NOTICEPage 8-20 must be printed on a COLOR printer.DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A:Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.NONRESIDENTTRAININGCOURSEAviation BoatswainsMate HNAVEDTRA 14353Notice: NETPDTC is no longer responsible for the content accuracy of the NRTCs. For content issues, contact the servicing Center of Excellence: Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training (CNATT); (850) 452-9659, Ext. 3247 or DSN: 922-9659, Ext. 3247. PREFACEAbout this course:This is a self-study course.By studying this course, you can improve your professional/military knowledge,as well as prepare for the Navywide advancement-in-rate examination.It contains subject matter about day-to-day occupational knowledge and skill requirements and includes text, tables, and illustrations to help youunderstand the information.An additional important feature of this course is its reference to usefulinformation in other publications.The well-prepared Sailor will take the time to look up the additionalinformation.History of the course: Dec 2001:Original edition released.Authored by ABHC(SW) John Vallesillo. Nov 2003:Administrative update released.Technical content was reviewed and revised byABHC(AW) Francis Beville.NAVSUP Logistics Tracking Number0504-LP-102-8569TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTERPAGE1.Tools and Equipment ............................................................................................. 1-12.Aircraft Handling Equipment, Non-Skid, and Markings ....................................... 2-13.Aircraft Handling:CV, CVN, and Shore Stations ................................................ 3-14.Aircraft Handling Aboard Amphibious Ships........................................................ 4-15.Aircraft Firefighting (CV/CVN) ............................................................................ 5-16.Aircraft Firefighting, Amphibious Aviation Ships (LHA/LHD/MCS/LPD) ......... 6-17.Crash and Salvage (CV/CVN) ............................................................................... 7-18.Shore Base Crash and Salvage............................................................................... 8-19.Shore Base Emergency Arresting Gear (E-5/E-28) and Related Equipment ......... 9-1APPENDIXI.Glossary ................................................................................................................. AI-1II.References Used to Develop this NRTC................................................................ AII-1INDEX.........................................................................................................................................INDEX-1ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS follow Index.CHAPTER 1TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTRoutinely, as anABH, youare assignedtasksinvolving the use of hand tools or power tools.Therefore, it istoyour advantagethat youbecomefamiliar with the tools you need to accomplish thesetasksquicklyandSAFELY. UseandCareof HandTools and Measuring Tools, NAVEDTRA12085,should be read for more detailed information on theproper use of each particular hand tool. For example,using a screwdriver as a cold chisel is extremelydangerous and a mark of poor workmanship andjudgment. "The right tool for the right job" is an oldproverb, but it is a time proven one.SAFETYis paramount when using any tool.Special careshouldbeusedwithawoodor metalcuttingtool. Safetyglassesmust beinplacebeforecutting tools are used. An organized tool controlprogramwill alsoincreasesafetyforpersonnel andequipment. Never use the crash tool roll kit for generalmaintenance, always use the tools designated fordivisional use.Power tools can be dangerous and should only beused by a person who has been fully familiarized andchecked out in their use and proper operation bycompetent authority. Safety cannot be overemphasizedin the use of hand tools or power tools. SeeOPNAVINST5100.19 for safety precautions, as well asthe manufacture's safety precautions.Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able toselect, use, and maintain tools required for maintenanceof equipment; identifythe uses for wire rope andvarious lines; and determine safe work load andbreaking strength values of wire rope and various lines.HAND TOOLSOBJECTIVES: Identify the different types ofhand tools. Describe the proper care of handtools.Tools are designed to make a job easier and enableyou to work very efficiently. Tools are a craftsman'sbestfriend. (Acraftsmanisskillfulinanyoneofanumber of trades, such as machinist, carpenter,plumber, builder, or steelworker). If the tools are notused properly or cared for, their advantages will be lost.Regardless of the type of work you have to do, youmust usethecorrect toolstodoyourworkquickly,accurately, and safely. When you do not use the propertool, you waste time, reduce your efficiency, and mayinjure yourself. This section explains the specificpurposes, correct use, and proper care of hand tools.Figures 1-1 and 1-2 illustrate some of the hand toolsyou will use.SCREWDRIVERSScrewdrivers are frequently abused as a tool. Theyshould only be used for driving and removing screws.Theyarenotdesignedforscrapingormixingpaint,cleaning padeyes, use as a pry bar or chisel, or testingan electrical circuit.Standard ScrewdriverThree main parts make up the construction of thestandardscrewdriver:thehandle, theshank, andtheend. The end (called the blade) fits into the screw slot.When you are using a screwdriver, select the propersize blade for the job intended. A blade too large or toosmall causes the screwdriver blade and the screw headto become damaged. For a proper fit, the blade shouldfill at least 75 % of the slot. A standard screwdriver isshown in view A of figure 1-1.Phillips Head ScrewdriverPhillips headscrewdrivers, figure 1-1, viewB,differ in construction from standard screwdrivers onlyin that the tip is shaped to fit the special cavity in thePhillips screw head. A standard screwdriver must neverbe used in a Phillips screw head, as damage will occurto the driver. For a proper fit, the blade should fill 100%of the cavity.Reed and Prince ScrewdriverReed and Prince screwdrivers look like, but are notinterchangeable with, Phillips screwdrivers. Therefore,always use a Reed and Prince screwdriver with ReedandPrince screws anda Phillips screwdriver withPhillips screws, or a ruined tool or ruined screw headwill result.1-11-2. COMBINATION-JOINT PLIERS. DIAGONAL CUTTING PLIERS. ADJUSTABLE PIPE WRENCHBALL- PEENCROSS-PEENSTRAIGHT- PEENCROWBARSMALL CLAWTOOLLARGE CLAWTOOLBLUNT ENDCURVEDSLOTSSHARP ENDSTRAIGHTSLOTS. PHILLIPS . REED AND PRINCE450300BLADEHANDLESQUARESHANK. HEAVY DUTY (STANDARD)F. ADJUSTABLE CRESCENT WRENCH. HAMMERS. HACKSAWS. WRECKING BARSABHf0101AB CDEJIHGFigure 1-1.Hand tools.1-3FIXEDHOOKADJUSTABLEHOOKDIAL INDICATINGDEFLECTINGBEAMMICROMETERSETTINGA. STRAP WRENCHB. GENERAL-PURPOSE SPANNER WRENCHESD. HAND-OPERATED GREASE GUNC. BOLT CUTTERSE.TORQUE WRENCHESFLT90 DEGREESABHf0102ABHf0102Figure 1-2.Hand tools (continued).1-3FIXEDHOOKADJUSTABLEHOOKDIAL INDICATINGDEFLECTINGBEAMMICROMETERSETTINGA. STRAP WRENCHB. GENERAL-PURPOSE SPANNER WRENCHESD. HAND-OPERATED GREASE GUNC. BOLT CUTTERSE.TORQUE WRENCHESFLT90 DEGREESABHf0102ABHf0102Figure 1-2.Hand tools (continued).Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenthese similarscrewdrivers?Seefigure1-1, viewC. ThePhillipsscrewdriver has about 30 flukesandabluntend, while the ReedandPrincehas45 flukesandasharper,pointedend.ThePhillipsscrewhasbeveledwallsbetween the slots; the Reed and Prince, straight pointedwalls. In addition, the Phillips screw slot is not as deepas the Reed and Prince slot.Additional ways to identify the right screwdriverare as follows:1. If the screwdriver tends to stand up unassistedwhen the point is put in the head of a vertical screw, it isprobably the proper one.2. The outline of the end of a Reed and Princescrewdriver is approximately a right angle, as seen inthe illustration.3. In general, Reed and Prince screws are used forairframe structural applications, while Phillips screwsare found most often in component assemblies.COMBINATION JAW PLIERSCombinationjawpliers, figure1-1, viewD, aremanufactured with straight serrated jaws for grippingobjects. The pivots with which the jaws are attachedtogether areadjustabletofit different sizeobjects.Pliers should not be used to grasp the shanks ofscrewdrivers to gain greater twisting force.DIAGONAL PLIERSDiagonal pliers, figure 1-1, view E, and are usedonly for cutting small material such as wire or cotterpins. Theyaredesignedspecificallyforcutting, andshould not be used for grasping objects such as nuts andbolts.CRESCENT ADJUSTABLE WRENCHESCrescent adjustable wrenches are not intended toreplace open-endwrenches, but theyare useful inworkinginrestrictedareas. Inaddition, theycanbeadjusted to fit odd sized nuts or bolts. Figure 1-1, viewF, shows one type of crescent adjustable wrench in usetoday. These wrenches are often referred to as "knucklebusters" because mechanics frequently suffer theconsequences of improper usage of these tools.To avoid accidents you should follow four simplesteps. First, choose a wrench of the correct size; that is,do not pick a large 12-inch wrench and adjust the jawfor use on a 3/8-inch nut. This could result in a brokenbolt and a bloody hand. Second, be sure the jaws of thecorrect size wrench are adjusted to fit snugly on the nut.Third, position the wrench around the nut until the nutis all the way into the throat of the jaws. If it is not usedinthismanner, theresult isapt tobeasbloodyasbefore. Fourth, pull the handle TOWARDthe sidehaving the adjustable jaw. This will prevent theadjustable jaw from springing open and slipping off thenut. Should the location of the work not allow for allfour steps tobe followedwhenyouare usinganadjustable wrench, then select another type of wrenchfor the job.ADJUSTABLE PIPE WRENCHESAdjustable pipe wrenches, figure 1-1, view G, areprimarily used for rotating round stock and/or variouspipes and piping. The most common adjustable pipewrench is the Stillson. It is equipped with two jaws thathaveserratedteethtoprovidegrippingability. Thelargest jaw is a fixed jaw; the smallest jaw is adjustableandalsotheweakest of thetwojaws. Whenever aStillson wrench is used, it should be applied in such amanner that the fixed jaw provides the twisting force.These wrenches also come in varying lengths, whichmakesthejawsizesvary. AStillsonwrenchshouldnever be used on soft metal such as brass or onchromium-platedormachinedsurfaces, astheteethtendtomar or otherwiseruinthemetal. Thestrapwrench (fig. 1-2, view A) should be used instead of aStillson to eliminate damage to soft metals. The strapwrench employs a heavy nylon strap, one end of whichis attached to the wrench handle and the other is free topass around the object to be rotated, and finally backthroughthelockingdeviceprovidedonthewrenchhandle.HAMMERSThe hammer (shown in fig. 1-1, view H) most usedby the ABH is the ball peen. The ball peen hammer isused for working metals such as chiseling rivets andshearing metal.HACKSAWSThe hacksaw is a portable metal cutting tool thatcan be used for cutting sheet metal, bolts, and pipe.Hacksaws cut on the push stroke only; the blade