AVIONICS ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND INFRARED … · Most Avionics EO systems operate in the 3-5 mm (Tracking) and 8-14 mm (Imaging)

29-Sep-2015 © R. Sabatini 1

Prof. Roberto Sabatini, PhD, FRIN

Head of Group, Intelligent Transport Systems and Aviation Program Leader

Avionics and ATM Leader, Sir L. Wackett Aerospace Research Centre

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia)

E-mail: [email protected]

http://www1.rmit.edu.au/staff/roberto-sabatini

http://www.rmit.edu.au/aeromecheng

© Prof. Roberto Sabatini – RMIT University, 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder

AVIONICS ELECTRO-OPTICAL

AND INFRARED SYSTEMS

– Part 1 –

INVITED LECTURE SERIES

San Jose dos Campos, 29 September 2015


• EO/IR Fundamental Physics

• Radiation Sources

• Infrared Detectors

• EO/IR Atmospheric Propagation

• Passive EO/IR Systems

• Active EO/IR Systems

SCOPE OF PART 1

AVIONICS ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND INFRARED SYSTEMS

– PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO EO/IR SYSTEMS –


EO/IR Fundamental Physics (1)

Planck’s Law (Blackbody Radiation)

Stefan-Boltzman Law (Emittance)

Wien’s Displacement Law (Emission Peak)


A blackbody is an idealized physical body that

absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation

Because of this perfect absorptivity at all

wavelengths, a black body is also the best possible

emitter of thermal radiation, which it radiates in a

characteristic, continuous spectrum that depends

on the body's temperature

At Earth-ambient temperatures this emission is in

the infrared region of the spectrum and is not visible

The object is called “black” since it does not reflect

or emit any visible light at ambient temperatures



Planck’s Law (Balckbody Radiation)

W = Spectral radiant emittance (W cm-2m

-1)

= Wavelength (m)

h = Plank’s constant (6.256*10-34

W sec2)

T = Absolute temperature (o

K)

c = Speed of light (2.998*108 m sec

-1)

k = Boltzmann’s const. (1.381*10-23

W sec oK)

Blackbody Radiation




Planck’s Law (Rearranged)

C1 = First Radiation Constant (3.47*10

8 W m

-2m

-1)

C2 = Second Radiation Constant (1.44*10

4 m sec

oK)

“The Radiant Emittance s a

function of wavelength and

absolute temperature only”



The colour (Chromaticity) of

blackbody radiation depends on

the temperature of the black

body; the locus of Chromaticity

coordinates (shown in CIE 1931

x,y space) is known as the

Planckian Locus

The Blackbody starts to emit

visible wavelengths, appearing

red, orange, yellow, white, and

blue with increasing temperature


Stefan-Boltzman Law (Emittance)

W = Emittance (Flux Irradiated by Blackbody Unit Area)

= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant (5.6697*10-12 Wcm-2

BB – Area = 1 cm2



Wien’s Displacement Law (Peak Emission)

p = at Peak (m)

a = 2897.8 m °K


“The frequency of maximum

radiative power shifts to higher

frequencies with increasing

temperature”



Example:

T = 300 °K

p = 2897.8 / 300 = 9.68 m





Jet Plume → p ≈ 3 m

Human → p ≈ 10 m

Sun → p ≈ 0.5 m



Plank’s Law

Stefan-Boltzman Law

Wien’s Displacement Law

INTEGRATE DIFFERENTIATE

EMITTANCE

EMISSION PEAK

BLACKBODY RADIATION


Radiation Sources

Emissivity (Real Materials)

ε = Emissivity

Black Body

Gray Body

Selective Radiator

1.0

0.5

1.0

“Real materials emit less

energy than the balckbody.

Emissivity tells us how

efficiently energy

is radiated”


Infrared Detectors

Thermal Detectors

Thermal Detector Measurement

Piroelectric Current

Termopile Voltage

Bolometer Resistance

Superconductor Resistance

Photon Detector Measurement

Photoconductive Resistance

Photovoltaic Current (Voltage p-n)

Photoelectromagnetic Voltage

Photoemissive Current (anodic)

Photon Detectors


Infrared Detectors (2)

Spectral Response

Thermal

D*

Photonic

-cut off

12/1*

WHzcmNEP

fAD

d

Ad = Detector Area

∆f = Detector Bandwidth

NEP = Noise Equivalent Power


Infrared Detectors (3)

