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Design project for a squatter settlement in Istanbul under threat of demolition. Features incremental physical and social interventions, empowering the community to develop a collective identity as a means of fostering stewardship for the built environment.
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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
Travis Hodges
Unit 2Tutors: Robert Dye / Jason Coleman
University College LondonThe Bartlett School of ArchitectureMArch Urban Design 2010-11
2Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
context
photographs of Armutlu today
The informal settlement of Kk Armutlu faces imminent eviction.
As one of several such geekondu in Istanbul, the communitys violent political history and numerous health and safety deficiencies make it a vulnerable target for hostile redevelopment. In order to avoid a forced relocation to mass housing projects, residents must address these justifications by making systematic improvements to their environment. This project demonstrates a local approach to improving physical infrastructure, empowering people to adapt the environment to their needs. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.
HISTORY OF KK ARMUTLU 2011
-70
1940
-50
1960
-30
1980
-20
1990
-10
2000
-5
2005
-
It stipulates that the forests, agricultural lands, and river basins north of the city are to be protected. It is agreed that future metropolitan development should follow an East-West axis.
Most migrants are from the Almus region of Turkey
The early settlement features agriculture and animal husbandry
Ten families are employed by a quarry in Kk Armutlu. They settle on government land next to the quarry owners house
The regional economy suffers due to lost agricultural lands
The Almus Dam is completed
1950
1964
1946
1966
1982
The tobacco crop, the areas primary product, is abandoned due to Blue Mould Disease resulting from increased moisture
Turkey begins agricultural imports
Istanbuls first Development Plan is instituted by the Bureau of City Planning
The Turkish Armed Forces carry out a coup dtat
The increased demand for housing is unmet, driving the majority of immigrants into informal settlements. Hundreds of new houses are illegally built on public land.Access to informal real estate is controlled by a land mafia made up of the first generations of migrants to the area.
Informal settlements develop in Pinar, Resitpasa, Ferahevler, Derbent, Cumhuriyet, and ayirbasi.
Industry and service jobs center around Levent, Maslak, Etiler, and Samayi Mahallesi
200,000 people are imprisoned by the end of the coup
In protest of abysmal conditions in prisons throughout Turkey, a group of prisoners initiates a hunger strike for recognition of their fundamental rights.
Four prisoners die of starvation before the military intervenes.
Residents of Kk Armutlu vote for the Motherland Party in the national election because it promises to grant deeds for the lands they occupy, but they dont win.
The government carries out three major demolitions in Kk Armutlu.
Following the demolitions, the community turns to the Revolutionary Left. The DHKP/C helps residents to rebuild their homes and occupy new land, inviting their relatives from Almus and Tokat to help in the reconstruction.
The military persecute minorities, especially the Alevi peoples of the Black Sea region. Villagers from Sivas and Almus are criminalized by the military due to the intrusion of radical leftist guerillas into mountain villages.
One such group is the DHKP/C: Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front
The Military abolishes the Bureau of City Planning. There is an acceleration in development north of Istanbul.
1980
1983
1983
1988 The TEM highway and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridge are completed
1984
1989 Promising deeds, services, and a moratorium on demolitions in Kk Armutlu, the Social Democratic Populist party (SHP) wins the national election.Within months of taking office, the new government reneges on its promises, citing an inconsistency with its social democrat values.
Large numbers of families migrate to Istanbul
1990 286 residents sign a petition denouncing the crimes and abuses of the land mafia.Four days later, the police carry out a night operation against the petitioners. 30 residents are arrested, 11 shot, and 1 killed. 17 police are injured by stones thrown by the residents.
Following the intervention of the police in favor of the land mafia, the revolutionary left gains popular support
1991 The Anti-Terror Law is instituted. It is used by the government to ban independent political activity.
1993 The land mafia is expelled in favor of the revolutionary left, which convinced residents of their legitimacy to own property. By favoring use-value over exchange value, the revolutionary left established the moral authority in housing policy.
The Peoples Committee is the functional local government in Kk Armutlu. It develops infrastructure, including electricity, water, roads, and sewer, by lobbying with local authorities and organizing the labor force for the projects. Furthermore it collects money from inhabitants and provides public services for the neighborhood.
1996 Of the 6000 prisoners held under the Anti-terror Law, less than 10% are convicted of any crime.
Prisoners undertake a second hunger strike, this time to protest extreme isolation cells in the countrys high security prisons. 12 Strikers die and more are injured.