shouldbeinstalledintheframewiththeteethfacingawayfrom the handle. Figure 1-1, view I, shows two types ofhacksaws with the blade in the proper position.1-4Use and Care of Hand Tools and Measuring Tools,NAVEDTRA 12085, illustrates the proper way to holdand use the hand hacksaw and describes the methodused in selecting the most suitable blade for differentmetals.WRECKING BARSThree types of wrecking bars are shown in figure1-1, viewJ. Wreckingbarsaredesignedforpryingboards fromcrates, pulling spikes or heavy nails, and asa lever for moving heavy objects short distances.Longer and heavier bars, such as the Johnson bar, areavailable in the Navy for damage control functions aswell as on crash trucks on shore stations. The wreckingbar is sometimes called the all-purpose tool.STRAP WRENCHThe strap wrench, figure 1-2, view A, uses a heavyweb strap to grip the work. This wrench is used forturning pipe or cylinders where you do not want to marthe surface of the work. To use this wrench, the webbedstrap is placed around the cylinder and passed throughthe slot in the metal body of the wrench. The strap isthen pulled up tight. As the mechanic turns the wrenchinthe desireddirection, the webbedstraptightensfurther around the cylinder. This gripping action causesthe cylinder to turn.SPANNER WRENCHMany special nuts are made with notches cut intotheir outer edge. For these nuts a hook spanner, figure1-2, view B, is required. This wrench has a curved armwith a lug or hook on the end. This lug fits into one ofthe notches of the nut, and the handle turns to loosen ortighten the nut. This spanner may be made for just oneparticular size of notched nut, or it may have a hingedarm to adjust it to a range of sizes.When you use a spanner wrench, you must ensurethat the pins, lugs, or hooks make firm contact with thenut whiletheturningforceis transferredfromthewrench to the nut. If this is not done, damage will resultto personnel, tools, or equipment.BOLT CUTTERSBolt cutters, figure 1-2, view C, are giant shearswith very short blades and long handles. The handlesare hinged at one end. The cutters are at the ends ofextensions, whicharejoinedinsuchawaythat theinside joint is forced outwards when the handles areclosed, thusforcingthecuttingedgestogetherwithgreat force.Bolt cutters are made in lengths of 18 to 36 inches.The larger ones will cut mild steel bolts and rods up toone-half inch. The material to be cut should be kept asfar back in the jaws as possible. Never attempt to cutspring wire or other tempered metal with bolt cutters;this causes the jaws to be sprung or nicked.Adjusting screws near the middle hinges provide ameans for ensuringthat bothjaws movethesameamount when the handles are pressed together. Keepthe adjusting screws just tight enough to ensure that thecutting edges meet along their entire length when thejaws are closed. The hinges should be kept well oiled atall times.When you are using bolt cutters, make sure yourfingers are clear of the jaws and hinges. Be careful thatthe bolt heads or piece of rod that is cut off does not flyandinjureyouor someoneelse. If thecutters arebrought together rapidly, sometimes abolt headorpiece of rod being cut off will fly some distance.Bolt cutters are fairly heavy. Make sure that theyare stored in a safe place where they will not fall andinjure someone.HAND OPERATED GREASE GUNTo use a push type, hand operated grease gun (fig.1-2, view D), you connect the nozzle of the gun to itscorresponding fitting at the lubrication point and workthe handle in and out. To connect the gun, align thenozzle and the fitting end-to-end and push on the gunhandle so the nozzle slips over the hydraulic fitting orinto the flush fitting. At the same time that the nozzlemates with the fitting, the handle moves inward to buildpressure inside the gun to force grease out of the nozzleandintothe fitting. Then, let uponthe handle amoment. A spring in the gun will then force the handleout a little way and prepare the gun for another inwardstroke of the handle.When you connect the push type gun to a hydraulicfitting, the nozzle grips the fitting and is held firmly aslong as the nozzle and fitting are aligned or until pulledfree. Inconnectingtheguntoaflushtypefitting,however, you must keep a steady pressure on the fittingbecause the nozzle doesn't grip the fitting.TORQUE WRENCHESWhen a definite force must be applied to a nut orbolt head, a torque wrench must be used. For example,1-5equal force must be applied to all the bolt heads of anengine head, otherwise, one bolt may bear the brunt ofthe force of internal combustion and ultimately causeengine failure.The three most commonly used torque wrenchesare the micrometer setting, dial indicating, anddeflecting beam types (fig. 1-2, view E). When you areusing the deflecting beamand the dial indicating torquewrenches, the torque is read visually on a dial or scalemounted on the handle of the wrench.To use the micrometer setting wrench, unlock thegrip and adjust the handle to the desired setting on themicrometer scale, then relock the grip. Install therequired socket or adapter to the square drive of thehandle. Place the wrench assembly on the nut or boltand pull in a clockwise direction with a smooth, steadymotion. Afast or jerky motion will result in animproper torque. When the torque applied reaches thetorque value, which is indicated on the handle setting, asignal mechanism will automatically issue an audibleclick, and the handle will release or "break" and movefreely for a short distance. The release and free travel iseasily felt, so there is no doubt when the torque processis complete.Manufacturers' andtechnical manuals generallyspecifytheamountoftorquetobeapplied. Usethewrench properly in accordance with the manufacturer'sinstructions.You should use a torque wrench that reads aboutmid range for the amount of torque to be applied. BESURE THAT THE TORQUE WRENCH HAS BEENCALIBRATEDBEFOREYOUUSEIT. Rememberthattheaccuracyoftorquemeasuringisdeterminedwith how the threads are cut and the cleanliness of thethreads. Make sure you inspect and clean the threads. Ifthe manufacturer specifies a thread lubricant, it must beused to obtain the most accurate torque reading. Whenusing the deflecting beam or dial indicating wrenches,you should hold the torque at the desired value until thereading is steady.Thetorquewrenchisaprecisiontool. It hasatorqueindicatinghandleandappropriateadaptersorattachments (fig. 1-2, view E). It measures the amountof turning or twisting force applied to a nut or bolt ininchor foot-pounds. Certainaircraft hoistingslingsrequire torque values applied to successfully hoist theaircraft. For specific instructions, you should refer toNAVWEPS 17-1-108.CARE OF HAND TOOLSTools are expensive and vital equipment. When theneed for their use arises, common sense plus a littlepreventive maintenance prolongs their usefulness. Thefollowing precautions for the care of tools should beobserved:1. Cleantools after eachuse. Oily, dirty, andgreasy tools are slippery and dangerous to use.2. NEVER hammer with a wrench.3. NEVERleave tools scattered about. When theyare not in use, stowthemneatly on racks or intoolboxes.4. Applying a light film of oil after cleaning canprevent rust on tools.5. INVENTORY tools after use to prevent loss.Q1. What pliers are designed for cutting?Q2. Whenusingboltcutters, whattwotypesofmetals should you avoid cutting?a.b.Q3. Howcan you prevent rust frombuilding up onhand tools?PORTABLE POWER TOOLSLEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify thedifferent typesof power tools. Describetheuses of different types of power tools.ABH's have a frequent requirement for the use ofportable power tools in the maintenance of assignedareas that are exposed to the weather. A power tool,when used properly and efficiently, is an enormous timesaver, especially when a large painted or rusted surfacerequires scaling and preservation. Before using electricportable tools, you should be sure the proper voltage issupplied. This information can be found on thenameplate, which is permanently attached to the tool.Electric tools of all types used in the Navy are requiredto have an up to date electrical safety tag and properground capability. The tool should be provided with aground lead that connects the tool casing to the ship'sstructure. If doubt exists that a good ground has beenestablished, youshouldrequest the services of anElectrician's Mate to check it out before applyingpower to the tool. NEVER VARY the manufacturersrecommendedvoltage. SAFETYISPARAMOUNT.Proper useof commonpower toolsisdiscussedin1-6detail in chapter 52 of Use and Care of Hand Tools andMeasuring Tools, NAVEDTRA 12085. Wearingappropriate EYE protection and HEARING protectionequipment is mandatoryfor Navypersonnel whenoperating portable power tools.Whenpneumatictools areused, theair supplypressure specified on the nameplate should always bemaintained. Insufficient air pressure causes the tool tofunction improperly. Excessive air pressure results indamage to the tool, and the person operating the toolmay not be able to control it properly.REMEMBERthat toolscut throughrust, paint,metal, arms, and legs. Give your full attention whileoperating any power tool; never distract anyone who isusing power equipment. Never attempt to changeblades and bits or performmaintenance on any portablepower tool without first disconnecting the tool from thepower source.PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILLThe portable electric drill, figure 1-3, view B, is aversatile piece of equipment that is probably used morethan any other portable electric tool. It can be used fordrillingholesinwoodormetals, mixingpaint, andbuffing small items with the proper attachments, as wellas a variety of other uses.The average size electric drill is equipped with a1/4-inch capacity, three fingered chuck (fig. 1-3, viewA), which is tightened by the use of a chuck key. Thechuck key is usually secured to the electric cord about18 inches fromthe drill itself to allowit to be used in thechuck without being removed fromthe cord. Thecapacity of the chuck is what determines the size of thedrill. Heavier drills are larger in appearance and weightandareequippedwithlargermotorsandchucks. Ingeneral, the larger the drill and motor, the slower therpm. Thisprovidestheneededextratorquetotwistlarge drill bits. Using a punch or an awl to make a smallstarting point on the object to be drilled will prevent thedrill bit from bouncing or slipping away.PORTABLE SANDER (ELECTRIC ORPNEUMATIC)The power sander, figure 1-4, is one of the mostdesirable tools for the scaling of rust, removing paint,andsmoothingflight decksprior tolayingnonskidmaterials. The design of the portable power sander ismuchlikethat of theelectricdrill motor withtheaddition of the sanding disc attached at right angles.The average size disc sander used in the Navy is 7 or 9inches. These tools produce sparks, so be sure to followyour command's established procedures.PNEUMATIC SCALING TOOLSPneumatic scaling tools are discussed in thefollowing text.1-7ABHf0103SPINDLEOF DRILLREMOVABLECHUCK KEYJAWSABFigure 1-3.Portable electric drill and a three-jaw chuck andchuck key.DATA PLATEABHf0104Figure 1-4.Portable electric sander.Pneumatic Chipping HammerThepneumaticchippinghammer, figure1-5, isanother