Typical D* of Selected Detectors


EO/IR Atmospheric Propagation

Atmospheric Propagation Effects

Atmospheric Extinction

– Absorption

– Scattering

Transmission Windows


Propagation Effects

• Absorption

• Scattering

• Turbulence

• Refraction

• Aero-optical Effects

Passive EO Systems

Active EO Systems

• Thermal Blooming

• Kinetic Cooling

• Bleaching


Atmospheric Extinction

Attenuation due to absorption and scattering

Absorption is frequency dependent (resonant

frequency of molecules) – Light energy given up to kinetic and heat

– Most abundant gases (Nitrogen, Oxygen) have little effect

– Water, Carbon-dioxide molecules severely attenuate light

Scattering is wavelength and particle ratio dependant

– Rayleigh

– Mie

– Non-selective


Atmospheric Extinction (2)

Beer’s Law:

= transmittance

= attenuation coefficient (extinction)

z = path length

The Scattering Coefficient is governed by four individual processes:

Molecular Absorption

Molecular Scattering

() = absorption coefficient

() = scattering coefficient (m = molecular, a = aerosol)

Aerosol Absorption

Aerosol Scattering

aamm

ze


Absorption

Normally the major contributor to extinction

Depends primarily upon: – humidity

– pressure

– temperature

H2O and CO2 are the primary absorbers – H2O concentration variable (10-3 – 1% vol.)

– CO2 concentration quite constant (0.03 – 0.04% vol.)

Ozone (O3) important at high altitude

Absorption dictates the IR windows used by EO

systems


Absorption (2)

Far Infrared Near Infrared Mid Infrared

Sea-level Transmittance for a Slant-path of 1820 m [1]


Scattering

Type of Scattering Size of Scatterer

Rayleigh Scattering Larger than electron but

smaller than λ (air molecules)

Mie Scattering Comparable in size to λ

(aerosols)

Non-selective Scattering Much larger than λ (large

droplets: fog, clouds, rain

and snow)


Scattering (2)

Rayleigh Scattering

Due to the λ-4 dependence, much greater than absorption in UV and VIS

Minimum effects in NIR

Can be neglected for λ > 1 μm

4

651

3

128

aN

Induced Dipole (incident EM field) Radiated energy flux <S>

Polarizability of particle with radius a and electric

permeability ε0

3

04 a

Scattering coefficient

(N = # of particles/cm3)


Scattering (3)

Mie Scattering

Mie scattering coefficient is given by:

N = # of drops/cm3

k = scattering area ratio

r = radius of droplets in cm

2krN

Ratio of drop radius to wavelength, r/

1

2

3

Scatteri

ng a

rea r

atio, k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

0


Scattering (4)

Mie Scattering

N(a) = Particle Size Distribution:

N(a) = Xn(a)c + Yn(a)m

X, Y = Relative Contributions

n(a)c = Continental size distribution

n(a)m = Maritime size distribution

Ks = Mie attenuation factor = f(n)

a = Particle radius

2

1

2

a

a

s daaKaN

RH

RH

RH

RH

RH

RH

Experimental

Calculated

(1.0:1.0 c:m)

Sca

tte

rin

g c

oe

ffic

ien

t (km

-1)

Wavelength (μm)



Far Infrared Near Infrared

VIII VII VI V

IV

III

II

Mid Infrared

I

Window

Boundaries

(m)

I 0.72 0.94

II 0.94 1.13

III 1.13 1.38

IV 1.38 1.90

V 1.90 2.70

VI 2.70 4.30

VII 4.30 6.00

VIII 6.00 15.0

Sea-level Transmittance for a Slant-path of 1820 m

Absorption Bands and Atmospheric windows



IR Band UK USA

I 1.5 – 2.0 m 1.9 – 2.6 m

II 2.0 – 3.0 m 2.8 – 3.6 m

IV 3.0 – 5.0 m 3.8 – 4.7 m

Far IR 8.0 – 14.0 m 8.0 – 14.0 m

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 20

100

80

60

40

20Tra

nsm

itta

nce

(%

)

Wavelength (m)

CO2H2OH2OO3 CO2 CO2H2OO2

UK: I II IV Far IR

USA: I II IV Far IR


Propagation – Key Points

EO sensors can operate in the visible and IR

portions of the spectrum at 0.3 < λ < 14 mm

Most Avionics EO systems operate in the 3-5 mm

(Tracking) and 8-14 mm (Imaging)