1998 At the Kartal special-type prison, inmates report being held incommunicado for months at a time.
1999 Turkey gains European Union candidate status.
2006 The Center for Cultural Activities is constructed, providing a location for the Alevi traditional semah and baglama, as well as theatre and film.
2009 Kk Armutlu shifts allegiance in the national elections to MHP and CHP, citing their concerns about living in unregistered houses.
2000 The Defense Ministry institutes a new prison typology, the f-type, which isolates inmates in cells rather than dormitories. The prisons are cited by several international organizations as violating the human rights of the prisoners.
2001 Inmates continue to hunger strike. The militarys efforts to force-feed prisoners results in hundreds of cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
The prisons grant some inmates medical leave to recover in their own communities, but most continue to strike to starvation. Kk Armutlu becomes the headquarters of the hunger strike movement, attracting people from across Turkey.
The community supports the movement by establishing houses of resistance, where hunger strikers are looked after and encouraged. New methods are developed to prolong the starvation process, extending the record from 72 to 288 days. The death fasts attract political activists, university students, and community members willing to participate.
September Police attack a gathering of 300 supporters during the funeral of a hunger striker. Claiming vengeance for a policeman slain in a suicide bombing carried out by the DHKP/C, 800 police invade the community with guns, five tanks, gas bombs, and water hose. By the end of the operation, 150 people are arrested.
November A Police Station is constructed in Kk Armutlu.
Residents report an increase in crime as a result of the new station, accusing police of colluding with criminals.
38 hunger strikers die of starvation.
2004 In the national elections, the AKP promises deeds in exchange for votes in Kk Armutlu. They fail to keep their promise.
October
December
In protest of the new f-type prisons, inmates carry out the largest hunger strike to date.
Faced with hundreds of hunger-striking inmates, the military institutes Operation Return to Life. Over the course of three days, 10,0000 police raid 20 prisons across Turkey. By the end of the operation, 30 inmates and two police are killed.
2009 Population of Kk Armutlu reaches 22,000 inhabitants
As the informal housing stock develops exchange value, enclosed lands are divided and sold off to incoming migrants.
historical timeline
Kk Armutlu is located on the northern periphery of Istanbul on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus straight. Settled from the 1960s by working class migrants from Turkeys interior, the community is like many other geekondu or informal settlements.
Surrounded by gated communities and business districts, Armutlu displays a unique diversity of intimate dwellings and compelling common spaces. The dense informal fabric lends itself to customization by the residents, who adapt the built environment to their needs
The community cultivates local social networks, despite the pressures from outside to modernize and conform. The Peoples Committee is the communitys authority for local issues and development. Comprised of volunteers, the committee is not an official government body yet collects taxes and lobbies for government services and infrastructure projects. In this way, the community has secured electricity, water, sewage, and roads over the past twenty years.
MArch Urban Design 2010-11
3
Kk Armutlu: Economy
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secondary school
primary school
primary school
mosque
mosque
mosque
mosque
medical clinics
cemevi
community center
local government headquarters
local government headquarters
medicalcenter
police station
wastewater treatment
facility
mosque
mosque
mosque
medical center
Istanbul Technical University
Land UseCommercial
Institutional
Industrial
1-2 storey house
3-4 storey flats
5-7 storey flats
HISTORY OF KK ARMUTLU 2011
-70
1940
-50
1960
-30
1980
-20
1990
-10
2000
-5
2005
-
It stipulates that the forests, agricultural lands, and river basins north of the city are to be protected. It is agreed that future metropolitan development should follow an East-West axis.
Most migrants are from the Almus region of Turkey
The early settlement features agriculture and animal husbandry
Ten families are employed by a quarry in Kk Armutlu. They settle on government land next to the quarry owners house
The regional economy suffers due to lost agricultural lands
The Almus Dam is completed
1950
1964
1946
1966
1982
The tobacco crop, the areas primary product, is abandoned due to Blue Mould Disease resulting from increased moisture
Turkey begins agricultural imports
Istanbuls first Development Plan is instituted by the Bureau of City Planning
The Turkish Armed Forces carry out a coup dtat
The increased demand for housing is unmet, driving the majority of immigrants into informal settlements. Hundreds of new houses are illegally built on public land.Access to informal real estate is controlled by a land mafia made up of the first generations of migrants to the area.