tool useful to the ABH when for scaling largeareas. Air pressure supply should be maintained to themanufacturer's recommended working pressure, whichis found on the nameplate attached to the tool. Neverpoint the pneumatic chipping hammer at anotherperson or to you while tool is under pressure. Personalinjury could occur if the chisel were expelled at highspeed from the scaling hammer. Also, be aware of thetype of metal to be worked. Softer metals, such as brassor aluminum, may become damaged.Rotary Impact ScalerThe rotary impact scaler, figure 1-6, is a scaling andchippingtool, sometimes calleda "jitterbug." It iselectricorpneumaticpowered, andhasabundleofcutters mounted on either side. In use, it is pushed alongthe surface to be scaled with the rotating chippers doingthe work. Replacement bundles of cutters are available.Needle Impact ScalerTheneedleimpactscaler, figure1-7, hasneedlelike attachments that fit into one end. This tool is usedin conjunction with the rotary scaler, but is able to cleanout (scale) corners not reached by the other tool.Caution should be used with this tool on soft metal andon piping.Q4. What are the two types of portable sandersare used in the Navy?a.b.Q5. What portable power tool should you use toscale out a corner?MEASURING TOOLSLEARNINGOBJECTIVE: Describe the use ofrulesandtapes. Describethepropercareofrules and tapes. Describe the purpose ofdynamometers.In performing many jobs during your Navy career,you will be required to take accurate measurements ofmaterialsandobjects. It iscommonpracticeintheNavy to fabricate material for installation on a ship or inthe field. For example, suppose you need a box of acertain size to fit a space in a compartment. You wouldhave to take measurements of the space and send themto a shop where the box would be built. This examplesuggeststhat themeasurementsyoutookandthosetakeninthe process of buildingthe boxmust beaccurate. However, the accuracy of the measurementswill dependonthemeasuringtools usedandyourability to use them correctly.Measuringtools arealsousedfor inspectingafinished product or partly finished product. Inspectionoperations include testing or checking a piece of workbycomparingdimensionsof theworkpiecetotherequireddimensions givenonadrawingor sketch.Again, the measurements taken must be accurate.Accuracydependsonyourabilitytousemeasuringtools correctly!1-8BARRELNOZZLEGRIP HANDLETHROTTLELEVERGRIPSECTIONOF HANDLEAIR INLETTHROTTLEVALVE CAPEXHAUSTDEFLECTORFLATS FORGRIPPINGIN VISEABHf0105Figure 1-5.Pneumatic chipping hammer.ABHf0106Figure 1-6.Rotary impact scaler.ABHf0107Figure 1-7.Needle impact scaler.You should be able to select the appropriatemeasuring tool to use in doing a job and be able tooperate properly a variety of measuring instruments.Measuring tools and techniques are discussed in detailin various chapters of Use and Care of Hand Tools andMeasuring Tools, NAVEDTRA 12085.RULES AND TAPESMany different types of measuring tools are in usein the Navy. Where exact measurements are required, amicrometer caliper is used. When properly used, thiscaliper gives measurements accurate to within 0.001 ofan inch. Where accuracy is not critical, the commonrule or tape will work well enough for mostmeasurements.Figure 1-8 shows some of the types of rules andtapes commonly used in the Navy. Of all measuringtools, the simplest and most common is the steel rule. Itis usually 6 or 12 inches long, although other lengthsare available. Steel rules may be flexible or rigid, butthe thinner the rule, the easier it is to measureaccurately, because the division marks are closer to thework.Generally, a rule has four sets of graduations, oneon each edge of each side. The longest lines representthe inch marks. On one edge, each inch is divided intoeight equal spaces; so each space represents one-eighthof an inch. The other edge of this side is divided intosixteenths. The 1/4-inch and 1/2-inch marks arecommonly made longer than the smaller division marksto facilitate counting, but the graduations are not, as arule, numbered individually, as they are sufficiently farapart to be counted without difficulty. The opposite sideis similarly divided into 32 and 64 spaces per inch. It iscommon practice to number every fourth division foreasier reading.Therearemanyvariationsofthecommonrule.Sometimes the graduations are on one side only.Sometimes a set of graduations is added across one endfor measuring in narrow spaces. Sometimes only thefirst inch is divided into sixty-fourths, with the remain-ing inches divided into thirty-seconds and sixteenths.Ametal or woodfoldingrulemaybeusedformeasuring purposes. These folding rules are usually 2to 6 feet long. The folding rules cannot be relied on forextremelyaccuratemeasurements, becauseacertainamount of play develops at the joints after they havebeen used.Steel tapes are made from 6 to 300 feet in length.The shorter lengths are frequently made with a curvedcross section so that they are flexible enough to roll up,but remain rigid when extended. Long, flat tapesrequire support over their full length when measuring,or the natural sag will cause an error in reading.Theflexible-rigidtapesareusuallycontainedinmetal cases, into which they wind themselves when abuttonispressed, or intowhichtheycanbeeasilypushed. A hook is provided at one end to hook over theobjectbeingmeasuredsoyoucanhandleitwithoutassistance. On some models, the outside of the case canbe used as one end of the tape when measuring insidedimensions.Steel or fiberglass tapes aregenerallyusedformaking long measurements. Secure the hook end of thetape. Holdthetapereel inthehandandallowit tounwindwhilewalkinginthedirectioninwhichthemeasurement is tobe taken. Stretchthe tape withsufficienttensiontoovercomesagging. Atthesametime, make sure the tape is parallel to an edge of thesurfacebeingmeasured. Readthegraduationonthetape by noting which line on the tape coincides with themeasurement being taken.CARE OF RULES AND TAPESRules and tapes should be handled carefully andkept lightly oiled to prevent rust. Never allow the edgesof measuringdevicestobecomenickedbystrikingthem with hard objects. When not in use, they shouldpreferably be kept in a wooden box.To avoid kinking tapes, pull them straight out fromtheir case and do not bend them backward. With thewinduptype, alwaysturnthecrankclockwisesinceturning it backward will kink or break the tape. With thespring wind type, guide the tape by hand. If it is allowedto snap back, it may become kinked, twisted, orotherwise damaged. Do not use the hook as a stop. Slowdown as you reach the end.1-9TAPE RULESTEEL OR FIBERGLASS RULERHOOK RULESTEEL RULEWITH HOLDERSTEEL OR FIBERGLASS TAPEFOLDINGRULEABHf0108Figure 1-8.Common types of rules.DYNAMOMETERAdynamometer is anapparatus for measuringforce or energy. It commonly embodies a spring to becompressed, combined with an index scale to show theamount of tensionobtained. Uses for this type ofmeasuring tool may include determining the breakingstrengthof flight or hangar deckpadeyefittingsinconjunction with PMS. Make sure the dynamometer iscalibrated before you use it. Figure 1-9 shows acommon type of dynamometer.Q6. What is the most common measuring tool?Q7. When re-coiling a spring loaded tapemeasure, what action should you preventagainst?Q8. What is the purpose of a dynamometer?SAFETY PRECAUTIONSLEARNINGOBJECTIVE: List the safetyprecautions associated with portable electricaltools, extension cords, and pneumatic tools.You are responsible for knowing and observing allsafety precautions concerning your living and workingspaces. Your continuous cooperation and vigilance areneeded to see that the operating procedures and workmethods are accomplished safely and without loss ordamage to property.As a petty officer, you are responsible for ensuringthat your subordinates are instructed in and carry outapplicable safety precautions.PORTABLE ELECTRICAL TOOLSWhen portable electric tools are used, you shoulduse the following procedures:1. Before portable electrical tools are used for thefirst time after procurement, they should be inspectedand approved for shipboard use by the ship's electricalsafety officer.2. Prior to the use of any portable electric tools,you should make sure the tools have a current ship'sinspectionmark. Additionally, visuallyexaminetheattached cable with the plug and any extension cords forcracks, breaks, orexposedconductorsanddamagedplugs. When any defects are noted, the tools should beturned in to the ship's electrical shop for repair beforeuse. Before plugging in any tool, be sure the tool isturned off.3. Personnel using portable electric tools arerequired to wear safety glasses/goggles.4. Portable electric tools producing hazardousnoise levels in excess of the limits set forth inOPNAVINST 6260.2 must have a warning tag.Personnel using tools designated as producinghazardous noise levels are required to wear proper earprotection, as issued by the medical department.5. Onlyexplosionsproof(classI, groupD, orbetter) portableelectrictoolsshouldbeusedwhereflammable vapors, gases, liquids, or exposedexplosives are present.6. Hand held portable electric tools authorized foruse onboardshipshall be equippedwithON/OFFswitches, which must be manually held in the closedON position to maintain operation.7. Rubber glovesmust bewornwhenyouareusing portable electric tools under hazardousconditions; for example, wet decks, bilge areas,working over the side, in boats, and so forth.8. Leather glove shells should be worn overrubber gloves when the work being done, such as sheetmetal work, could damage the rubber gloves.EXTENSION CORDSYoushouldusethefollowingprocedures whenusing extension cords:1. Only three wire extension cords that have threeprongedplugs andthreeslot receptacles shouldbeused.2. Because a metal hull ship is a hazardouslocation, personnel whomust use portable electricdevices connected in extension cords should take thetime to plug the device into the extension cord beforetheextensioncordis insertedintoalivebulkheadreceptacle. Likewise, the extensioncordshouldbe1-10ABHf0109Figure 1-9.Dynamometer.unpluggedfromthebulkheadreceptaclebeforethedevice is unplugged from the extension cord.3. Electrical cords shall be cared for as follows:a. Cords should not be allowed to come incontact with sharp objects. They should not be allowedto kink nor should they be left where they might bedamaged by vehicle/foot traffic. When it is necessary torunelectrical leads throughdoors andhatches, thecordsmust beprotectedtoguardagainst accidentalclosing of the doors/hatches.b. Cords must not come in contact with oil,grease, hot surfaces, or chemicals.c. Damaged cords must be replaced. They arenot to be patched with tape.d. Tools must be stored in a clean, dry placewhere the cords can be loosely coiled.e. Cords extending through walkways shouldbe elevated so they do not become a tripping hazard orinterfere with safe passage.f. Extension cords should be no longer than25 feet in length, (except repair locker and CV/CVNflight deck cords, which are 100 feet long). No morethan two such cords should be connected together forthe operation of portable equipment.PNEUMATIC TOOLSWhen using pneumatic tools, you should use thefollowing procedures:1. You should wear and use necessary personnelprotective