUspd; miyfs; kpf Nyrhdj;

fw;iwia thpf; fw;iwahf khw;wp nghUspd; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l gpk;gj;jpid cz;lhf;Fk;.

♣ tPo;j;Jk; nyd;R cUthf;Fk;.

♣ ,g;gpk;gj;jpid xspHjpiuapy; Neubahf fhzyhk; jfLfisf; nfhz;L epiyahd gjpTfis ngwyhk;.

♣ ,f;fUtp KOtJk; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.vyf;l;uhd;vyf;l;uhd;vyf;l;uhd;vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:(i) njhopw;rhiyfspy;> Eypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg;

G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfs; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

(ii) kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy;> itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

(iii) ,aw;gpaypy;> mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;: vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy; me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wp mwpa ,e;j Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. 26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. njhlf;fj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s S kw;Wk fUJNthk;. S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; jz;L xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;s Ma;thsH O jz;bd; ePsj;ij

vdNt> Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsiug; nghUj;J

jz;bd; ePsk;> ,af;f jpirapy;

vd;w msT FWf;fkilAk;. ,J nyhud;l;];FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpf Ntfkhd efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs; xd;W ePs;tl;lkhfj; njhpAk;. 27. fhy ePl;27. fhy ePl;27. fhy ePl;27. fhy ePl;bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. S kw;Wk; s’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; nghWj;J v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; Neu;jpir nfhs;Nthk;. S’ Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s xU fbfhuk; ntsptpLtjhff; fUJNthk;. ,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspiaf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mtuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp t vdpy;>

fw;iwia thpf; fw;iwahf khw;wp nghUspd; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l ;gj;jpid cz;lhf;Fk;.

tPo;j;Jk; nyd;R (C) NkYk; gpk;gj;jpid cUg;ngUf;fp xspHjpiuapy;

,g;gpk;gj;jpid xspHjpiuapy; Neubahf fhzyhk; (m) Gifg;glj; jfLfisf; nfhz;L epiyahd gjpTfis ngwyhk;. ,f;fUtp KOtJk; ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs;:

njhopw;rhiyfspy;> Eypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg; G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfs; Nghd;witfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg;

kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy;> itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

> mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;:vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; tuk;Gfs;: vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy;

me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg; ;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.

26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.26. ePsf; FWf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. njhlf;fj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s S kw;Wk S’ vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf;

Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; jz;L xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; jz;bd; ePsj;ij ι0 vd mstpLfpd;whH.

S’ Fwpg;ghak;> NeHFwp X-mr;rpd; jpirapy; v vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;NghJ> cs;s Ma;thsuhy; jz;bd; ePsk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;NghJ 0 1C

vll −=

mjhtJ ι < ι0

vdNt> Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsiug; nghUj;J v jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;F

jz;bd; ePsk;> ,af;f jpirapy; 2

2

1C

v−

vd;w msT FWf;fkilAk;. ,J nyhud;l;];- gpl;];n[uhy;L (Lorentz –

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpf Ntfkhd efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs; xd;W ePs;tl;lkhfj; njhpAk;.

bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.bg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fspy; S’ Fwpg;ghak; S Ig;

vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; Neu;jpir X mr;rpy; ,aq;Ftjhff;

Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s xU fbfhuk; t0 fhy ,ilntspapy; iriffisntsptpLtjhff; fUJNthk;. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s Ma;thsu; ,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspiaf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mtuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp

fw;iwia thpf; fw;iwahf khw;wp nghUspd; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l

NkYk; gpk;gj;jpid cUg;ngUf;fp xspHjpiuapy;

Gifg;glj;

njhopw;rhiyfspy;> Eypiofspd; mikg;G> cNyhfg; gug;Gfs;> tz;zg;

kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy;> itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpe;J

> mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J

vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy; me;epiyapy; Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg;

vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf; Fwpg;ghaj;jpy;

mr;rpd; jpirapy; vd;w jpirNtfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk;NghJ> s-y;

cs;s Ma;thsuhy; jz;bd; ePsk; ι vd

2

2

C

v

jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;

Fitzgerald)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpf Ntfkhd efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs;

fhy ,ilntspapy; iriffis

,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspiaf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mtuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp

2

2

0

1C

V

tt

−

=

mjhtJ> t > t0 S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Ma;thsUf;F fhy

,ilntsp

2

2

1

1

C

V−

mstpw;F ePz;L fhzg;gL;k;.