Informal settlements develop in Pinar, Resitpasa, Ferahevler, Derbent, Cumhuriyet, and ayirbasi.
Industry and service jobs center around Levent, Maslak, Etiler, and Samayi Mahallesi
200,000 people are imprisoned by the end of the coup
In protest of abysmal conditions in prisons throughout Turkey, a group of prisoners initiates a hunger strike for recognition of their fundamental rights.
Four prisoners die of starvation before the military intervenes.
Residents of Kk Armutlu vote for the Motherland Party in the national election because it promises to grant deeds for the lands they occupy, but they dont win.
The government carries out three major demolitions in Kk Armutlu.
Following the demolitions, the community turns to the Revolutionary Left. The DHKP/C helps residents to rebuild their homes and occupy new land, inviting their relatives from Almus and Tokat to help in the reconstruction.
The military persecute minorities, especially the Alevi peoples of the Black Sea region. Villagers from Sivas and Almus are criminalized by the military due to the intrusion of radical leftist guerillas into mountain villages.
One such group is the DHKP/C: Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front
The Military abolishes the Bureau of City Planning. There is an acceleration in development north of Istanbul.
1980
1983
1983
1988 The TEM highway and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridge are completed
1984
1989 Promising deeds, services, and a moratorium on demolitions in Kk Armutlu, the Social Democratic Populist party (SHP) wins the national election.Within months of taking office, the new government reneges on its promises, citing an inconsistency with its social democrat values.
Large numbers of families migrate to Istanbul
1990 286 residents sign a petition denouncing the crimes and abuses of the land mafia.Four days later, the police carry out a night operation against the petitioners. 30 residents are arrested, 11 shot, and 1 killed. 17 police are injured by stones thrown by the residents.
Following the intervention of the police in favor of the land mafia, the revolutionary left gains popular support
1991 The Anti-Terror Law is instituted. It is used by the government to ban independent political activity.
1993 The land mafia is expelled in favor of the revolutionary left, which convinced residents of their legitimacy to own property. By favoring use-value over exchange value, the revolutionary left established the moral authority in housing policy.
The Peoples Committee is the functional local government in Kk Armutlu. It develops infrastructure, including electricity, water, roads, and sewer, by lobbying with local authorities and organizing the labor force for the projects. Furthermore it collects money from inhabitants and provides public services for the neighborhood.
1996 Of the 6000 prisoners held under the Anti-terror Law, less than 10% are convicted of any crime.
Prisoners undertake a second hunger strike, this time to protest extreme isolation cells in the countrys high security prisons. 12 Strikers die and more are injured.
1998 At the Kartal special-type prison, inmates report being held incommunicado for months at a time.
1999 Turkey gains European Union candidate status.
2006 The Center for Cultural Activities is constructed, providing a location for the Alevi traditional semah and baglama, as well as theatre and film.
2009 Kk Armutlu shifts allegiance in the national elections to MHP and CHP, citing their concerns about living in unregistered houses.
2000 The Defense Ministry institutes a new prison typology, the f-type, which isolates inmates in cells rather than dormitories. The prisons are cited by several international organizations as violating the human rights of the prisoners.
2001 Inmates continue to hunger strike. The militarys efforts to force-feed prisoners results in hundreds of cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
The prisons grant some inmates medical leave to recover in their own communities, but most continue to strike to starvation. Kk Armutlu becomes the headquarters of the hunger strike movement, attracting people from across Turkey.
The community supports the movement by establishing houses of resistance, where hunger strikers are looked after and encouraged. New methods are developed to prolong the starvation process, extending the record from 72 to 288 days. The death fasts attract political activists, university students, and community members willing to participate.
September Police attack a gathering of 300 supporters during the funeral of a hunger striker. Claiming vengeance for a policeman slain in a suicide bombing carried out by the DHKP/C, 800 police invade the community with guns, five tanks, gas bombs, and water hose. By the end of the operation, 150 people are arrested.
November A Police Station is constructed in Kk Armutlu.
Residents report an increase in crime as a result of the new station, accusing police of colluding with criminals.
38 hunger strikers die of starvation.
2004 In the national elections, the AKP promises deeds in exchange for votes in Kk Armutlu. They fail to keep their promise.
October
December
In protest of the new f-type prisons, inmates carry out the largest hunger strike to date.