devices. Pneumatic tools shall not beconnected to, or driven by, air pressure in excess of thatfor which the tools are designed. Wearing appropriateeye protection equipment is mandatory for Navypersonnel when operating pneumatic tools.2. You should be authorized and trained tooperate pneumatic tools. If you have arthritis, neuritis,or circulatorydisease, DONOTusevibratingtoolssuch as hammers, chisels, tampers, riveters, or caulkers.3. Pneumatic tools should be laid down in such amannerthatnoharmcouldbedoneiftheswitchisaccidentally tripped. No idle tools should be left in astanding position.4. Pneumatic tools should be kept in goodoperating condition. They should be thoroughlyinspected at regular intervals with particular attentiongiventotheON/OFFcontrolvalvetriggerguard(ifinstalled), hose connections, guide clips on hammers,and the chucks of reamers and drills.5. Pneumatictoolsandairhosesmaybefittedwith quick disconnect fittings. These shouldincorporate anautomatic shutoff valve. This valveautomatically shuts off the air at the hose beforecharginggrindingwheels, needles, chisels, or othercutting or drilling bits.6. The air hose must be suitable to withstand thepressurerequiredfor thetool. Leakingor defectivehose should be removed from service. The hose shouldnot be laid over ladders, steps, scaffolds, or walkwaysin such a manner as to create a tripping hazard. Wherethe hose is run through doorways, the hose should beprotected against damage by the door edges. The airhoseshouldgenerallybeelevatedoverwalkwaysorworking surfaces in a manner to permit clear passageand prevent damage to it.7. Atool retainer shall beconnectedoneachpieceofequipment, which, without sucharetainer,may eject the tool.8. All portable pneumatic grinders and recip-rocating saws must be equipped with a safety lock offdevice. Asafety lock off device is any operating controlthat requires positive action by the operator before thetools canbe turnedon. The lockoff device mustautomaticallyandpositivelylockthethrottleintheOFF position when the throttle is released. Twoconsecutive operations by the same hand are required;first to disengage the lock off device and then to turn onthe throttle. The lock off device should be an integratedcomponent of the tool. It should not adversely affect thesafetyoroperatingcharacteristicsofthetool, anditshouldnot beeasilyremovable. Devices, suchasa"dead man control" or "quick disconnect," that do notautomaticallyandpositivelylockthethrottleintheOFF position when the throttle is released are not safetylock off devices.For detailed information on safety precautions, seeOPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), Navy SafetyPrecautions for Forces Afloat, or NAVAIRA1-NAOSH-SAF-000/P-5100-1, Technical manualNAVAIROSHRequirements for theShoreEstablish-ment.Q9. Before plugging in a tool, what action shouldyou first take?Q10. What safety feature is required on all portablegrinders?1-11PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENTLEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the typesof personal protective equipment.Toprotect youfromdanger, personal protectiveequipment (PPE) such as safety shoes, goggles, hardhats and gloves are issued. Using PPE is mandatory oncertain jobs. Be sure to USE PPE on any job WHENREQUIRED. The purpose of PPEis to protect you fromharm.PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND SAFETYEQUIPMENTTheuseofprotectiveclothingandsafetyequip-ment is a must! The following requirements must bemet.1. Personnel involved in the operation ofhazardous industrial tools or equipment shall wearprotective clothing and safety equipment appropriate tothe work being performed.2. Loose or torn clothing, neckties, neck chains,unbuttoned long sleeve shirts, rings, beads, or braceletsmust not be worn around rotating machinery. Shouldclothing become caught in a tool or machine, the powersupply must be secured immediately.FOOT PROTECTIONHazardousfoot operationsarethosethat haveahigh incidence of foot injuries. The ratings generallyassociated with a high incidence of injuries are thoseemployedinconstruction, materialshandling, main-tenance, transportation, ship repair, aircraft handling,servicing and repair, weapons servicing and handling,and all shipboard personnel.All personnel exposed to foot hazards are providedwithandrequiredtowear appropriatespecial footprotection. Safety shoes are designed to limit damage toyourtoesfromfallingobjects. Safetyshoes, withaprotective steel toe box, are required for use bypersonnel engaged in hazardous foot operations.Personnelassignedworkingstationsontheflightorhangar decks must wear flight deck safety shoes.EYE PROTECTIONProper eye protection is of the utmost importancefor all personnel. All personnel operating power tools,bothfixedandportablemust wear approvedsafetyglasses with side shields, goggles, or face shields.Personnel who wear corrective glasses whileengaged in eye hazardous work must be protected byeye protection equipment of a type that can be wornover personal spectacles. Glasses with prescriptionground safety lenses with side shields may be worn inlieu of cover goggles when such glasses providesuitable protection against the hazard involved.In any operations such as chipping, caulking,drilling, riveting, grinding, and pouring babbitt metal,inwhichtheeyehazardof flyingparticles, moltenmetal, or liquidchemical exists, personnel must beprotected by suitable face shields or goggles.Appropriate use of goggles limits eye hazards.Some goggles have plastic windows that resistshattering upon impact. Others are designed to limitharmful infrared and ultraviolet radiation from arcs orflames by appropriate filter lenses.Remember that eye damage can be excruciatinglypainful. PROTECT YOUR EYES.HAND PROTECTIONWhen you are required to handle rough, scaly, orsplintery objects, use gloves. When you are handling sharp materials, leathergloves must be worn except when the work involvesrotating machinery. Whenyouareworkingwithcausticor toxicchemicals, specifiedgloves must be worn. Rubbergloves will protect against some chemicals. Gloves of aspecialplasticmaybeneededforprotectionagainstother chemicals. Whenit is necessarytoworkwithportableelectrical tools or equipment in damp locations or whenit isnecessarytoworkonliveelectrical circuitsorequipment, electrical gradeinsulatingrubber glovesmust be worn. When rubber gloves could be subjected tocutting by sharp or abrasive objects, leather shell glovesmust be worn over electrical grade rubber gloves. When it is necessary to handle hot work,insulatedglovesmust beworn, but onlyiftongsorother gripping/clamping tools are not available.1-12HEARING PROTECTIONPersonnel working with tools and machinery thatproduce hazardous noise levels must wear proper earprotection. All equipment that produces hazardousnoiselevelsshouldhaveawarningtagtoalert theoperator to the requirement for PPE.Wearinghearingprotection, suchas insert ear-plugs, is frequently required. For more information onhearingconservation, refer toOPNAVINST6260.2(series) and local instructions. For detailed informationon personnel protective clothing and safety equipment,refer to chapter 9, section 5, of OPNAVINST 5100.19(series), Navy Safety Precautions for Forces Afloat; orNAVAIR A1-NAOSH-SAF-000/P-5100-1 technicalmanual, NAVAIROSH Requirements for the Shore Es-tablishment.HEAD PROTECTIONDuringthecourseof flight operations onyourflight deck, head protection is offered to the ABH bymeans of the cranial. The cranial is an essential piece ofpersonal protective equipment and its value has beentime tested. The cranial saves lives and prevents injury.Often times though, you will be involved in work that isnot related to flight operations, but the necessaryprecautions must still be undertaken.Personnel should not use flight quarters clothingfor routine maintenance, use a hard hat. During Periodsof Maintenance for your ship, hard hats are essential, ifnot required, as prescribedsafetyequipment. Headprotection is mandatory anytime you are working up onaladder, raisedupinthecrashbasket, workingonscaffolding, orworkinginthevicinityofanaircraftelevator during a stores on-load.Q11. What arefivetypesof personal protectiveequipment?a.b.c.d.e.Q12. What type of personal protection is requiredwhen working with a portable cutting tool?RIGGING EQUIPMENTLEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thetypes and uses of rigging equipment.Basic seamanship is essential to the aircraft handl-ing crews and line handlers during hoisting operations,or in the preparation for hoisting operations.Basic seamanship includes proper knot tying andsplicing manila line. The basic skills can be obtained byreading Seaman, (NAVEDTRA 12016). Some of thebasicknowledgeshouldincludethebowline, becketbend, half hitch, and square knot. Skills should alsoinclude the back splice, eye splice, and short and longsplice.Thebowlineis usedtosecuretaglines duringaircraft hoisting operations and for securingcomponentsoftheMK1lifepreserver. Eyesplicesand back splices are used in the fabrication of tag lines.Normally an eye splice retainer is a quick-disconnecthook for attaching to a securing device. The other end isback-spliced to prevent the line from unraveling. Whena quick-disconnect hook is not used, a bowline is usedto secure the tag line to the aircraft. The becket bendand half hitch are used to secure line to round stock orclevis hooks. Short and long splices are used to connecttwo pieces of line together. They could be used to add alength to tag lines and securing lines for yellowequipment.In this section, you will learn the types and uses ofwire rope, manila line, nylon rope, and the formulas fordetermining safe working loads and breaking strengths.Also covered are the various types of hoisting rigs andtheir uses. For detailed information on the use and typesof wire and fiber rope and rigging, you should refer toNaval Sea Systems Command, Naval Ships' TechnicalManual (NSTM) chapter 613.BLOCKS AND TACKLEAs an ABH, you may be assigned to a detail thatmust load or move heavy parts by using a block andtackle or other hoisting rigs (for example, crash andsalvageoperationsortoclose/openthehangardeckelevator or divisional doors in an emergency). It is agood idea that you knowa fewterms and basicfundamentals of the block and tackle.1-13Ablock consists of one or more sheaves (orpulleys) fittedinawoodor metal frame(or shell)supported by a hook or shackle inserted in the strap ofthe block. The name and location of the principal partsof a block are shown in figure 1-10.The sheave is a round, grooved wheel over whichthe rope runs. Ordinarily, blocks have one, two, three,or four sheaves. Blocks are available, of course, withmore than four sheaves. The straps (one inner and oneouter)areusedtoenclosetheshell, holdtheblocktogether, andsupport thepinonwhichthesheavesrotate. The swallow of the block is the opening throughwhich the rope passes. The breech is the bottom part ofthe block opposite the swallow.The function of the block (or blocks) in a tackleassembly is to change the direction of pull or providemechanical advantage, or both.Construction of BlocksBlocks are constructed for use with fiber line andwire rope. Wire rope blocks are heavily constructed andhavealargesheavewithadeepgroove. Fiber lineblocks