mjhtJ> ,e;j Ma;thsUf;F> ,af;f epiyapy; cs;s fbfhuk; nkJthf nry;tjhf Njhd;Wk;. ,J fhy ePl;bg;G vdg;gLk;. 28. Id;];Bd; epiw 28. Id;];Bd; epiw 28. Id;];Bd; epiw 28. Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;.Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL jUtpf;fTk;. Xa;T epiw m0 nfhz;l nghUspd; kPJ F vd;w tpir X-jpirapy; nray;gLtjhff; fUJNthk;. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb. tpirahdJ ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkk;.

mjhtJ )mv(dt

dF = . . . (1)

rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb> epiwAk; jpirNtfKk; khwpfshFk;. vdNt

dt

dmv

dt

dvmF += … (2)

F vd;w tpirahy; nghUs; mile;j ,lg;ngaHr;rp dx vdpy;> nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G. d Ek = F dx

mjhtJ F = (m dt

dv + v

dt

dm ) dx

= m dv dt

dx +v dm

dt

dx

dEk = m v d v + v 2dm . . . (3)

Id;];Bdpd; rhHgpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

2

2

0

C

v1

mm

−

=

22

2202

vC

Cmm

−=

m2C

2 - m

2v2 = m0

2C

2

tiff;nfO fhz> C

2 2m dm - v

2 2m dm - m

2 2v dv = 0.

C2dm = mv dv + v

2 dm . . . (4)

rkd;ghLfs; (3) kw;Wk; (4)I xg;gpl> dEk = C

2 dm . . . (5)

vdNt> ,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; khWghL dEk epiw khWghl;bw;F (dm) NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;. nghUs; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;sNghJ> jpirNtfk; Rop. kw;wk; m = m0 nghUspd; jpirNtfk; v vDk;NghJ mjd; epiw m MFk;. vdNt rkd;ghL (5)I

∫KE

KdE

0

= C2 ∫m

m

dm

0

Ek = C2 (m – m0) = mC

2 - m0C

2

,J ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd rhHgpay; rkd;ghL MFk;. m0 vd;gJ Xa;Tepiw kw;Wk m0C

2 vd;gJ mf Mw;wy;. (Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy; my;yJ Xa;T Mw;wy;) / nkhj;j Mw;wy; = ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; + Xa;T epiwf;fhd Mw;wy; ; ; ; E = Ek + m0C

2

= mC2 - m0C

2 + m0C

2

E = mC2

,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw ,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw ,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw ,JNt Id;];Bd; epiw – Mw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFkMw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFkMw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFkMw;wy; ,izkhw;Wr; rkd;ghL MFk;. 29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wp 29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wp 29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wp 29. epiwf;Fk;> Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iz khw;wj;jpd; cl;nghUs; gw;wp

tpthpf;fTk;.tpthpf;fTk;.tpthpf;fTk;.tpthpf;fTk;. epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;. ,Nj Nghy; Mw;wiy epiwahf khw;w

KbAk;. ,JNt epiw Mw;wy; ,izkhw;W vdg;gLfpwJ. epiwAila Jfs;fis epiw RopahFkhW khw;w KbAk;. ,Njg; Nghd;W

epiwaw;w Jfs;fis epiwAila Jfs;fshf khw;w KbAk;. mjhtJ epiw Mw;wyhf khWk;. mNjg; Nghy; Mw;wy; epiwahf khWk;.

(v.fh.)(v.fh.)(v.fh.)(v.fh.) jdpj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; khwhJ. vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; ,ize;J (epiwAs;sit) ,U /Nghl;lhd;fs;

cUthFk; (epiwaw;wit). Mw;wy; kpf;f /Nghl;lhd; (Rop epiw) xd;W vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; Nrhbia

(epiwAs;sit) cUthf;Fk;.

10 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fS10 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fS10 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fS10 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fhpa tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;k; tpilfSk;k; tpilfSk;k; tpilfSk;

tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;

1 < 2 , 3 M 4 < 5 < 6 M

7 < 8 M 9 M 10 M 11 m 12 ,

13 < 14 m 15 m 16 m 17 < 18 ,

19 m 20 M 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 M

25 < 26 < 27 m 28 m 29 M 30 m

tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;tpilfs;

midtUk; ntw;wpngw tho;j;Jf;fs;

1 M 2 , 3 < 4 , 5 , 6 m

7 < 8 , 9 m 10 m 11 M 12 M

13 , 14 < 15 M 16 M 17 < 18 m

19 , 20 , 21 < 22 M 23 m 24 M

25 , 26 < 27 m 28 M 29 m 30 M