Faced with hundreds of hunger-striking inmates, the military institutes Operation Return to Life. Over the course of three days, 10,0000 police raid 20 prisons across Turkey. By the end of the operation, 30 inmates and two police are killed.
2009 Population of Kk Armutlu reaches 22,000 inhabitants
As the informal housing stock develops exchange value, enclosed lands are divided and sold off to incoming migrants.
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1025
500
model expressing the spatial quality
4opposite: an illustration of the conflicting forces at work in Armutlu
The local community is threatened by globalizing political and economic forces transmitted by the municipal and national governments, financial institutions, investors, and developers. These forces seek to redevelop Kk Armutlu for a variety of reasons:
Motorway
Proposed Motorway
Central Business District
Development Axis
LEVENT
MASLAK
KARTALIstanbul Development Forces
ATAEHIR
HALKALI
KAYABAI
Mass Housing Development
Marmaray Tunnel
Proposed Third Bridge
the high real-estate value of the land itself
reputation for political resistance and extremism
nonconformity with official vision of development
Istanbul municipalitys development plan
Invasive elements within the community: the police station, a tank, & the Ferrari dealership understanding the threat
Armutlu
Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
MArch Urban Design 2010-11
5
1
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high security barrier
reservoirfloodpath
high security ba
rrie
r
mafia
gate
d community
Konaklar
gate
d communities
Etiler
hist
oric waterfront
Baltalimani
state
university
Istanbul Tech
po
st-geekondu
Reitpaa
wat
erfro
nt residential
Emirgan
illeg
al settlement
Karanfilky
high security barrier
armedwatchtowerPOLICE
STATIONtank
AK party headquarters
local government headquarters
local government headquarters
CULTURAL & COMMUNITY
CENTER
gentrifyingretail
2008:22housesdemolished
2008:9housesdemolished
2008:33housesdemolished
2005:108housesdemolished
2006:80housesdemolished
2002:50housesdemolished
armedwatchtower
armedwatchtower
wastewater treatment
facility
Housing Type
geekondu house:low income, traditional lifestyle
apartment building:high income, established families
Roads Hierarchylight traffic
medium traffic
heavy traffic
Public Transport
municipal bus service
local dolmu service
Kk Armutlu: Power and Influence
6Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
1
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hazaro
us construction met
ho
ds
cont
amin
atio
n fro
m coal
burning
unm
anaged urban runoff
inco
mpl
ete
sewag
e connections
ove
rpaved impermeable surfaces municipal canal
unmanaged ur
ban
ru
no
ff
water contaminated
by
gar
ba
ge
50 10020 2000
STEEP GRADE: Natural Disaster Risk
RAVINE: Flooding / Erosion Risk
Rainwater Drainage
Domestic Coal Contamination
Sub-standard Construction
Untreated Wastewater Drinking Water Distributor
Existing Treecover
Kk Armutlu: Environment
MArch Urban Design 2010-11
7
In order to stave off the threat of eviction, the community must act on its own to eliminate the causes of each justification.
left: an analysis of the environmental issues that undermine the community
Kk Armutlu currently exhibits several health, safely, and security issues that undermine the community. These issues include poor water management practices, contamination of the air from coal burning, poor construction quality, crime, and the reputation of being an extremist enclave. Unfortunately, these issues may provide the justification needed to evict the residents and redevelop the community.
Only by addressing each justification can Armutlu expect to remain intact and maintain its present territory. Although addressing environmental and social threats internally will be a challenge without the support and resources of the municipal government, it is a project with lasting benefits for the community.
finding justifications for eviction
Evicting a community of 22,000 would not be defensible without appropriate justification. Such justifications would need to be defendable against the UN and other international organizations on the grounds that the current living conditions in Armutlu are unsafe or unhealthy.
