08.04.2010

AVL Opacimeter 439

2Originator, location of data storage, date of creation

AVL Opacimeter Generations

G001 (1998)G001 (1998) G004 (2003)G004 (2003)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

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Principle of Opacity Measurement

Full Flow Opacimeter

in - line

end - of - line

filled with dynamic

pressure

filled with pumpQ = const.•

Opacimeter

Opacimeter

Partial Flow Opacimeter

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AVL 439 Measurement Principle

Lamp II00Detector II

T, pT, p

LL

I / I0 = Extinction = Absorption + Scattering

NN = 100 ·(1- e – kk · L)

kk = – · ln(1- )NN

100

1

L

= e – kk · L = (1 – )NN

100

I

I0

I0 ...... Light intensity without smoke

I ....... Light intensity with smoke

N ...... Opacity (%)

k ....... Absorption coefficient (m-1)

L ....... Measuring length (m)

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AVL Opacimeter 439 G004

Partial Flow Opacimeter

� For test cell, chassis dynamometer

and on-board testing

� High sensitivity

� High time response

� Legal test runs according to

ECE-R 24

HD EURO 3/4 ELR test

ISO 8178

SAE J 1667

� Exhaust probe conditioning

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AVL 439 Technical Specification

Measurement value resolution :Measurement value resolution : 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11

ZeroZero--level stability:level stability: 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11 / 30 min/ 30 min

Signal rise time:Signal rise time: 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 LpmLpm))

Sampling rate for opacity signal:Sampling rate for opacity signal: 50 Hz50 Hz

Electronic measurement value filterElectronic measurement value filter

Moving averageMoving average 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s

Bessel filter of 2nd orderBessel filter of 2nd order 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s

1st order low pass1st order low pass 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s

Not filteredNot filtered

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AVL 439 Design Features

� Optical Length 430 mm

→ optimised sensitivity

� Diaphragm Sampling Pump

→ constant flow rate

→ constant filling of the measurement chamber

→ high accuracy

� Sample Conditioning

→ standard temperature 100°C

→ adjustable from 70 ... 120°C

→ signal stability

→ temperature protection

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AVL 439 Measurement Chamber

ProbeProbeININ

ProbeProbeOUTOUT

ProbeProbeOUTOUT

ConditioningConditioning100100°°CC

Thermostatically Thermostatically controlled heatercontrolled heater

Orifice

Heated window

element

Light

detector

Light

source

OrificeFrame

Measurement

chamber

Calibration

cartridgeHeated window

element

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AVL 439 Zero-Level Stability

0

-0.02

-0.01

0.01

0.02

0 300 600

-0.86

-0.43

0

0.43

0.86

sigma = 0.001 m-1

k [

m-1

]

N [

%]

Time (s)

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AVL 439 Signal Rise Time

0

50

100

-50 50 150 250

Sig

na

l –

[%]

Time [ms]

90%

10% T10

T90

100 ms

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AVL 439 for Engine Homologation

according to ECE-R24

physical response time ≤ 0.4 selectrical signal rise time 0.9 ... 1.1 s

electronic filter time 1.1 s

resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1

according to EURO 3 ELR

physical response time ≤ 0.2 s

electrical signal rise time ≤ 0.05 s

electronic filter time 1 s Bessel filter

resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1

Time – s

C1 C2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6Ab

so

rpti

on

co

eff

icie

nt

k –

[m

-1]

∆k

XM

Sp

eed

100 %

cycle 1

EURO 3 ELR Test

cycle 2 cycle 3 cycle 4

selectedpoint

C

B

A

Lo

ad

10 %

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AVL 439 Functional Diagram

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439 Opacimeter High Pressure Option

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AVL 439 for Engine Homologation

Check with Certified Calibration Filters

according to

ECE-R24

� with 50% calibration filter

� limit of agreement is +/- 1%

EURO 3/4 ELR

ISO 8178-9

ISO 11614

SAE J 1667

� with 10%, 20% and 40% filters

� limit of agreement is +/- 2%

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AVL 439 Test Cell Installation

Exhaust line

Tube 10 x 1

Welding piece

200Exhaust

Probe

Backflow

Engine

Silencer

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AVL 439 Dimensions

650 mm

420 m

m

450 mm

Dimensions

650 × 420 × 450 mm (W × H × D)

Weight

approx. 47 kg

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European Load Response (ELR) Test

Sp

eed

100 %

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4

Selectedpoint

C

B

A

Lo

ad

10 %

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AVL 439 for ELR Test Application

Time [s]

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

50

40

30

20

10

0

Op

ac

ity

[%]

Sp

ee

d[r

pm

]T

orq

ue

[Nm

]

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AVL 439 for Transient Engine Development

Time [s]

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

50

40

30

20

10

0

Op

ac

ity

[%]

Sp

ee

d [

rpm

]T

orq

ue

[N

m]

0 200016001200800400

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AVL 439 Load Response

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Lo

ad

[Nm

]

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Alp

ha

[%

]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time [s]

Op

ac

ity

[%]

625 ml/30s594 ml/30s625 ml/30s - 30%Alpha

� Nozzle variation (injection rate/time)

� Heavy-duty 6-cylinder engine, vH=7 l

� n = 1200 rpm

� Limitation of max. opacity N = 30%

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AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Start Phase

Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Time [s]

Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC

Op

acity [%

]

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed

Spe

ed

[km

/h]

Opacity scale 0-100%

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Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Time [s]

Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC

Op

acity [

%]

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed

Sp

ee

d [

km

/h]

AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Running-In Phase

Opacity scale 0-10%

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AVL 439 Data Handling

Opacity raw value

analogue + RS 232

ECE-R24

cycle aid and display

EURO III ELR

cycle pre-programmed

BESSEL filter

SLIDING AVERAGE

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Opacity / Soot / Particulates

FS

N

Op

acit

y

SO42-

C

HC

AshF

ilte

r G

ravim

etr

y

Black CarbonBlack Carbon

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

0 2 4 6 8 10

Carbon particulates [mg/m3]

Op

acit

y [

%]

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

0 2 4 6 8 10

Total particulates [mg/m3]

Op

acit

y [

%]

Opacity can often be correlated to:

but:but:

not tonot to

ParticulatesParticulates

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Opacity vs. Black Soot (FSN)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5

Filter Smoke Number (FSN)

Op

acity

(%)

2.5 l, TDI, CR

2.4 l, IDI

4l, TDI

12 l, TDI, CR

8 l, TDI

4,2 l, DI

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Example of Sensitivity and Zero Stability

0.00

0.05

0.10

0 10 20 30

Time – minutes

FSN = 0.20 0.120.37 0.13

Opacity Values at Low Soot Emission

k (

m)

-1