Absorption is due primarily to molecules – Absorption determines the primary sensing windows

Scattering becomes significant when particle radii

are on the order of the wavelength

In clear sky conditions, absorption is predominant

With smoke and dust, scattering prevails


Passive EO/IR Systems

Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS)

Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR)

Infrared Search and Track (IRST)

Night Vision Imaging Systems (NVIS):

– NVIS Sights

– Night Vision Goggles (NVG)


Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS)


Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR)

Lens

Horizontal

Scanner

Vertical

Scanner

Detector

Display


FLIR (2)

Field of View

(FOV)

Scanner

Image Field

Detector

Output


FLIR (3)

Display

(Integrated

Signal)

FOV

Scanner

Image Field

Delay Circuits


Night Vision Imaging Systems (NVIS)


NVIS (2)


NVIS (3)


NVIS (4)


NVIS (5)


NVIS (6)

ITT mod. F4949

(AN/AVS-9)


NVIS (7)


NVIS Compatibility


NVIS Compatibility (2)

Cockpit

Lights


NVIS Compatibility (3)

NAV Lights

Anticollision Light

External

Lights


Active EO/IR Systems (Lasers)

Laser RADAR (LADAR or LIDAR) – Imaging and Laser Obstacle Avoidance (LOA)

– Atmospheric Sounding

– Wind-shear Detection (WSD)

Laser Communication Systems (LCS)

Military Systems:

– Laser Rangefinders (LRF)

– Laser Target Designators (LTD)

– Directed Energy Weapons (DEW)


Laser RADAR (1)

Type of Laser Wavelength

C02 9.2 m - 11.2 m

Er:YAG 2 m

Raman Shifted Nd:YAG 1.54 m

Nd:YAG 1,064 m

GaAlAs 0.8 m - 0.904 m

HeNe 0.63 m

Frequency Doubled Nd:YAG 0.53 m


Technique Signal Measurement

Direct Detection Pulsed, Amplitude

Modulation (AM)

Amplitude (reflected)

Distance (time delay)

Coherent Detection Pulsed, Amplitude

Modulation (AM),

Frequency Modulation

(FM)

Velocity (Doppler shift

or differential range)

Distance

Angular position

Laser RADAR (2)


Laser

Beam

Shaping

Optics Telescope

Scanning

Optics

Detector Imaging

Optics Telescope

Scanning

Optics

Atmosphere

and

Target

Operator

Interface

Direct Detection

Laser RADAR (3)


Laser

Decouple

Tx/Rx

Beam

expander

Data

processing Filtering Detector

Scanning

Optics

Laser

Oscillator

Atmosphere

and

Target

Operator

Interface

Beam

Shaping

Imaging

Optics

Signal

processing

Coherent Detection

Laser RADAR (4)


LRF Transmitter

(typical)

100%

Mirror

Power

Supply

ROD

Output

Mirror TELESCOPE

Output

Cooling

Q-Switch

Polariser

LRF Receiver

(typical)

Head

Amp

Main

Amp

ANALOGUE DIGITAL

Collecting

Lens

Detector

AGC Swept Gain Threshold

Clock

START

STOP

Logic

and

Counter

Output to

Computer

or Display

LIDAR Applications - LRF


ARTIMLR

TU

REMOTE CONTROL (FIRE SWITCH)

TRIPOD

TACTICAL COMPUTER BATTERY

PACK

COMMUNICATION CABLE

POWER CABLE

PLD

COMPUTER HEATER BATTERY

ELOP PLD - GLTD CLDP

LIDAR Applications – LRF and LTD


LIDAR Applications – Imaging and LOA


20°

20°

15°

15°

20°

20°

LOAM

LIDAR Applications – Imaging and LOA (2)


LOAM



LOAS FOV Centre Platform axis

Platform Instantaneous

Direction of Flight



Questions and Discussion

AVIONICS ELECTRO-OPTICAL

AND INFRARED SYSTEMS

– Part 1 –

INVITED LECTURE SERIES


[1] R. Sabatini and M. A. Richardson, RTO AGARDograph AG-300 Vol. 26: Airborne Laser Systems Testing

and Analysis: NATO Science and Technology Organization, 2010.