developing a strategy
Social Projects
0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu
Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:
Environmental Projects
Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation
0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
1. Water management
2. Air quality
3. Building construction
4. Security
A. Flooding and erosion damage
B. Unsuitable drinking water
C. Untreated wastewater
A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials
A. Substandard concrete and
B. Poor foundation
5. Perception as extremist enclave
A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth
A. Introduce strategy and vision
C. Institute tax for community improvements
0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community
B. Appoint environmental & social task forces
A. interview residents
B. observe and document
C. findings determine boundaries of target zone
0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems
1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements
1.3 Launch agriculture programmeoffers services to residents of target zone and volunteers
A. loan of tools
B. supply of seed
C. access to gardening expertise
Team A. collect litter
Team B. trim overgrown vegetation
Team C. plant trees and flowers
0.4 Community work dayinvite residents to collaborate on collective projects
Team D. feed and entertain volunteers
2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents
A. address immediate flood risks
B. excavate ponds and canals
C. construct retaining walls
1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operativefacility for operations and storage
1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents 3.1 Establish garden school
A. formal training for co-op volunteers
B. best practices for community gardening
C. access to gardening expertise
2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone
A. general maintenance
B. plant ornamentals in key areas
4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste
3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store
5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components
A. canals and storage tanks
B. wastewater treatment measures
C. connections to municipal drainage canals
4.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements
A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists
A. construct and maintain water infrastructure
B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots
C. manage co-op programmes and facilities
3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens
4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce
8.2 - 9.4 Agriculture Co-operative IIIreects new role of co-op at the center of community
A. permanent market and public interface
B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse
C. processing zone for agriculture exports
D. meeting and performance spaces
8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed
A. water system fully connected to agriculture
B. aesthetic water features developed
C. expanded to areas outside target zone
6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer
7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer
10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential
11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices
A. childcare and meals provided for incentives
B. coordinated with community social events
9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas
Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers
Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings
Team C. feed and entertain workers
13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges
A. transmission of technical knowledge
B. real-world applications for science research
16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects
A. funded by university and other institutions
B. solar and other energy solutions explored
15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community
A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce
B. employment engine lifts family incomes
C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling
A. provides employment for salvage collectors
B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas
A. provides significant economic benefit
B. functions as a virtuous circle system
11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants
17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets
A. construct trails and seating areas
C. encourage local youth to guide visitors
B. draw attention to local assets or significant views
A. interview residents
B. identify community leaders and social promoters
C. determine traditional wisdom networks
0.1 - 0.4 Human resource surveytask force identies individuals with special capabilities
2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents
1.1 Database of professional skillscommunity directory of knowledgeable experts
12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families
A. survey to determine best location
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
0.3 - 0.4 Community Tenttemporary structure to appearat subsequent community events
A. building and carpentry
B. agriculture and cultivation
C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts
D. music and performance
2.1 Facilitate temporary food marketprovides selling space to any resident
2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fairprovides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations
2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents
4.3 Invite weekly mobile library servicelocal library makes stops at key locations
7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport
Events
Buildings
5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects
14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses
A. youth radio station
B. performance hall for semah and baglamah
C. visitors center
Social Projects
0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu
Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:
Environmental Projects
Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation
0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
1. Water management
2. Air quality
3. Building construction
4. Security
A. Flooding and erosion damage
B. Unsuitable drinking water
C. Untreated wastewater
A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials
A. Substandard concrete and
B. Poor foundation
5. Perception as extremist enclave
A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth
A. Introduce strategy and vision
C. Institute tax for community improvements
0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community
B. Appoint environmental & social task forces
A. interview residents
B. observe and document
C. findings determine boundaries of target zone
0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems
1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements
1.3 Launch agriculture programmeoffers services to residents of target zone and volunteers