are generally not as heavily constructed as wirerope blocks and have small sheaves with shallow, widegrooves.Blocks fitted with one, two, three, or four sheavesare oftenreferredtoas single, double, treble, andquadruple blocks, respectively. Blocks are fitted with avaryingnumber of attachments, dependingontheirparticular use. Some of the most commonly usedfittings are hooks, swivel or loose side, sister hooks,shackles, eyes, and rings.All lineusedinriggingshouldbegoodgrademanila or the equivalent, and all wire should be plowsteel or the equivalent.Use of TackleA tackle is an assembly of blocks and ropes used togain a mechanical advantage in lifting or pulling.Figure 1-11 shows the name and location of variousmain parts of a tackle.In working with tackle, it helps to understand themeaning of a few simple terms you hear used. The termfall means a rope, either manila or wire, reeved througha pair of blocks to form a tackle. The hauling part is the1-14Figure 1-10.Nomenclature of a block.HOOKINNERSTRAPSWALLOWFACEBREECHBECKETSHELLCHEEKPINSHEAVEOUTERSTRAPABHf0110Figure 1-11.Parts of a tackle.HOOKFIXED BLOCKSTANDINGPARTHAULINGPARTMOVABLEBLOCKHOOKFALLSABHf0111part of the fall leading from one of the blocks uponwhich the power is exerted. The standing part is the endof the fall of the blocks. The movable (or running) blockofatackleistheblockattachedtotheobjecttobemoved. The fixed(or standing) block is the blockattached to a fixed object or support. When a tackle isbeing used, the movable block moves up and down andthe fixed block remains stationary.Mechanical AdvantageThe mechanical advantage of a tackle is the termapplied to the relationship between the load being liftedand the power required to lift that load. In other words,if a load of 10 pounds requires 10 pounds of power tolift it, the mechanical advantage is 1. However, if a loadof 50 pounds required only 10 pounds to lift it, then youhave a mechanical advantage of 5 to 1, or 5 units ofweight are lifted for each unit of power applied.The easiest way to determine the mechanicaladvantage of a tackle is by counting the number of partsof the falls at the movable (or running) block. If thereare two parts, the mechanical advantage is two timesthepower applied(lessfriction). Aguntackle, forinstance, has a mechanical advantage of 2. Thus, to lifta 200-pound load with a gun tackle requires 100 poundsof power, disregarding friction.By inverting any tackle, a mechanical advantage of1 is always gained because the number of parts at themovable block is increased. By inverting a gun tackle(fig. 1-12)amechanical advantageof3isattained.Whenatackleis inverted, thedirectionof pull isdifficult. This canbeeasilyovercomebyaddingasnatch block, which changes the direction of pull, butdoes not increase the mechanical advantage.Types of TackleAmong the various types of tackle in common useare the guntackle, single luff tackle, andtwofoldpurchase, each shown in figure 1-13.In studying each type illustrated, note the directioninwhichthearrowsarepointingfor that particulartackle. Thepurposeofthearrowsistoindicatethesequence and direction in which the standing part of thefall is led in reeving.Aguntackleismadeupof twosinglesheaveblocks. This tackle got its name in the old days by beingusedtohaul muzzle-loadinggunsbackintobatteryafter the guns had been fired and reloaded. As discussedearlier, a gun tackle has a mechanical advantage of 2. Asingleluff tackleconsistsof adoubleandasingleblock. This type has a mechanical advantage of 3. Atwofoldpurchaseconsistsof twodoubleblocks, asillustrated in figure 1-13. In has a mechanical advantageof 4.1-15ABHf0112SNATCHBLOCKFigure 1-12.Inverted gun tackle.GUNTACKLESINGLE LUFFTACKLETWOFOLDPURCHASEABHf0113Figure 1-13.Three common types of tackle.Figure 1-14 shows the pattern for reeving aright-anglethreefoldtackle. Whenreevingfallsinaright angle pattern, it facilitates the process to stand oneblock on its cheek and lay the other (usually the onewith the becket) down.CHAIN RATCHET (COME-ALONG)Onepieceofequipment youshouldbefamiliarwith is the chain ratchet. In more common terms, it isusually referred to as a come-along (see fig. 1-15).Chain ratchets have an operating handle similar to aratchet wrench. They are normally light in weight andcome in a variety of sizes, depending on the job to bedone. A chain ratchet has a friction brake incorporatedin its mechanism to hold the load when the handle isreleased. Chain ratchets are reversible so that the loadmay be raised, inspected, and lowered back into place.Some of the common types of chain ratchets use eithersprocket (bicycle) chain or link chain.AsanABHworkingonchaintypeshorebasearresting gear, you will probably use a 3-ton capacitychain hoist assembly. This assembly is used to providethe needed tension for the cross deck pendants.Always lubricate a chain ratchet before stowing.Never apply more power than can be exerted by oneman. Do not use extensions on the ratchet handle foradditional leverage. Inspect chain ratchets regularly toensure that the chain, hooks, and ratchet gears are ingood condition. Never apply a strain greater than thesafe working load.LINELine used by the Navy is made from a variety ofnatural fibers like abaca, agave, sisal, hemp, jute, andcotton. It may also be made from various combinationsof these fibers, depending upon its use.In the manufacture of line, the fibers of the variousplants aretwistedtogether inonedirectionfor theyarns. The yarns are twisted together in the oppositedirectiontoformstrands, andthestrandsareagaintwisted together in the opposite direction to form theline. Most ofthelineusedisthree-strand, althoughfour-strand is sometimes used.By far the greater part of the line now used is rightlaid, that is, the strands in the finished line spiral alongin a right handed direction as one looks along the line.Right laid line must always be coiled downright-handed, or clockwise.Nylon RopeNylon is a synthetic fiber and differs from naturalfiberlinesinthat it will stretchunderloadandyetrecover to its normal size when tension is removed. Astretch of one-third of its length is normal under safeworking loads. A stretch of 40% of its length is thecritical point, andit will part at 50%stretch. This1-161 2 3ABHf0114Figure 1-14.Reeving a threefold purchase.ABHf0115Figure 1-15.Come-along.elongation at times may be a disadvantage, butdoubling the lines can halve it. Nylon rope can standrepeated stretching with no serious effect.Nylon rope that has been under heavy strain maydevelop glazed areas. Paint or the fusing of fibers maycause this condition. In either case, the effect on therope's strength is negligible.Nylon rope will hold a load even though aconsiderable amount of the yarns have been abraded.Where such a condition is excessive but located in onlyone area, the chafed section may be cut away and theends spliced together for satisfactory reuse.Nylonissplicedinamannersimilartomanila,employing tape instead of seizing stuff for whipping thestrands and rope. Because of its smoothness and elasticproperties, nylon requires at least one tuck more thanmanila. For heavy-load applications such as towing, abacktuckshouldbetakenwitheachstrand. Whennylon lines become iced over in use, they should becarefully thawed at moderate temperatures and driedbefore being stowed.Since nylon rope, on parting, is stretched to 50% ofits length, it parts witha decidedsnapback. Keepyourself and your personnel out of the direct line of pullwhen heavy strains are applied.Pulling the end through the eye of the coil does notopen a coil of nylon rope, unlike fiber line. It should beunreeled in the same manner as wire rope.Size and TypesLine13/4inchesor larger incircumferenceisdesignated to size by its circumference in inches. Lineis manufacturedinsizes upto16-inchhawsers. Ahawser is any line larger than a 5-inch line, which isused for towing or mooring. As a general rule, a 10-inchlineisaboutthelargestlineissuedbytheNavyforgeneral shipboard use.Linelessthan13/4inchesincircumferenceisreferred to generally as SMALL STUFF, and isdesignated to size by the number of yarns it contains,called threads in this case. To find the size of a piece ofsmall stuff, a strand is opened out, the number of yarnsit contains is counted, and the result multiplied by 3 for3-strand stuff. The largest small stuff is 24-thread; it has3 strands, each of which contains 8 yarns.Certainsmall stuff usedfor special purposesisdesignated by name, with no reference to size. Marlineis the most common stuff of this type. It is 2-strand, leftlaid stuff, rather roughly made up, tarred a dark brown,and not much larger than ordinary package wrappingcord. A serving (smooth finish on line or wire made ofclose wrapped turns) is normally made with marline. Itis inexpensive, fairly strong, and well protected by itstarring against the weather.Seizing stuff is small stuff laid up right handed bymachine, likeregularline, butnotmuchlargerthanfishing line. It is used for servings when a fancier jobthan can be done with marline is desired.ApplicationsBesides the uses that have already been mentioned,lineisusedastiedown'sonaircraft equipment andloose gear. Line is also used for guide and steadyinglines in hoisting aircraft and equipment.Working lines, as used in this manual, arecategorized as follows and should be made up in theminimum quantities as follows:1. STABILIZING LINES--4 each, 50-footlengths. They are intended for attachment between anaircraft and a crane to prevent oscillations while theload is suspended and in transit from the salvage site.2. TAG LINES--4 each, 100-foot lengths. Theseare hand held stabilizing lines.3. SECURINGLINES--Sufficient quantityandrandom lengths. These are used to secure equipmentsuch as an aircraft to a dolly and a dolly to the flightdeck during jettison operations.4. TENDING LINES--4 each, 100-foot lengths.Thesearetobeusedprimarilyforpersonnel safetywhen a crewmember is operating in an area requiringthe use of the safety harness.CareWhen line must be stowed wet, it should always belaid on gratings in long fakes (laid back over itself insingle turns one set forward of the other). This is so thatit may dry as quickly as possible. It should never becovered.Deterioration of line may be through age, exposure,use, orabuse. Signsofdeteriorationthroughageorexposure are indicated by the gradual change in color oftheinnerpartsofthestrands. Thebristlingendsofbroken or dislodged yards indicate deterioration fromuse or abuse. Where a line has been overstrained, it notonly bristles, but also shows a decrease in diameter. Donot depend on it in any situation for more than a fractionof its normal working load.1-17WIRE ROPEWire rope is made upof single wires twistedtogether in one direction to form strands. These are, inturn, twisted together in the opposite direction to formtherope. Thenumberofstrandsandthenumberofwires in the strand designate wire rope. For example,wire rope built up of 6 strands with 19 wires per strandis designated as 6 19. Wire rope size is determined byits diameter, which is measured from the high point ofone strandtothe highpoint onthe strandontheopposite side. See figure 1-16.Wireropemadefromironorcast steel isusedoccasionally in manufacturing, but is not strong enoughfor general use aboard ship. For wires in