[2] R. Sabatini, "Tactical Laser Systems Performance Analysis in Various Weather Conditions", presented at

the E-O Propagation, Signature and System Performance under Adverse Meteorological Conditions

Considering Out of Area Operations, Sensors and Electronics Technology (SET) panel, NATO Research

and Technology Organization (RTO), Naples, Italy, 1998.

[3] R. Sabatini and G. B. Palmerini, RTO AGARDograph AG-160 Vol. 21: Differential Global Positioning

System (DGPS) for Flight Testing: NATO Research and Technology Organization, 2008.

[4] R. Sabatini, F. Guercio, and S. Vignola, "Airborne Laser Systems Performance Analysis and Mission

Planning", in RTO-MP-46 - Advanced Mission Management and Systems Integration Technologies for

Improved Tactical Operations, Systems Concepts and Integration (SCI) panel, NATO Research and

Technology Organization (RTO), Florence, Italy, 1999.

[5] R. Sabatini, F. Guercio, G. Campo, and A. Marciante, "Laser Guided Bombs and Convertible Designation

Pod Integration on Italian TORNADO-IDS", presented at the 31st Annual Symposium of the Society of

Flight Test Engineers, Turin, Italy, 2000.

[6] R. Sabatini, F. Guercio, G. Campo, and A. Marciante, "Simulation and Flight Testing for Integration of a

Laser Designation Pod and Laser Guided Bombs on Italian TORNADO-IDS", in RTO-MP-083 - Integration

of Simulation with System Testing, Systems Concepts and Integration (SCI) panel, NATO Research and

Technology Organization (RTO), Toulouse, France, 2001.

[7] R. Sabatini and M. A. Richardson, "A new approach to eye-safety analysis for airborne laser systems flight

test and training operations", Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 35, pp. 191-198, 2003. DOI:

10.1016/S0030-3992(02)00171-8

References








[8] R. Sabatini, L. Aulanier, H. Rutz, M. Martinez, L. Foreman, B. Pour, et al., "Multifunctional information

distribution system (MIDS) integration programs and future developments", in proceedings of IEEE Military

Communications Conference 2009 (MILCOM2009), Boston, MA, 2009. DOI:

10.1109/MILCOM.2009.5379806

[9] R. Sabatini and M. A. Richardson, "Novel atmospheric extinction measurement techniques for aerospace

laser system applications", Infrared Physics and Technology, vol. 56, pp. 30-50, 2013. DOI:

10.1016/j.infrared.2012.10.002

[10] T. Elder and J. Strong, "The infrared transmission of atmospheric windows", Journal of the Franklin

Institute, vol. 255, pp. 189-208, 1953

[11] R. M. Langer, "Report on Signal Corps Contract No. DA-36-039-SC-72351", 1957.

[12] W. E. K. Middleton, "Vision through the Atmosphere", University of Toronto Press1952.

[13] American National Standard Institute ANSI Z136.1, “Safe Use of Laser”, 1976.

[14] American National Standard Institute ANSI Z136.4, “Laser Safety Measurements and Instrumentation”,

1990.

[15] STANAG 3606 - 5th ed., "Evaluation and Control of Laser Hazards", 1991.

[16] International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 825 – (Amendment 2), “Radiation Safety of Laser Products,

Equipment Classification, Requirements and User’s guide”, 1993.

[17] Italian Regulation DL 04.12.1992 - n. 475, “Attuazione della direttiva 89/686/CEE relativa ai dispositivi di

protezione individuale”, 1992.

References








[18] Italian Standard CEI - 76/2 - 2nd ed., "Apparecchi Laser - Sicurezza delle Radiazioni, Classificazione dei

Materiali, prescrizioni e Guida per l'Utilizzatore", 76/2 - ed. II, 1993.

[19] Italian Military Safety Standard SMD-W-001 - 2nd ed., “Regolamento Interforze di Sicurezza per l’Impiego

degli Apparti Laser”, 1995.

[20] UK Ministry of Defence – Ordnance Board D/OB/2407/2, JSP390 – Military Laser Safety, 1998.