A. loan of tools
B. supply of seed
C. access to gardening expertise
Team A. collect litter
Team B. trim overgrown vegetation
Team C. plant trees and flowers
0.4 Community work dayinvite residents to collaborate on collective projects
Team D. feed and entertain volunteers
2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents
A. address immediate flood risks
B. excavate ponds and canals
C. construct retaining walls
1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operativefacility for operations and storage
1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents 3.1 Establish garden school
A. formal training for co-op volunteers
B. best practices for community gardening
C. access to gardening expertise
2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone
A. general maintenance
B. plant ornamentals in key areas
4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste
3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store
5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components
A. canals and storage tanks
B. wastewater treatment measures
C. connections to municipal drainage canals
4.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements
A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists
A. construct and maintain water infrastructure
B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots
C. manage co-op programmes and facilities
3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens
4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce
8.2 - 9.4 Agriculture Co-operative IIIreects new role of co-op at the center of community
A. permanent market and public interface
B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse
C. processing zone for agriculture exports
D. meeting and performance spaces
8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed
A. water system fully connected to agriculture
B. aesthetic water features developed
C. expanded to areas outside target zone
6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer
7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer
10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential
11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices
A. childcare and meals provided for incentives
B. coordinated with community social events
9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas
Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers
Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings
Team C. feed and entertain workers
13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges
A. transmission of technical knowledge
B. real-world applications for science research
16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects
A. funded by university and other institutions
B. solar and other energy solutions explored
15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community
A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce
B. employment engine lifts family incomes
C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling
A. provides employment for salvage collectors
B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas
A. provides significant economic benefit
B. functions as a virtuous circle system
11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants
17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets
A. construct trails and seating areas
C. encourage local youth to guide visitors
B. draw attention to local assets or significant views
A. interview residents
B. identify community leaders and social promoters
C. determine traditional wisdom networks
0.1 - 0.4 Human resource surveytask force identies individuals with special capabilities
2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents
1.1 Database of professional skillscommunity directory of knowledgeable experts
12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families
A. survey to determine best location
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
0.3 - 0.4 Community Tenttemporary structure to appearat subsequent community events
A. building and carpentry
B. agriculture and cultivation
C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts
D. music and performance
2.1 Facilitate temporary food marketprovides selling space to any resident
2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fairprovides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations
2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents
4.3 Invite weekly mobile library servicelocal library makes stops at key locations
7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport
Events
Buildings
5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects
14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses
A. youth radio station
B. performance hall for semah and baglamah
C. visitors center
The project recognizes the Peoples Committee as the communitys authority for local issues. The Committee appoints separate task forces to manage the proposed environmental and social improvements.
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1
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1
41
1
1 1
1
1
1
11
12
1
1
11
2
2
1
2
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1
2
1
2
2
11
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
11
1
2
1
1 1
2
4
2
1
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Co-op I
Co-op II
Compost & Recyling Center
Workshop IIWorkshop I
Handicrafts Exchange
Community Centre
Aquaponics Facility
Research Center Water Storage Tank
Domestic biogas units Community Biogas & Algaculture
Health Fair
mobile library
Reconstructed Homes
weekly food market
Commercial Focus Area Commercial
Focus Area
athletic festival
Project Timeframe
phase I (within 1 year)
phase II (2-4 years)
phase III (5+ years)
event
hotfood
handicrafts
textiles
tea
vegetables
bakedgoods
tea
hotfood
spices
handicrafts
oranges
hotfood
sweets
Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
MArch Urban Design 2010-11
9
project overviewThis project, which proposes a series of improvements for the geekondu, demonstrates a systematic approach of addressing specific physical and social deficiencies. The improvements are achieved as the result of interventions that grow in scale and scope as the project develops over a period of twenty to fifty years. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.
The first interventions are implemented by the appointed task force, either social or environmental. The initial projects are low-cost and temporary, such as community work dsys or handicraft workshops.
Among the first physical upgrades, a community gardening campaign encourages residents to cultivate parts of the land around their home. As the project develops, residents make improvements to the surroundings as their agricultural ambition grows. Such improvements include the diversion of water flowing downhill, which previously caused erosion and flooding. This problem is transformed into a benefit with the terracing of gardens, which abates water runoff and provides irrigation.