cranes, cargogear, towing gear, and so forth, the Navy specifies aMINIMUMtensilestrengthof 220,000pounds persquare inch (psi). Extra strong crucible steel, monitorsteel, and plow steel meet Navy specifications. Plowsteel wire is the type most generally in use.Somewirethat is usedfor special purposes isPREFORMED. In preformed wire, each strand isshaped so that it lies in with the others the way a stranddoes in line. Preforming makes wire more flexible, itlasts longer incranes, boat winches, andsoforth.However, preformed wire is expensive, and most wireused in cargo gear, towing gear, mooring gear, and soforth, isnonpreformed. Nonpreformedwireismuchstiffer than preformed. Its strands have a strongtendency to fly apart if they are not kept tightly whippedor seized.Flexible wire rope, called SPRING LAY, is oftenused for wires that require a good deal of handling, suchas mooring wires. Each strand in spring lay iscomposedpartlyof wire andpartlyof fiber. Thisconstruction increases the flexibility, but reduces thestrength of spring lay considerably compared to that ofan all steel wire rope. If available, the manufacturer'sdata on the strength of wire rope should be used. If thisinformationisnotknown, theinformationshownintable 1-1 should be used to estimate the safe workingload.Care of Wire RopeAll exposed wire must be periodically covered withsurface coating for protection against the weather. Forwire used in standing rigging, weather protection is theonly consideration. However, wire rope used in runningrigging (airplane cranes, winches, and so forth) must beslushed with a mixture that provides lubrication as wellas protectionagainstthe weather. Graphite grease isnormally used for this purpose. Wire that is kept wellslushed deteriorates very little as a result of exposure.However, wiresubjecttolongusagewearslikeanyother metal item. The outer parts of the strands begin toflattenandthediameterofthewiredecreases. Asaconsequence, individual wires begin to wear throughand fishhooks appear. By this time the wire is definitelyunsafe and must be replaced.Wireropethat hasbeenoverstrainedwill showfishhooks, as well as a marked decrease in diameterwhere the strain occurred. The wire is extremely unsafeat this point, and it should be replaced.Handling of Wire RopePersons handling wire rope must always weargloves. Even newwire contains an occasional fishhook,which, if allowed to slide through the unprotected hand,may inflict a severe gash.Thehandlingof wireroperequiresattentiontodetail. Wire rope must not be coiled or uncoiled likemanila line. Wire direct from the manufacturer,whether on a reel or not, has always been wound into acoil and must be unwound, never picked up in bights.The outside end always goes off first, never the insideend, as with line.1-186 STRANDS OF 19WIRES (6 X 19)6 STRANDS OF 12WIRES (6 X 12)6 STRANDS OF 37WIRES (6 X 37)6 STRANDS OF 24WIRES (6 X 24)ABHf0116Figure 1-16.Arrangement of strands of wire rope.Some wire comes from the manufacturer in a plaincoil, stoppedtogetherwithwirestops. Somemeansmust be found for unwinding the coil in such a mannerthat it will not kink. Rollingit alongthe deckisgenerally impracticable, because of the weight of thewire and the tendency of the coil to come apart.The best way to unwind a newcoil of wire is to set iton a capstan, if available; run the machinery at slowspeed, and walk away with the outside end of the wireas the capstan turns. If a capstan is not available, the coilmay be slung like a reel and unwound. Some ships andstations haveconstructedspecial reels onwhichtoplacecoils of wiretofacilitateunwinding. Simplyslinging the reel up on a piece of pipe or a crowbar andwalking away with the end can unwind wire on a reel.FORMULASThe manufacturer's data concerning the strength ofa fiber line or wire rope should be used, if available. Ifyou do not have that information, there are formulas orTHUMBRULESthat canbeusedtocomputethebreakingstrengthandthesafeworkingload. Theserules give results that only APPROXIMATE the figuresin the manufacturer's tables, because they, of necessity,contain constants. In these thumb rules, constants arefigures arbitrarily chosen as those that result in the mostnearlyaccurate answers inthe greatest number ofcircumstances. It is doubtful if results ever arecompletely accurate, but they are on the side of safety.The thumb rules for the breaking strength (BS) andsafe working load (SW) for manila line, nylon line, andwire rope all use the circumference Candare asfollows:FORMULA 1--BREAKING STRENGTHOF MANILA:BS = C2 900 pounds.FORMULA 2--BREAKING STRENGTHOF NYLON:BS = C2 2,400 pounds.FORMULA 3--BREAKING STRENGTHOF WIRE ROPE:BS = C2 8,000 pounds.C2refers to the circumference of the line or wire ininches, multiplied by itself. If the circumference is notknown, but the diameter is known (as is usually the casewith wire), the circumference may be found bymultiplying the diameter by 3.1-19Wire Size-InchesSafe Working Loads-PoundsDiameter CircumferenceNewSafety Factor-4Good UsedSafety Factor-6Frequently UsedSafety Factor-81/4" 7/8" 1125 750 5653/8" 1-3/16" 2530 1690 12651/2" 1-9/16" 4500 3000 22505/8" 2" 7020 4670 35103/4" 2-3/8" 10,100 6750 50501" 3-1/8" 18,000 12,000 90001-1/4" 4" 28,100 18,750 14,0501-1/2" 4-3/4" 40,500 27,000 20,2501-3/4" 5-1/2" 55,200 36,800 27,6002" 6-1/4" 72,000 48,000 36,000Table 1-1.Wire Rope Safe Working LoadsIt is necessary to establish limits within which lineor wire can be used safely under specifiedcircumstances or, in other words, to provide a marginfor safety. Introducing into the problemelements calledSAFETY FACTORS does this. In the case of rope, thesafety factor used depends upon the rope's condition.To compute the safe working load, find the breakingstrengthanddividebyoneof thefollowingsafetyfactors:FACTOR 1.New rope: 4.FACTOR 2.Good used rope: 6.FACTOR 3.Frequently used rope: 8.EXAMPLE: The formula to find the safe workingload for a new piece of 2-inch circumference manilaline is as follows:SW = BS/4SW = C2 9004SW = 4 900 = 900 pounds4Thesafeworkingloadof2-inchmanilaequals900pounds.The thumb rules for a safe working load is designedfor easyrememberingandhastyroughcalculationsonly. However, they are well within the margin of safetyfor practically any line or wire rope used aboard ship.The exact safe working load of a line depends on thetype of fiber used in its construction. A wire will bestronger or weaker depending on whether it is made ofiron, cast steel, or plow steel. Manufacturers' tables areavailable for both line and wire and you should refer tothem when possible.Q13. What are the three common types of tackle?a.b.c.Q14. What is the mechanical advantage of atwo-fold purchase?STOWAGE OF EQUIPMENTLEARNING OBJECTIVE: State the guidingprinciple of equipment stowage?"Aplace for everything and everything in itsplace." This is the definition often given for the wordshipshape. Tothe ABH, this phrase has a specialsignificance. Since a great deal of the equipment usedby the ABH is for use in emergencies (aircraft crash,rescue, salvage, and firefighting equipment), it isimperative that it be in its assigned area, ready for usewhen required. Time spent in searching for a piece ofneeded equipment is costly.As an example, suppose that an aircraft hascrashed, apersonnel rescuemust bemade, andtheequipment necessary to make the rescue is not in itsassigned location. The delay caused by having to searchfor this vital equipment couldverywell meanthedifferenceinwhether or not asuccessful rescueismade.Serious damage to aircraft and injury to personnelmay be caused when equipment such as chocks,towbars, andtiedownsareleftlyinglooseabouttheflight or hangar decks. Flight operations are oftenconducted at night when this loose gear is particularlydifficulttospot. AsanABH, youmustnotonlybeespecially alert for loose gear, but you must also trainthe assigned crewto always return all gear andequipment not actually in use to the designated area andstow it properly.Everything movable that is not in use should bekept inbinsor racksor lashedsecurelyintoplace.Sudden hard turns, rough weather, or vibration at highspeeds can tumble material or throwit across acompartment, ruining equipment and possibly causingserious personnel injuries. There is not always time tosecure loose gear before a sudden turn.Material and equipment should be stowed as closeas possible to the place where it will be used. Carefulplanning allows use of space that otherwise might bewasted because of its size, shape, or its accessibility. Ifthe items to be stowed are pilferable, locks should beplaced on the access doors or on the racks holding thematerial in place. Emergency equipment should NOTbe locked up.Q15. What is the guiding principle of equipmentstowage?1-20ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONSA1. Diagonal Pliers are pliers designed for cutting.A2. When using bolt cutters, the two types of metals that you should avoid cutting are(a) spring wire and (b) tempered metal.A3. By applying a light coat of oil, you can prevent rust from building on the tool.A4. The two types of portable sanders used in the Navy are (a) electrical and (b)pneumatic.A5. To scale out a corner, you should use a needle impact scaler.A6. The most common measuring tool is the steel rule tape.A7. When recoiling a spring loaded tape measure, you should prevent against tapesnapback.A8. The purpose of a dynamometer is to measure energy or force.A9. Before plugging in a tool, you should make sure the tool is turned off.A10. A safety lock-off device is required on all portable grinders.A11. The five types of personal protective equipment are (a) Foot (b) Eye (c) Hand (d)Hearing and (e) Head.A12. Eye protection is required when working with a portable cutting tool.A13. The three common types of tackle are (a) Gun (b) Single Luff and (c) Two-FoldPurchase.A14. The mechanical advantage of a two-fold purchase is four.A15. Theguidingprincipleof equipment stowageis"Aplaceforeverythingandeverything in its place."1-21CHAPTER 2AIRCRAFT HANDLING EQUIPMENT, NON-SKID, ANDMARKINGSAs naval aircraft become more complex, so mustsupport equipment. Manydifferent typesofsupportequipment are required to perform the variousfunctions necessary to maintain aircraft in topcondition. Most oftoday'sequipment isusedinthedirect support of the aircraft itself. Aircraft squadronsand the air department aboard carriers and large deckamphibiousshipsaretheprincipal usersof supportequipment. Within the air department, flight deck andhangar deck aircraft handling crews use aircrafthandling equipment such as towtractors, spottingdollies, aircraft tiedown chains, aircraft wheel chocks,and aircraft towbars.As a user of the equipment, the ABH depends uponpersonnel of the Aviation Support EquipmentTechnician (AS) rating for their expertise inmaintaining ground support equipment (GSE).However, even the best maintained GSE must have asurface that provides the best traction possible, ifmaximum effectiveness is to be achieved. As an ABH,youmust beknowledgeableinall areasofnonskidpreparation, application, and corrosion prevention.Properlyapplied, anonskidcoatingwillprovidetheappropriate surface coatingonyour flight deckorhangar deck, for safely handling naval aircraft.Although a good quality non-slip deck surface is aproven asset to aircraft