Aviation Safety ProgramIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control Aviation Safety ProgramIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control Integrated Resilient Aircraft

Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control

Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC):Research Overview

October 2006

Christine M. Belcastro, Ph.D.IRAC Principal Investigator

Phone: (757) 864-4035e-mail: [email protected]


Presentation Outline

• IRAC Long-Term Mission and Goals– IRAC Research Problem– Mission & Goals– Technology Vision– Key Technical Challenges

• IRAC 5-Year Research Plan– Objectives– Research Approach & Technical Areas– Research & Technology Integration

• IRAC Project Summary


IRAC Research Problem: Aircraft Loss of Control

Aircraft Loss of Control (LOC) Events Result From Numerous Causal & Contributing Factors

Prevention/Recovery from Upset Conditions: • Operation Beyond Normal Flight Envelope • Unstable Modes of Motion • Stall and/or Departure from Controlled Flight • Uncommanded Motions due to - Asymmetric Thrust - Failures • Out-of-Control Motions - Falling Leaf - Stall/Spin

On-lineCrew Notification

& Cueing

Assisted,Semi-Automated,

and Automatic Control

Off-lineCrew

Training

Vehicle State

Assessment

Recovery& Control

Aircraft Modeling & Simulation

Control under Adverse Conditions:

• Control System Component Failures (e.g., Sensors, Actuators, Propulsion System) • Vehicle Impairment & Damage (e.g., Control Surfaces, Fuselage & Lifting Surfaces) • Vehicle Configuration Incompatibilities • System Errors (e.g., SW/HW errors, HIRF)

• Crew Input Errors (e.g., PIO, Mode Confusion)

• Atmospheric Disturbances (e.g., Wake Vortices) • Weather (e.g., Wind Shear, Turbulence, Icing)

Validation & Verification


IRAC Long-Term Mission & Goals

Mission: Develop technologies to prevent or recover from aircraft loss of control and ensure safe flight under flight/safety-critical adverse, upset, and hazard conditions in the current and next-generation air transportation system

Goals: • Reduce aircraft loss-of-control accidents by detecting, characterizing, and

mitigating the historical and emerging precursors to loss-of-control events

• Provide onboard control resilience functions for continuously assessing and managing vehicle performance and control capability to ensure flight safety and recoverability under multiple and cascading adverse, upset, and hazard conditions


IRAC Technology Vision

Stuck Rudder

Robustness toAtmospheric Disturbances

Commands

Uncertainties

Disturbances

Failure / Damage / ImpairmentMitigation

Control Recovery from Loss-of-Control Conditions

Diagnostics &Prognostics for Abnormal

Condition Effects on Flight Safety

Multidisciplinary Characterization of

Abnormal Conditions

Vehicle-Based Mission Management & Autonomous

Collision Avoidance

Verification

Validation

Software Assurance

Safe Flight & Mission Management

DamagedAileron

Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation

IRAC Key Technical Challenges

• Integrated Modeling & Simulation– Multidisciplinary Characterization of Abnormal Condition Effects on Vehicle Dynamics

» Upsets» Failures/Damage» External Hazards (Icing, Turbulence, Wind Shear, Wakes)

– Characterization of Coupled Effects of Multiple Abnormal Conditions• Integrated Recovery & Control

– Integrated Robust/Adaptive Multi-Objective Control Methods for Abnormal Conditions » Flight / Propulsion / Structural Control» Failure / Damage Accommodation» Upset Recovery

– Complexity of Structural Damage for Detection/Prediction & Accommodation» Static & Dynamic Loads Effects» Aeroelastic Effects

– Capability to Effectively Handle Multiple LOC Causal/Contributing Factors» Natural Hazards Prediction/Detection & Mitigation» Human-Induced Error Detection & Mitigation

– Autonomous Navigation and Control Capability for Abnormal Conditions» Trajectory Generation» Self-Separation» Collision Avoidance

– Vehicle/Crew Integration» Effective Crew Involvement under Abnormal Conditions» Variable Levels of Autonomy

• Integrated Validation & Verification– Verification, Validation, and Certification of Nondeterministic, Adaptive, Autonomous Systems– Predictive Capability Assessment for Abnormal Application Domains that Cannot be Fully Tested– Verification & Safety Assurance of Software-Intensive Safety-Critical Systems


IRAC Project Objectives: First 5-Years

Objectives:

• Develop and Evaluate integrated/multidisciplinary methods, tools, and techniques for the:

– Characterization, detection, and/or prediction of icing, upset, and damage conditions and their effects on aircraft safety of flight

– Loss-of-Control prevention, mitigation, recovery, and trajectory management under icing, upset, and/or damage conditions

– Assessment of complex integrated systems

» analytical, simulation, and experimental validation

– Application of methods that currently exist or are currently under development

– Development of preliminary analytical methods for adaptive systems (NRA)

» predictive capability assessment (initial methods)

» software verification and safety assurance (preliminary methods)

• Establish pathways to facilitate and/or enable future technology transition

– Integration with IVHM & IIFD

– Leveraging with AAD

– Collaborations with Industry, the FAA, and OGAs

– Participation on RTCA Committees and other Rule/Procedure-Making Organizations for Software Certification

Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation

IRAC Research Approach & Technical Areas

Control(Off-Nominal Conditions)

Aeroservoelasticity Propulsion Flight ControlHuman /

AutonomyIntegrated V&V

Multi-Disciplinary Modeling, Design, Analysis, & Optimization Tools for Resilient Integrated Control of Aircraft in Off-Nominal Conditions

Aerodynamics

Experimental Methods(Off-Nominal Conditions)

Physics-Based Modeling(Fluid, Structural & Engine Dynamics)

Validation & Verification(Adaptive & Learning Systems)

Vehicle State Assessment, Recovery and Control

V&V of Complex Adaptive Systems

Loss of Control significantEnable NGATS

SafetyChallenges

0%

30%

60%

WxLoC CFIT RunwayIncur.