SocialProjects
0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu
Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:
EnvironmentalProjects
Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation
0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
1. Water management
2. Air quality
3. Building construction
4. Security
A. Flooding and erosion damage
B. Unsuitable drinking water
C. Untreated wastewater
A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials
A. Substandard concrete and
B. Poor foundation
5. Perception as extremist enclave
A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth
A. Introduce strategy and vision
C. Institute tax for community improvements
0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community
B. Appoint environmental & social task forces
A. interview residents
B. observe and document
C. findings determine boundaries of target zone
0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems
1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements
1.3 Launch agriculture programmeoffers services to residents of target zone and volunteers
A. loan of tools
B. supply of seed
C. access to gardening expertise
Team A. collect litter
Team B. trim overgrown vegetation
Team C. plant trees and flowers
0.4 Community work dayinvite residents to collaborate on collective projects
Team D. feed and entertain volunteers
2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents
A. address immediate flood risks
B. excavate ponds and canals
C. construct retaining walls
1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operativefacility for operations and storage
1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents
3.1 Establish garden school
A. formal training for co-op volunteers
B. best practices for community gardening
C. access to gardening expertise
2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone
A. general maintenance
B. plant ornamentals in key areas
4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste
3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store
5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components
A. canals and storage tanks
B. wastewater treatment measures
C. connections to municipal drainage canals
5.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements
A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists
A. construct and maintain water infrastructure
B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots
C. manage co-op programmes and facilities
3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens
4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce
8.2 - 9.4 Community Centrereects new role of co-op at the center of community
A. permanent market and public interface
B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse
C. processing zone for agriculture exports
D. meeting and performance spaces
8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed
A. water system fully connected to agriculture
B. aesthetic water features developed
C. expanded to areas outside target zone
6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer
7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer
10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential
11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices
A. childcare and meals provided for incentives
B. coordinated with community social events
9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas
Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers
Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings
Team C. feed and entertain workers
13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges
A. transmission of technical knowledge
B. real-world applications for science research
16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects
A. funded by university and other institutions
B. solar and other energy solutions explored
15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community
A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce
B. employment engine lifts family incomes
C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling
A. provides employment for salvage collectors
B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas
A. provides significant economic benefit
B. functions as a virtuous circle system
11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants
17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets
A. construct trails and seating areas
C. encourage local youth to guide visitors
B. draw attention to local assets or significant views
A. interview residents
B. identify community leaders and social promoters
C. determine traditional wisdom networks
0.1 - 0.4 Human resource surveytask force identies individuals with special capabilities
2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents
1.1 Database of professional skillscommunity directory of knowledgeable experts
12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families
A. survey to determine best location
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
0.3 - 0.4 Community Tenttemporary structure to appearat subsequent community events
A. building and carpentry
B. agriculture and cultivation
C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts
D. music and performance
2.1 Facilitate temporary food marketprovides selling space to any resident
2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fairprovides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations
2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents
4.3 Invite weekly mobile library servicelocal library makes stops at key locations
7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport
Events
Buildings
5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects
14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses
A. youth radio station
B. performance hall for semah and baglamah
C. visitors center
4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchangeretail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts
timeline
Social Projects
Environmental Projects
10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
A. interview residents
B. observe and document
C. findings determine boundaries of target zone
0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems
1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements
2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents
A. address immediate flood risks
B. excavate ponds and canals
C. construct retaining walls
1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents
3.1 Establish garden school
A. formal training for co-op volunteers
B. best practices for community gardening
C. access to gardening expertise
2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone
A. general maintenance
B. plant ornamentals in key areas
4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste
5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components
A. canals and storage tanks
B. wastewater treatment measures
C. connections to municipal drainage canals
4.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements
A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists
A. construct and maintain water infrastructure
B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots
C. manage co-op programmes and facilities
4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce
8.2 - 9.4 Agriculture Co-operative IIIreects new role of co-op at the center of community
A. permanent market and public interface
B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse
C. processing zone for agriculture exports
D. meeting and performance spaces
8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed
A. water system fully connected to agriculture
B. aesthetic water features developed
C. expanded to areas outside target zone
6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer
7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer
10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential
11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices
A. childcare and meals provided for incentives
B. coordinated with community social events
9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas
Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers
Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings
Team C. feed and entertain workers
13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges
A. transmission of technical knowledge
B. real-world applications for science research
16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects
A. funded by university and other institutions
B. solar and other energy solutions explored
15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community
A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce
B. employment engine lifts family incomes
C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling
A. provides employment for salvage collectors
B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas
A. provides significant economic benefit
B. functions as a virtuous circle system
11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants
17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets
A. construct trails and seating areas
C. encourage local youth to guide visitors
B. draw attention to local assets or significant views
2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents
12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families
A. survey to determine best location
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents
7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport
Events
Buildings
5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects
14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses
A. youth radio station
B. performance hall for semah and baglamah
C. visitors center
3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store
3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens
environmental projects are blue
social projects are green
Time is indicated by this number.Digits before the dot represent months.Digits after the dot represent weeks.0.0 is the project start date.
the colored bars represent the duration of a project:
building projects are red
Each interventions vertical position indicates whether it is a building, an event, or a project.