[21] R. Sabatini and M. A. Richardson, "Innovative methods for planetary atmospheric sounding by lasers", in

proceedings of AIAA Space 2008 Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2008. DOI: 10.2514/6.2008-7670

[22] R. Sabatini, M. A. Richardson, H. Jia, and D. Zammit-Mangion, "Airborne laser systems for atmospheric

sounding in the near infrared", in proceedings of SPIE 8433, Laser Sources and Applications, Photonics

Europe 2012, Brussels, Belgium, 2012. DOI: 10.1117/12.915718

[23] A. Gardi and R. Sabatini, "Unmanned aircraft bistatic lidar for CO2 colum density determination", in

proceedings of IEEE Metrology for Aerospace Conference 2014, Benevento, Italy, 2014

[24] R. Sabatini, E. Roviaro, and M. Cottalasso, "Development of a Laser Collision Avoidance System for

Helicopters: Obstacle Detection/Classification and Calculation of Alternative Flight Paths", in RTO-MP-092

- Complementarity of Ladar and Radar, Sensors & Electronics Technology (SET) panel, NATO Research

and Technology Organization (RTO), 2002.

[25] R. Sabatini, A. Gardi, and M. A. Richardson, "LIDAR Obstacle Warning and Avoidance System for

Unmanned Aircraft", International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial Science and Engineering, vol. 8, pp.

62-73, 2014

References








[26] R. Sabatini, A. Gardi, S. Ramasamy, and M. A. Richardson, "A laser obstacle warning and avoidance

system for manned and unmanned aircraft", in proceedings of IEEE Metrology for Aerospace Conference

2014, Benevento, Italy, 2014

[27] R. Sabatini, C. Bartel, A. Kaharkar, and T. Shaid, "Design and integration of vision based sensors for

unmanned aerial vehicles navigation and guidance", in proceedings of SPIE 8439, Optical Sensing and

Detection II, Photonics Europe 2012, Brussels, Belgium, 2012. DOI: 10.1117/12.922776

[28] R. Sabatini, M. A. Richardson, M. Cantiello, M. Toscano, P. Fiorini, H. Jia, et al., "Night Vision Imaging

Systems design, integration and verification in military fighter aircraft", in proceedings of SPIE 8439,

Optical Sensing and Detection II, Photonics Europe 2012, Brussels, Belgium, 2012. DOI:

10.1117/12.915720

[29] R. Sabatini, C. Bartel, A. Kaharkar, T. Shaid, L. Rodriguez Salazar, D. Zammit-Mangion, et al., "Low-cost

navigation and guidance systems for unmanned aerial vehicles - part 1: vision-based and integrated

sensors", Annual of Navigation, vol. 19, pp. 71-98, 2012. DOI: 10.2478/v10367-012-0019-3

[30] R. Sabatini, S. Ramasamy, A. Gardi, and L. Rodriguez Salazar, "Low-cost sensors data fusion for small

size unmanned aerial vehicles navigation and guidance", International Journal of Unmanned Systems

Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 16-47, 2013. DOI: 10.14323/ijuseng.2013.11

[31] R. Sabatini, M. A. Richardson, M. Cantiello, M. Toscano, and P. Fiorini, "A novel approach to night vision

imaging systems development, integration and verification in military aircraft", Aerospace Science and

Technology, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2013.08.021

[32] R. Sabatini, C. Bartel, A. Kaharkar, T. Shaid, and S. Ramasamy, "Navigation and Guidance System

Architectures for Small Unmanned Aircraft Applications", International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial

Science and Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 733-752, 2014

References








[33] L. Rodriguez Salazar, R. Sabatini, A. Gardi, and S. Ramasamy, "A Novel System for Non-Cooperative

UAV Sense-and-Avoid", in proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2013 (ENC2013), Vienna,

Austria, 2013

[34] S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, and A. Gardi, "Avionics Sensor Fusion for Small Size Unmanned Aircraft

Sense-and-Avoid", in proceedings of IEEE Metrology for Aerospace Conference 2014, Benevento, Italy,

2014

[35] R. Sabatini, T. Moore, and C. Hill, "A new avionics-based GNSS integrity augmentation system: Part 1 -

Fundamentals", Journal of Navigation, vol. 66, pp. 363-384, 2013. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463313000027

[36] R. Sabatini, T. Moore, and C. Hill, "A new avionics-based GNSS integrity augmentation system: Part 2 -

Integrity flags", Journal of Navigation, vol. 66, pp. 501-522, 2013. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463313000143

[37] R. Sabatini, T. Moore, and C. Hill, "Avionics-based integrity augmentation system for mission- and safety-

critical GNSS applications", in proceedings of 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division

of the Institute of Navigation 2012, (ION GNSS 2012), Nashville, TN, 2012, pp. 743-763