handlers, the pilots, aircrews,and deck crews rely on the special markings, known asVisual Landing Aids (VLA), for a wide range ofinformation that leads to successful flight operations.VLAmarkings, in both the flight deck and hangar deck,are used in the launch and recovery evolutions,firefighting, first aidandemergencysituations, andmuch more. As an ABH, you should be the residentexpert for visual markings located on flight and hangardecks and bulkheads.AIRCRAFT GROUND SUPPORTEQUIPMENTLEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thevarious types of GSE. Identify the capabilitiesof various GSE. State the licensing proceduresfor GSE.Ground support equipment is classified into fourmajor types: common (general purpose), peculiar(special purpose), standard (has government approvedspecifications/drawings), and developmental (nogovernment approved specifications/drawings).Figures 2-1 and 2-2 can be used to identify anddetermine the use of various types of GSE.LIQUID-OXYGEN-SERVICING GSELiquid oxygen (LOX) systems are serviced fromliquid oxygen trailers or storage tanks. TheClosed-Loop, Low-Loss Liquid Oxygen Storage TankType TMU-70Mis used aboard ship. The LiquidOxygen Trailer, 50-gallon capacity, Type No. 4 is onetype normally used ashore. Both are commonly calledLOX carts.TYPE TMU-70M LOX STORAGETANKThe primary purpose of the TMU-70M (fig. 2-3) isto service aircraft LOX converters. The cart consists ofthree major components:1. A 50-gallon (189-liter) storage tank2. A 4-gallon (15-liter) transfer tank3. A system of transfer lines and control valves,anyone of which, when broken off or damaged, couldcause severe injury to personnel and damage toequipment.Thecomponentsarepermanentlymountedonaportable three-wheel trailer. The complete unit filledwith LOX weighs 1,175 pounds. It is 3 feet high, 4 feetwide, and 7 feet 6 inches long. The front wheel is afree-swiveling caster type. A lunette eye is attached tothe front of the frame for towing. Atubular bar attachedto the frame and running up over the top is provided formanual handling. The parking brake handle is locatedin front, next to the handling bar. Parking brakes aremechanical drum/shoe-type. All three tires arepneumatic. Four tiedown and hoisting rings areprovided on the frame. The rings permit hoisting of theunit fully loaded with LOX.2-12-2CHART 1 - Equipment IndicatorsINSTALLATION(1st Indicator)TYPE OF EQUIPMENT(2nd Indicator)PURPOSE(3rd Indicator)MiscellaneousIdentificationA-B-C- Combination(Ground and Air -borne)E-Aircraft or Missile(Transported, butnot installed in oron vehicle, missionexpendable)Aircraft or Missile(installed in or onvehicle, nonmissionexpendable)Ground, Not FixedGround, FixedGround, Self - con -tained (Movable,includes vehiclebut not self - pro -pelledAircraft or Missile(Transported, butnot installed in oron vehicle, non -mission expendable)Personal Use(Held or worn byindividual)Ground, Self - pro -pelled (Includesvehicle)Multi - installationWater (Surface orSubmerged)F -M-N-P-S-U-W-22 - Apparel23 - Chemical24 - Electrical25 - Explosive26 - Gaseous27 - Hydraulic28 - Materials, Pliable(fabric, rubber, etc.)29 - Materials, Rigid(metals, wood, etc.)32 - Mechanical33 - Nuclear34 - Pneumatic35 - Optical36 - Opti-mechanical37 - Electromechanical38 - Invisible Light(Infrared)39 - Inertial42 - Electrohydraulic43 - Manual44 - Internal Combustion45 - Biological46 - Pneumatic - Hydraulic47 - Electropneumatic48 - Hydromechanical49 - Gunnery82 - Mobile Deployment(Bare Base) - Miscellaneous83 - Mobile Deployment(Bare Base) - Medicalincluding dental,surgical, x-ray, etc.84 - Mobile Deployment(Bare Base) - Billeting/Administration85 - Mobile Deployment(Bare Base) - ShopFacilities - all typesexcept electronics86 - Mobile Deployment(Bare Base) - FoodServicing includingkitchen, dining, etc.99 - MiscellaneousNote: Where more than one typenumber applies, use theone most applicable.A- Aircraft or MissileSupportB- Bombing or FireControl or Both(Nonelectronic)C- Air ConditioningD- DetectionE- DestructionG- Flight Control orNavigation or Both(Nonelectronic)H- Aircraft Loadingand Cargo HandlingJ - IndicatingK- Aerial Stores(Munitions) HandlingL - LubricatingM- Maintenance,AircraftP- ProtectionQ- Reconnaissance(Nonelectronic)R- FuelingS- Personnel SupportT- TestingU- Special, Not OtherwiseCovered, or Combinationof PurposesV- Maintenance, Auto -motiveW- Graphic ArtsX- IdentificationY- DisseminationT- Training(See 5.3d)(V) - VariableConfiguration(See 5.6h,5.6l)ABHf0201Figure 2-1.Equipment indicator codes.WARNINGExtreme caution must be used whenmovingaircraft aroundthe LOXcart. Anydamage to the structural container could resultin an intense explosion.TOW TRACTORSThe tow tractor is the primary means of movingmost aircraft that are on the ground or deck and withengines not running. Features of most value to the ABHare the towtractor's weight, maneuverability, anddrawbar pull.The maneuverability of the tractor depends on thetractor's dimensions and turning radius. The smaller thedimensions and turning radius, the more maneuverablethe tractor. Drawbar pull is the amount of force that thetractorcanexert. Thedrawbarpullofanytractorisdependent on the type and condition of the surface onwhich the tractor is being used. Dry concrete gives themost traction, hence the most drawbar pull for a giventractor. On a wet, fuel soaked flight deck the force may2-3TowTractorA/ S 32 A 31ItemNameAero/SupportEquipmentGround,SelfPropelledMechanical Aircraft orMissileSupportThe 31st equipmentin the 32A categoryto which a typedesignation has beenassignedABHf0202Figure 2-2.Equipment type designation.ABHf0203Figure 2-3.Type TMU-70M LOX storage tank.be greatly reduced. Towing capacity is normally statedin drawbar pull. The maximum aircraft weight that atractor can safely handle is 10 times the drawbar pull. Inother words, a tractor with an 8,000-pound drawbarpull can tow aircraft weighing up to 80,000 pounds.2-4AUTOMATIC PINTLESAFETY PINOPENABHf0204Figure 2-4.Tow couplers.ABHf0205Figure 2-5.A/S32A-30A (Support Equipment & AircraftTow Tractor).TIE DOWNLIFT HERETIE DOWNLIFT HERE10.0 10.010.010.09.09.0134.6253.00JACK OR HOIST LOCATIONTRAILERCONNECTOR213.084.0LIFT HERETIE DOWNLIFT HERETIE DOWN9.0 9.0JACK OR HOIST LOCATIONJACK STAND LOCATION119.3847.0010.010.010.036.02 PLACES10.045.0114.39.0022.86102.00259.0865.00165.1018.0045.7210.7527.3136.7593.3514.0035.567.0BOTH SIDES10.0TYP.10.0TYP.10.010.028.071.1245 PSI50 PSI8.07,000 LBS G.V.W.ABHf0206JACK STAND LOCATIONFRESH AIRVENTS42.0Figure 2-6.A/S32A-30A Side/Front/Back views.The engine and transmission types allow for easymaneuverability of the tractor and for installing aircraftstarting and fire fighting equipment. The type oftransmission may also contribute to ease in handlingthe tractor. Support equipment for supplying electricpower and/or compressed air for aircraft engine startingor servicing and electric power for brake operation maybe installed on some tractors.You should know how to use the different pedalsand levers in the operation of these vehicles. Certaindaily functions such as checking the water, air, oil, andfuel are done before operation of this equipment. Theseitems are on a checklist and are part of the standardprocedures for use of motorized equipment throughoutthe Navy. All other maintenance is the responsibility ofthe AIMD (aircraft intermediate maintenance depart-ment) aboard carriers and at air stations.Operatingatowtractorrequiresgoodjudgmentand general knowledge of motorized equipment. Thedriver must be licensed in accordance with OPNAV-INST 4790.2 (series) before assuming control of thevehicle.Thetractors areequippedwitheither pintleorautomatic tow couplers (fig. 2-4) both front and rear.Some tractors, if outfitted with support equipment onthe rear end of the tractor, may not be equipped with atowing coupler.TOW TRACTOR TYPESThroughout this chapter, the following tow tractorswill be discussed: A/S32A-30A(Support Equipment &Aircraft Towing Tractor); A/S32A-32 (Aircraft TowingTractor); A/S32A-31A (Aircraft Towing Tractor);A/S32A-42 (Aircraft Mid-Range Tow Vehicle);A/S32A-37 (Aircraft Towing Tractor). These towtractors represent the most common types of towingvehicles that an ABHwould use both at-sea and ashore.A/S 32A-30A (Support Equipment & AircraftTow Tractor)This tractor was designedprimarilyfor towingmobile support equipment such as starting units,mobile electric power plants (MEPP's), work stands,and other tractors. Commonly called the GSE tractor(figs. 2-5, 2-6, and2-7), it canalsobeusedtotowmunitions trailers and, as a secondary mission, to towlight aircraft and helicopters. It is a shore based unit androutinelyusedaroundhangarsandwarehouses. Theunit is powered by a 4-cycle diesel motor and is a dual-wheeled, reardrivetractor. Forspecificinformation2-5WARNINGWARNINGRND219 10 11 8 16 12 13 14 151 2 3 4 5 6 7DASH CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTSABHf02071. AMMETER2. ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATUREGAUGE3. ENGINE OIL PRESSURE GAUGE4. ENGINE OIL TEMPERATURE GAUGE5. TACHOMETER / HOURMETER6. FUEL LEVEL GAUGE7. TRANSMISSION SHIFTER PLATE8. HEATER CONTROL KNOB9. HEADLIGHT / TAILLIGHT SWITCH10. INSTRUMENT PANEL LIGHTSWITCH11. REAR WORK LIGHT SWITCH12. BRAKE FAILURE WARNING LIGHT13. GLOW PLUG SWITCH14. HEATER FAN SWITCH15. TRANSMISSION TEMPERATUREGAUGE16. IGNITION SWITCHFigure 2-7.A/S32A-30A Dash Controls & Instruments.concerningthistractor, refertoNAVAIR19-40-520.Leading particulars of the A/S32A-30A are noted inTable 2-1.A/S 32A-32 (Aircraft Towing Tractor)This vehicle is formally known as a towing tractor,however, it is commonly referred to as a spotting dolly,SD-2 (fig. 2-8).The movement of aircraft on the ground hashistoricallybeenaccomplishedbymeansoftowbarsand tractors; but in crowded areas, that methodbecomes ineffective. The A/S32A-32 tow tractor(spotting dolly) (fig. 2-8) can provide maximummaneuverability, tow, turn, and spot several types ofaircraft equally as effectively in congested areas as inthe open. The spotting dolly can also be operated undermost aircraft, since its heights is only 30 inches. Seetable 2-2.Self propelled, the AS 32A-32 towing tractor (SD-2spotting dolly) can move an aircraft by picking up thenosewheel andmovinginanydirection. Thetractorrequires no turning radius. The tractor can approach anaircraft head on, pick up the nosewheel, spin on its ownaxis, and then tow the aircraft out at any angle to theaircraft's original line of direction. It can turn an aircraftthrough360degreeswhilethecenterofthelandinggears remains stationary. Ahydraulic drive systempermits one wheel of the tractor to be driven forwardand the other in reverse. This allows the tractor to spincompletely about without moving the aircraft'snosewheel. The AS 32A-32 towing tractor is athree-wheel vehicle; two of the wheels are driven, andthe third is an independent caster. You can control thetractorbyusingajoystickhandleontheendofthecontrol console. See figures 2-9 and 2-10. Steering isaccomplished by pushing the handle to the left or to theright. You can control direction (forward or reverse) bymoving the handle away from you (forward) or towardyou (reverse). The maximum speed when carrying aload is 2 miles per hour; unloaded, 5 miles per hour.Table 2-2.Leading Particulars of