The timeline below describes a systematic approach to improving the community. The process of collaboration necessary to carry out this collective endeavor will strengthen the personal relationships and local networks within the community.
temporary events are yellow
10
SocialProjects
0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu
Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:
EnvironmentalProjects
Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation
0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
1. Water management
2. Air quality
3. Building construction
4. Security
A. Flooding and erosion damage
B. Unsuitable drinking water
C. Untreated wastewater
A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials
A. Substandard concrete and
B. Poor foundation
5. Perception as extremist enclave
A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth
A. Introduce strategy and vision
C. Institute tax for community improvements
0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community
B. Appoint environmental & social task forces
A. interview residents
B. observe and document
C. findings determine boundaries of target zone
0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems
1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements
1.3 Launch agriculture programmeoffers services to residents of target zone and volunteers
A. loan of tools
B. supply of seed
C. access to gardening expertise
Team A. collect litter
Team B. trim overgrown vegetation
Team C. plant trees and flowers
0.4 Community work dayinvite residents to collaborate on collective projects
Team D. feed and entertain volunteers
2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents
A. address immediate flood risks
B. excavate ponds and canals
C. construct retaining walls
1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operativefacility for operations and storage
1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents
3.1 Establish garden school
A. formal training for co-op volunteers
B. best practices for community gardening
C. access to gardening expertise
2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone
A. general maintenance
B. plant ornamentals in key areas
4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste
3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store
5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components
A. canals and storage tanks
B. wastewater treatment measures
C. connections to municipal drainage canals
5.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements
A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists
A. construct and maintain water infrastructure
B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots
C. manage co-op programmes and facilities
3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens
4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce
8.2 - 9.4 Community Centrereects new role of co-op at the center of community
A. permanent market and public interface
B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse
C. processing zone for agriculture exports
D. meeting and performance spaces
8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed
A. water system fully connected to agriculture
B. aesthetic water features developed
C. expanded to areas outside target zone
6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer
7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer
10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential
11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices
A. childcare and meals provided for incentives
B. coordinated with community social events
9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas
Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers
Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings
Team C. feed and entertain workers
13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges
A. transmission of technical knowledge
B. real-world applications for science research
16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects
A. funded by university and other institutions
B. solar and other energy solutions explored
15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community
A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce
B. employment engine lifts family incomes
C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling
A. provides employment for salvage collectors
B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas
A. provides significant economic benefit
B. functions as a virtuous circle system
11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants
17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets
A. construct trails and seating areas
C. encourage local youth to guide visitors
B. draw attention to local assets or significant views
A. interview residents
B. identify community leaders and social promoters
C. determine traditional wisdom networks
0.1 - 0.4 Human resource surveytask force identies individuals with special capabilities
2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents
1.1 Database of professional skillscommunity directory of knowledgeable experts
12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families
A. survey to determine best location
B. community-wide knowledge and support networks
C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions
0.3 - 0.4 Community Tenttemporary structure to appearat subsequent community events
A. building and carpentry
B. agriculture and cultivation
C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts
D. music and performance
2.1 Facilitate temporary food marketprovides selling space to any resident
2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fairprovides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations
2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents
4.3 Invite weekly mobile library servicelocal library makes stops at key locations
7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport
Events
Buildings
5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects
14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses
A. youth radio station
B. performance hall for semah and baglamah
C. visitors center
4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchangeretail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts
Visiting Students
Experienced Farmers
Heavy Machinery
Terraced Gardens
Agricultural Worker
New Public Spaces
Visiting Practitioner Volunteers
Composting Area
Community Participation
Recycling Worker
New Trees and Gardens
Community GardeningRecycling Bins
Public Water Access
Agriculture Cooperative
Trade WorkshopCommunity Excursions
Hardware Store
Goods for Sale
Workshop
Salvage Yard
Community Participation
Water Storage
Transformed Open Space
Mobile Library
Handicraft Vendors
Temporary Clinic
Artisan Food Vendors
Volunteer
Street Commerce
Heavy Machinery
Recycling Worker
Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu
MArch Urban Design 2010-11
11
SocialProjects
0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu
Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:
EnvironmentalProjects
Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation
0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date
5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water
1. Water management
2. Air quality
3. Building construction
4. Security
A. Flooding and erosion damage
B. Unsuitable drinking water
C. Untreated wastewater
A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials
A. Substandard concrete and
B. Poor foundation
5. Perception as extremist enclave
A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth
A. Introduce strategy and vision
C. Institute tax for community improvements
0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community
B. Appoint e