[38] K. Chircop, D. Zammit-Mangion, and R. Sabatini, "Bi-objective pseudospectral optimal control techniques

for aircraft trajectory optimisation", in proceedings of 28th Congress of the International Council of the

Aeronautical Sciences 2012 (ICAS2012), Brisbane, Australia, 2012, pp. 3546-3555

[39] W. Camilleri, K. Chircop, D. Zammit-Mangion, R. Sabatini, and V. Sethi, "Design and validation of a

detailed aircraft performance model for trajectory optimization", in proceedings of AIAA Modeling and

Simulation Technologies Conference 2012 (MST2012), Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2012. DOI:

10.2514/6.2012-4566

References








[40] S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, A. Gardi, and Y. Liu, "Novel flight management system for real-time 4-

dimensional trajectory based operations", in proceedings of AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control

Conference 2013 (GNC2013), Boston, MA, USA, 2013. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-4763

[41] R. Sabatini, “Performance Prediction and Flight Testing of Tactical Laser Systems.” 1st NATO Tactical

Leadership Program (TLP) Conference. Invited Plenary Paper. Florenne (Belgium), January 2000.

[42] R. Sabatini, “Aviation Electro-Optical Sensor Systems.” Chosun University. Gwangju (South Korea),

October 2013.

[43] R. Sabatini, “Avionics RADAR and Electro-Optical Sensor Systems." Cranfield University Tutorial.

Cranfield (United Kingdom), March 2013.

[44] R. Sabatini, “Airborne Laser Systems Performance Modelling, Safety Analysis and flight Testing.” Italian

Air Force Production Test Pilot School Seminar. Rome (Italy), May 2006.

[45] R. Sabatini, “Laser Beam Propagation in the Atmosphere – Flight Test and Remote Sensing Applications.”

University of Rome “La Sapienza” and ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre Seminar. Rome (Italy),

February 2005.

[46] R. Sabatini, “Innovative Infrared Non-destructive Test (IR-NDT) Techniques.” University of Rome “La

Sapienza” Research Seminar. Rome (Italy), February 2004.

[47] R. Sabatini, “Laser Systems Safety Analysis for Airborne Applications: Mathematical Models and

Simulation Results.” University of Rome "La Sapienza" and ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre

Seminar. Rome (Italy), May 2001.

References








[48] R. Sabatini. “Mathematical Models and Simulation Results for Eye-safe Laser Attacks and Test/Training

Missions Planning with High Power/Low Divergence Ground Laser Systems.” Technical Report – ITAF

Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2005.

[49] R. Sabatini. “Laser Beam Propagation in the Atmosphere – Flight Test and Remote Sensing

Applications.” Research Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre. 2005.

[50] R. Sabatini. “AMX Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible Systems Development: Final Report for the

Certification Authorities.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2004.

[51] R. Sabatini, I. Bruni and E. Pederzolli. “AMX Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible Systems

Development: Ground and Flight Test Campaign.” Test Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre

(CSV-RSV). 2004.

[52] R. Sabatini, I. Bruni and F. Martiradonna. “AMX Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible Systems

Development: NVG/Helmet, Cockpit and External Lights Modifications.” Technical Report – ITAF


[53] R. Sabatini. “Development and Initial Ground/Flight Test of the SELEX-COMMUNICATIONS Laser

Obstacle Warning System (LOAS) Technology Demonstrator.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and

Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2003.

[54] R. Sabatini. “Developed of a Laser Test Range for the Italian Air Force: Design, Development, Test and

Evaluation – Final Report.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2003.

[55] R. Sabatini, A. Pellegrini and M. Locatelli. “Operational Test and Evaluation of the MB-339CD (Full

Digital) Avionics and Armament Systems – Final Operational Clearance (FOC) Version.” ITAF Research

and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2002.

References








[56] R. Sabatini and E. Dati. “Laboratory Experimental Activities with Near Infrared Cameras, Integrating

Spheres, Piro-electric Probe Sensors and the SELEX-Communications RALM-01 Laser Warning Receiver

to Support the Development of the PILASTER Laser Test Range.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and

Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV/RC). 2002.

[57] R. Sabatini and M. Locatelli. “MB-339CD Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Development: Operational

Requirements and Viable Technical Solutions.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre

(CSV-RSV). 2002.

[58] R. Sabatini. “TORNADO-ECR Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible Systems Development: Final

Report for the Certification Authorities.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-

RSV). 2001.