Comp.Failures

Other Unknown

Fatal Accident DistributionFatal Accident Distribution

Commercial Transports

US General Aviation

Aircraft Modeling & Simulation for Off Nominal Conditions

IRAC Research Deliverables


IRAC Research & Technology Integration

Resilient Propulsion Control

• Engine State Awareness- Engine Performance- Remaining Life / Risk

• Engine Control Mitigation & Recovery- Engine Damage Mitigation- Adaptive Engine Control for

Enhanced Performance

Resilient Flight Control

• Vehicle State Awareness- FDI for Control Component Failures- Impaired Vehicle Performance & Flight

Envelope Constraints (Damage / Icing)• Flight Control Mitigation & Recovery

- Adaptive / Reconfigurable Control- Upset Recovery

Multidisciplinary Modeling

• Multidisciplinary Effects (Aero, Engine, Airframe Structure, Systems)

• Coupled Abnormal Effects - Aircraft Control Component Failures- Engine / Structural Damage - Icing / Vehicle Upsets

Safety-Critical Technology Validation & Verification• Validation and Predictive Capability Assessment Methods & Tools

− Analysis Methods (Stability, Performance, & Effectiveness of Adaptive Control Systems)− Simulation (Guided Monte Carlo and Real-Time)− Experimental (Ground/Flight, Emulation of Abnormal Conditions)

• Software Verification and Safety Assurance Methods & Tools

Accident & Incident Database• Loss-of-Control Causal, Contributing,

and Emerging Factors• Control-Related Accidents / Incidents /

Threats / Risks

Experimental Testing

• Extreme Flight Conditions• Icing Effects• Damage Effects

• Failure/Damage • Environmental Hazards

Refinements to test plans

ModelingScenarios

Resilient Airframe Control

• Airframe State Awareness- Structural Damage Detection- Damage Growth Prediction

• Structural Control Mitigation & Recovery- Load Alleviation- Mode Suppression / Avoidance- Aeroelastic Control

TestScenarios

Integrated Flight Simulations• Safety-of-Flight Assessments• Recoverability Assessments

• External hazards • Operator Hazards

Resilient Vehicle Mission Management

• Emergency Flight Path Planning- Trajectory Generation- Landing Site

• Autonomous Collision Avoid.- Sensor-Directed

• Integrated Operator Cueing for Abnormal Conditions

Models DataRefinements to test plans

Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Testing

IIFD

• External Hazards Models• Operator Models

• External Hazards Detection• Crew Interfaces

IVHM Databases IIFD/ASP Databases

Loss of Vertical Tail Benchmark Problems

Engine Performance

IVHM

• High-Fidelity Failure Models & Data

• Failure / Damage Sensors • Failure / Damage Diagnostics

& Prognostics• IVHM Computing Architectures

Stuck Rudder

DamagedAileron

Failure / Damage / Icing Upset Recovery Robustness

FA – Subsonic/Fixed

CFD Methods & Tools

ASP

Wake Models

ASP

ATC/NGATSReqs

Engine Damage Mitigation

1

10

100

1000

10000

90% 100% 110% 120%

Fast Mode

Typical

Survival Mode

Life / Risk Estimation

Damage Growth

PreventionAeroelasticControl

Damage

Deterministic Boundary

Probabilistic Boundary

Deterministic Boundary

Probabilistic Boundary

HDG Switch

HDG Switch [Not VAPPR]

GA Switch

PowerUp

SYNC Switch

LAPPR Capture

Chg Coupled-side

ROLL HDG LAPPR LGA

Event 1

Event 2

Event 3Event 4Event 5

Event 6Event 7

VGA

HDG Switch

Event 8Not VGA Event 9

IVHM / IIFD / AAD

Leveraged / Integrated Experiments


IRAC Project Summary

• Comprehensive Research & Technology Development for Adverse, Upset, and External Hazard Conditions

– Dynamics Modeling & Simulation– Vehicle State Assessment– Control Recovery & Trajectory Management– Integrated Technology Validation & Verification Process

• IRAC Research Key Attributes– Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Control Methods– Diagnostics & Prognostics from a Safety-of-Flight & Control Perspective– Integrated Control Mitigation & Recovery for Off-Nominal Conditions (Including Trajectory Management &

Collision Avoidance)– Variable Autonomy Capability and Interfaces with Human Operator – Integrated V&V Process for Adaptive Safety-Critical Control Systems

• Integration of IRAC with other AvSAFE Projects and ARMD Programs– Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technologies

» Integrated Flight/Engine/Airframe Control for Extended Life and Degradation/Failure Accommodation– Integrated Intelligent Flight Deck

» Variable Autonomy and Effective Crew Involvement under Off-Nominal Conditions– Aircraft Aging and Durability

» Leveraging of Structural Modeling Methods and Tools (especially aging effects for damage growth prediction)– Fundamental Aeronautics Program

» Application and Development of IRAC technologies for future aircraft operating in all flight regimes– Airspace Program

» Leveraging of external hazards (e.g., wake vortex) models and development of advanced IRAC technologies for supporting NGATS (especially under off-nominal conditions)

• Broad Range of Industry Participation Anticipated– RFI Released in January 2006 Resulted in Many Responses– Anticipate Partnerships through Space Act Agreements – Would Like to Facilitate Development of Consortia for Collaborations

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