the A/S32A-32 TowTractor (Spotting Dolly)Overall length 148 inchesOverall width 81 inchesOverall height 30 inchesGross vehicle weight 11,500 lbs.Drawbar pull 14,000 lbs.Maximum lifting capacity 16,000 lbs.Maximum speed (loaded) 2 mphMaximum speed (unloaded) 5 mphMinimum turning radius 0 inchesGround clearance 5 inchesFuel JP-52-6Gross vehicle weight 6,970 lbs. Towing capacity 40,000 lbs.Basic length 102 inches Turning radius 142 inchesHeight 84" Width 70 inchesFuel capacity 12 gallons Electrical system 12 voltMin. Oil Pressure 7 psi Tire pressure 50 psiTable 2-1.Leading Particulars of the A/S32A-30A Tow TractorABHf0208Figure 2-8.Aircraft Tow Tractor model A/S32A-32 (SD-2 Spotting Dolly).The usual manner of loading aircraft onto either ofthe tractors is to maneuver the spotting dolly into theloading position, in front of the braked aircraft, with theliftingarmsspreadtotheirmaximumwidth. Slowlymovethetractortowardtheaircraft until theliftingarms are astride the nosewheel of the aircraft. Try tokeepthetractorcenteredwiththenosewheel oftheaircraft. Make certain the correct axle pins in the lifting2-792625271415231716191113451382420213231343329ABHf02091. Seat2. Blank3. Control handle4. Lifting arm control box5. Instrument and engine control accesspanel6. Hydraulic oil fill7. Blank8. Engine compartment access panel9. Axle pin holder10. Blank11. Emergency stop switch12. Blank13. Fuel fill14. Tie-down and lift ring15. Headlight16. Parking brake17. Horn Button18. Blank19. Caster20. Emergency stop switch21. Main tires22. Right-hand lifting arm control panel23. Light switch24. Spotlight25. Emergency arm spread control buttons26. Emergency arm control valves27. Slave receptacle28. Blank29. Lifting arms control panel30. Blank31. Lifting arms32. Chassis33. Lifting hydraulic cylinder34. Spread hydraulic cylindersFigure 2-9.A/S32A-32 Aircraft Towing Tractor.arms are installed. Adjust the lifting arms by using oneof the control panels until the axle pins are in line withthe nosewheel axle. Lock one axle pin at a time in thenosewheel. After the nosewheel has beensecurelyengaged, raise the liftingarms uponthe director'ssignal, and proceed as directed. Specific informationconcerning the A/S32A-32 can be found in NAVAIR19-1-157.A/S 32A-31A Tow TractorThe A/S 32A-31A aircraft tow tractor (fig. 2-11) isdesigned for towing aircraft aboard ship. It is aconventional six-wheel vehicle equipped with dual reardrive andfront wheel steeringwitha three speedautomatictransmission. A24-volt electrical systempowers the starting, lights, and the engine protectivedevices. Provision is made for mounting a Jet AircraftStarting Unit (JASU) on the rear of the tractor. Fuel forthe startingunit comes fromthe tractor tank. Thecontrol panel for the starting unit is installed at the rightside of the tractor operator. When the starting unit is notinstalled, counterweightsareusedtoloadthedrivewheelsandachievetherateddrawbar pull. Towingpintles are located at the front and the rear of the tractor.The rear pintle is not available when the starting unit isinstalled. A single seat for the operator is located on theleft side.The engine has a 3-cylinder, 2-cycle diesel with anautomatic 4-speed transmission and one reverse gear.The tractor has mechanical steering, assisted withhydraulic power. If hydraulic pressure is lost, steering ismaintained through the mechanical linkage from thesteering wheel to the spindles. Brakes for the tractor arealso hydraulically operated. They are a wet-disc type,and are located in the rear axle wheel ends. The brakesare NOT adjustable and brake squeal is quite normalwith this type. For proper operation, theaccumulator-charging valve is set to detect when thepressure drops below 1500 psi. The charging valve willthensignal the pumptorecharge the accumulator.When towing an aircraft with the A/S32A-31A, be surethat the transmission selector lever is in either the "1" or"R" position. Never shift the transmission through to"N" (neutral) while the tractor is in motion; damagemay result to the transmission.2-81 2 3 456789ABHf02101. Right-hand lifting arm out switch2. Right-hand lifting arm in switch3. Left-hand lifting arm in switch4. Left-hand lifting arm out switch5. Lifting arms up switch6. Lifting arms down switch7. Joystick control8. Emergency stop switch9. Parking brake handleFigure 2-10.A/S32A-32 Control Console.The A/S23A-31A has a brake warning light thatwill illuminate when the pressure in the accumulatorfalls below 1350 psi. The engine/transmission warninglight will illuminate when the torque converter reachestemperatures above 300F, engine temperatures goabove 215F, or engine oil pressure falls below 6 psi.Youshouldalwaysmakesurethat theenginewatertemperature never exceeds 196F and the transmission2-9ABHf0211Figure 2-11.A/S 32A-31A Aircraft tow tractor.2-101 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 7 910111213 14 15 16 17 1812345678910LIGHTS-STOPLIGHTS-HEADPINTLEINSTIGNITIONAMMETERLIGHTENG OIL PRESSFUELHORN1112131415161718ENG WATER TEMPHAND BRAKEEMERGENCY ONLY PULL TO STOPTRANS TEMPHOUR METERSTARTERBRAKE PRESSURE WARNINGENG/TRANS WARNINGABHf0212Figure 2-12.A/S32A-31A Control Panel.Gross vehicle weight 12,400 lbs. Drawbar pull 8,500 lbs.Basic length 117 inches Height 40 inchesWidth 70 inches Turning radius 132 inchesGround clearance 7-1/2 inches Fuel capacity 85 gallonsFront tire pressure 70 psig Rear tire pressure 60 psigTable 2-3.Leading Particulars of the A/S32A-31A Aircraft Tow Tractortemperature remains below 220F. See figure 212 forgauge locations on the control console. Specificoperating procedures for this tractor can be located inNAVAIR19-40-521. Theleadingparticularsfor theA/S32A-31A tow tractor are listed in Table 2-3.A/S47A-1 GTE (GTCP-100) Tractor MountedEnclosureThis enclosure (fig. 2-13) is mounted on the backendof theA/S32A-31ATowTractor andprovideshandling crews with a portable aircraft turbine enginestarting unit. The five main components of the startingunit are (1) the control panel, (2) the enclosureassembly, (3) the gas turbine engine, (4) the stowagerack, and (5) the mounting assembly (see fig. 2-14).The control panel (fig. 2-15) provides the single pointof operation for the starting unit. On the control panel,the output switch controls the engine operation and airdelivery function of the unit. The enclosure assemblyhouses the gas turbine engine and the lube oil,electrical, and pneumatic support systems for the GasTurbine Enclosure (GTE). The GTEis capable ofdelivering compressed airflow for aircraft engine startsat two ratio settings: 3.6:1 or 5:1. The stowage rack islocatedonthebackof theenclosureassemblyandprovides stowage space for the air duct hose, and themounting assembly simply provides the entireenclosure to be mounted on the back of anA/S32A-31ATowTractor. Proper operationof theaircraft starting unit requires the operator to pay closeattention to the aircraft director, the sound of the startermotor and engine compressor rotation, the enginerpm's, oil pressure, and exhaust temperature throughoutthe start and acceleration cycle. For specificinformation on the operating procedures of theA/S47A-1 GTE Tractor Mounted Enclosure, youshould refer to NAVAIR 19-105B-60.2-111273465ABHf0213Figure 2-13.A/S47A-1 GTE (GTCP-100) Tractor Mounted Enclosure.12345ABHf02141. Control Panel2. Enclosure Assembly3. Gas Turbine Engine4. Stowage Rack5. Mounting Assembly and Turbine SupportFigure 2-14.Tractor Mounted Enclosure Components.A/S32A-42 Aircraft Mid-Range Tow VehicleThis shore-based tractor (fig. 2-16) is designed fortowing aircraft weighing up to 100,000 lbs. The tractoroperates much like any automobile, but the high gearratio in the rear axle gives this tractor its towing ability.It has a drawbar pull of 10,000 lbs., and a maximumforwardspeedof13m.p.h. Thefour-cylinderdiesel2-12OIL PRESSURE EXHAUST TEMPHIGH OIL TEMPSPEED INOTACHOMETER VOLTMETERPANEL LIGHTS OUTPUT AIRTURBINEMASTERON START95%OFFOFF ON3.6:1 OFF 5:113 12 11 10 98 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ABHf02151. Oil Pressure Gauge2. High Oil Temperature Indicator3. Panel Light4. Exhaust Gas Temperature Indiciator5. 95% Speed Indicator6. Tachometer Indicator7. Panel Light8. Voltmeter9. Panel Lights Switch10. Output Air Selector Switch11. Turbine Switch12. Master Switch13. Circuit BreakerFigure 2-15.Control Panel.3,450 LBS 3% 9,550 LBS 3%+_ +_46.0073.00124.0013,000 LBS GVWABHf0216Figure 2-16.A/S32A-42 Aircraft Mid-Range Tow Vehicle.enginedisplaces236cubicinchesandproduces80horsepower at 2600 rpm's. Figure 2-17 shows thelocationof instrument panel components. Table2-4contains the leading particulars of the A/S32A-42 towtractor.Before starting the tractor when it has a coldengine, place the gear selector to N (neutral), turn theignition switch to IGN, and push in the preheater switchfor about 15 seconds. Then turn the ignition switch tostart andcranktheenginetostart. Crankingshouldnever exceed 15 seconds; if the engine has not started,trythepreheateragainforanadditional10secondsbefore you attempt to crank start the engine again. Thetransmission is a three speed automatic with a torqueconverterenclosedwithinthesamehousing. Agearselection lever allows the operator to choose from fivedifferent gear positions. The transmission willautomatically shift up as the vehicle gains speed, unlessthe transmission is placed in either 1 or R. Select theappropriate speed range based on the following:R-Reverse; D-No load or light load; 2-Medium load;1-Heavy load. For specific information concerningoperating instructions for the towtractor, refer toNAVAIR 19-40-522.2-131 2 3 45678910111213 14RND21ABHf02171. Voltmeter2. Engine coolant temperature gauge3. Oil pressure gauge4. Engine oil temperature gauge.5. Tachometer/Hourmeter6. Fuel gauge7. Gear shift lever8. Ignition switch9. Transmission oil temperature gauge10. Manifold preheat switch11. Brake failure light12. Park brake light13. Rear work light switch14. Head and tail light switchFigure 2-17.A/S32A-42 Instrument Panel.Gross vehicle weight 13,000 lbs. Drawbar pull 10,000 lbs.Vehicle length 124 inches Vehicle width 70 inchesVehicle height 46 inches Ground clearance 5-1/2 inchesMaximum speed 13 miles per hour Turning radius 200 inchesFuel capacity 20 gallons Tire pressure 60 psigTable 2-4.Leading Particulars of the A/S32A-42 Mid-Range Tow Vehicle2-14ABHf0218Figure 2-18.A/S32A-37 Aircraft Towing Tractor.ENGINE COOLANT ENGINE OILRPMTRANSMISSION BATTERY/GENPARKINGBRAKEENGAGEDBRAKEPRESSUREFAILUREFRONTREARMANUAL OVERRIDEHYDRAULICPRESSUREFAILURESTARTHEADLIGHT PINTLEINSTRUMENTOFFPUSH OFF OFFON ONIGNITIONOFF ONFUEL LOW OILPUSH UP AND HOLD138 14 9 10 11 15 12 16 717 18 19 20 21 2223ABHf02191. Steering Wheel/Horn Button2. Transmission Control3. Parking Brake Actuator4. Throttle Actuator5. Brake Actuator6. Seat Adjusting Lever7. Panel Lights8. Engine Coolant Gauge9. Engine Oil Gauge10. RPM Gauge11. Transmission Gauge12. Battery/Gen Gauge13. Fuel Gauge14. Low Oil15. Parking Brake Engaged16. Brake Pressure Failure Front, Rear17. Ignition Switch18. Start Switch19. Headlight Switch20. Pintle Light Switch21. Instrument Panel Light Switch22. Manual Override23. Hydraulic Pressure FailureFigure 2-19.A/S32A-37 Aircraft Towing Tractor Control Panel.A/S32A-37 Aircraft Towing TractorThisshore-basedtractor(figs. 2