[59] R. Sabatini, M. Toscano and M. Cantiello. “TORNADO-ECR Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible

Systems Development: Ground and Flight Test Campaign.” Test Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test

Centre (CSV-RSV). 2001.

[60] R. Sabatini and F. Martiradonna. “TORNADO-ECR Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible Systems

Development: NVG/Helmet, Cockpit and External Lights Modifications.” Technical Report – ITAF


[61] R. Sabatini, F. Guercio and S. Vignola. “Laser Systems Safety Analysis for Airborne Applications:

Mathematical Models and Simulation Results.” Technical Report - ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre

(CSV-RSV). 2001.

References








[62] R. Sabatini. “Developed of a Laser Test Range for the Italian Air Force: Laser Systems Performance

Prediction, Safety Analysis and Hardware/Software Developments.” Technical Report – ITAF Research

and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2001.

[63] R. Sabatini and E. Dati. “Construction of a Near Infrared Laser Scatterometer and Laboratory

Measurements of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of Various Materials and

Paints.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV/RC). 2000.

[64] R. Sabatini, F. Simei, M. Vitale and P. Cuppone. “Integration of the Convertible Laser Designation Pod

(CLDP) on the TORNADO-IDS Aircraft with Advanced System SW TORNADO ADA (ASSTA) version 1.”

Flight Test Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 2000.

[65] R. Sabatini. “Developed of a Laser Test Range for the Italian Air Force: Definition of the Operational and

Technical Requirements.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 1999.

[66] R. Sabatini, M. Vitale, M. Mutti and P. Cuppone. “TORNADO-IDS Night Vision Goggles (NVG)

Compatible Systems Development: Ground and Flight Test Campaign.” Test Report – ITAF Research and

Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 1999.

[67] R. Sabatini, M. Vitale and F. Martiradonna. “TORNADO-IDS Night Vision Goggles (NVG) Compatible

Systems Development: NVG/Helmet, Cockpit and External Lights Modifications.” Technical Report – ITAF


[68] R. Sabatini, S. Vignola and F. Guercio. “Mathematical Models and Simulation Tools for Eye-safe Laser

Attacks and Test/Training Missions Planning with Airborne Laser Systems.” Technical Report – ITAF


References








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Minimum Detectable Power Densities.” Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-

RSV/RC). 1997.

[70] R. Sabatini. “Mathematical Models for Calculating the Range Performance of the THALES-Optronics

Convertible Laser Designation Pod (CLDP) in Various Operational Scenarios and Weather Conditions.”

Technical Report – ITAF Research and Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV). 1995.

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0177. Hansom AFB (MA). 1988.

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[74] Keith G.G., Otten L. J., and Rose W.C., “Aerodynamic Effects”. ERIM-SPIE IR&EO Systems Handbook

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Environmental Research Institute of Michigan Ann Arbor. 1975.

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[78] R. Sabatini, M. A. Richardson, A. Gardi and S. Ramasamy, “Airborne Laser Sensors and Integrated

Systems.” Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2015.

[79] R. Sabatini, F. Cappello, S. Ramasamy, A. Gardi and R. Clothier, “An Innovative Navigation and Guidance

System for Small Unmanned Aircraft using Low-Cost Sensors.” Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace

Technology, 2015.

[80] F. Cappello, R. Sabatini, S. Ramasamy, "Low-Cost Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Unmanned Aircraft

Navigation and Guidance." In press, Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, Vol. 4, Issue 43,

August 2015.

[81] A. Gardi and R. Sabatini, " Design and Development of a Novel Bistatic DIAL Measurement System for

Aviation Pollutant Concentrations." International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, Vol.

4, Issue 41, June 2015. http://www.ijsei.com/papers/ijsei-44115-10.pdf

[83] R. Sabatini, A. Gardi and S. Ramasamy, “A Laser Obstacle Warning and Avoidance System for

Unmanned Aircraft Sense-and-Avoid.” Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 629, pp. 355-360, October

2014. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.629.355

[84] A. Gardi, R. Sabatini and S. Ramasamy, “Bistatic LIDAR System for the Characterisation of Aviation-

Related Pollutant Column Densities.” Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 629, pp. 257-262, October

2014. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.629.257

References







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AVIONICS ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND INFRARED … · Most Avionics EO systems operate in the 3-5 mm (Tracking) and 8-14 mm (Imaging)