Aviation and Climate ChangeICAO’s work on Environment

ICAO Secretariat

ICAO’s work on Environment

NOISE: late '60s SARPs on Annex 16, Volume I since 1971

LOCAL AIR QUALITY: late ‘70s SARPs on Annex 16, Volume II, since 1981

CLIMATE CHANGE: late ‘80s SARPs on Annex 16, Volume III, since 2017

© ICAO 2017

ICAO Environmental Goals

Also guided by ENV related UN SDGs

ICAO 39th Assembly in October 2016

• The 39th Session of the ICAO Assembly reached a historic agreement:

– Acknowledged progress in all elements of the basket of measures (i.e. aircraft technology and Standards, operational improvements, sustainable alternative fuels, and global MBM)

– Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)

• 3 Assembly Resolutions adopted:

– Resolution A39-1: Consolidated Statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – General provisions, noise and local air quality

– Resolution A39-2: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – Climate change

– Resolution A39-3: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – Global Market-based Measure (MBM) scheme NEW !

Background

• Initiative established in 2010 with ICAO Assembly Resolution A37-19:

– Para 11: “action plans should include information on the basket of measures considered by

States, reflecting their respective national capacities and circumstances, and information

on any specific assistance needs”

• Reaffirmed support in 2013 with A38-18 and in 2016 with A39-2:

– Para 11: “Invites those States that choose to prepare or update action plans to submit them

to ICAO” and include “quantified information on the expected environmental benefits from

the implementation of the measures chosen from the basket”

– Para 12: “Encourages States that have already submitted action plans to share information

contained in action plans and build partnerships with other member States in order to

support those States that have not prepared action plans, and to make the submitted

action plans available to the public, taking into account the commercial sensitivity of

information contained in States’ action plans”

Assembly Resolution A37-19

Planning support to States (Guidance

material, workshops, APER

website)

2010

Coordination with CAEP experts

APER website was designed and launched,

tools developedDevelopment of

Doc9988 and planning of 6 workshops

2011 2012

Direct contact with national focal points

ENV/TCB Strategic PlanPlanning of

AFCAC/ICAO Workshop"Assistance for Action -Aviation and Climate

Change" Seminar

2013 2014 2015 2016

Direct contact with national focal points

Support, review of action plans,

exploring partnerships for

Assistance to States

5 "States' Action Plans" Seminars held

Environmental Seminar on Technology and Energy

ICAO and the European Union sign agreement to implement

a joint Assistance ProjectICAO and UNDP sign

agreement to implement a joint Assistance Project,

financed by GEF

Implementation of Environmental Benefit Tool (EBT) in APER website

ICAO Global Aviation Partnerships on Emissions Reductions (E-GAP) - Multiplying Environmental Action

SeminarAviation Environmental Assessment (AES) installed in four

European Pilot countriesSubmission of robust State Action Plans from 12 African

States and 2 Caribbean States as part of the ICAO-European Union Assistance Project

ICAO Action Plan Buddy Programme implementedNew version of ICAO Fuel Saving Estimation Tool

(IFSET) available onlineICAO High-level Meeting on a Global Market-Based

Measure (MBM) SchemeGuidance document 9988 updated and enhanced version of the ICAO Carbon Emission Calculator

availableBy May 2016, all 14 States in the ICAO-European

Union Joint Assistance Project had the AES installed

States’ Action Plans and Assistance Initiative

States’ Action Plan Today

102 States representing 90.3% of global RTK have submitted an action plan to ICAO.

More than 400 direct contacts with States established

More than 700 experts from 116 States trained

3 ICAO Buddy Partnerships

2 joint assistance projects

Minimum Content of States’ Action Plans

Contact information

Baseline (without action) fuel consumption CO2

emissions and traffic (2010 or earlier to 2050)

List of selected measures

Expected results (fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and traffic with the actions in #3 being taken 2017 to 2050)

Assistance needs

1

2

3

4

5

• Reductions in weight are a key factor in reducing fuel burn:– Use of Carbon Fibre

Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) and advanced alloys is increasing;

• Airbus A380 contains 25% composites.

• Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 have pushed the composite use to 50%.

Source: ICCAIA

Aircraft Technology Development

ICAO Global Framework for Aviation Alternative Fuels

(GFAAF)

• Started in 2009

– Database for relevant activities

– Frequently asked questions

– Facts and Figures

– News and Activities

– Initiatives and Projects

Up coming ICAO Conference –11 to 13 Oct. 2017, Mexico develop the ICAO policy framework

Sustainable Alternative Fuels

More than 5,000 commercial flights have been

flown on sustainable alternative fuels

Sustainable Alternative Fuels

• Five fuel production processes are certified for use in aviation

x2

Sustainable Alternative Fuels

Fossil fuel

Alternative fuel

Sustainable Alternative Fuels

How can a drop-in fuel reduce CO2 emissions?

• more efficient ATM planning, ground operations, terminal operations (departure, approach and arrivals), en-route operations, airspace design and usage, aircraft capabilities;

• more efficient use and planning of airport capacities;

• collaborative research endeavours.

Improved air traffic management and infrastructure use

B0-ACDM Airport collaborative decision making

B0-RSEQ Runway sequencing

B0-FRTO Free route Operations

B0-NOPS Network operations

B0-ASUR Alternative surveillance

B0-OPFL Optimum flight levels

B0-CDO Continuous descent operations

B0-WAKE Wake turbulence separation

B0-CCO Continuous climb operations

Departure Climb Cruise Approach Arrival

Improved air traffic management and infrastructure use

• Best practices in operations – ICAO Doc 10013;

• Optimized aircraft maintenance;

• Selecting aircraft best suited to the mission.

More Efficient Operations

http://www.anahd.co.jp/en/csr/environment/effort.html

Engine washing Use of Ground Power Units

More Efficient Operations

Airport Improvements

• Airfield improvements

• Reduced energy demand and preferred

cleaner energy sources

• Enhanced GSE ( Ground Support

Equipment) management

• Conversion of GSE to cleaner fuels

• Improved transportation to and from airport

Background for developing a global MBM scheme

• In 2013, the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly unanimously decided, “to develop a global MBM scheme for international aviation” (Resolution A38-18, paragraph 18)

• Under Resolution A38-18, the Council was requested to:

a) 2020

• Council was requested to conduct this work and report its results for decision at the 39th session of the ICAO Assembly

finalize the work on the technical aspects, environmental and economic impacts and modalities of the possible options for a global MBM scheme

organize seminars, workshops on a global scheme for international aviation

make a recommendation on a global MBM scheme that addresses key design elements and the mechanisms for the implementation of the scheme from 2020

Resolution A39-3: CORSIA

• CORSIA is the first global MBM scheme for any industry sector

• CORSIA is one element in the basket of measures to achieve ICAO’s global aspirational goal of carbon neutral growth from 2020 (CNG 2020)

• CORSIA is a complementary measure to a broader package in the basket of measures – preference is for non-MBM measures to reduce aviation emissions (i.e. through aircraft technology, operational improvements, sustainable alternative fuels)

• CORSIA is one of the measures to be included in States’ Action Plans – all elements in the basket should be progressed

Resolution A39-3: CORSIA

CORSIA addresses the remaining “emissions gap” to achieve CNG2020

• http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/market-based-

measures.aspx

Introduction to CORSIA

• Participation of Member States in the CORSIA:

‒ Pilot Phase (2021-2023)

‒ First Phase (2024-2026)

‒ Second Phase (2027-2035)

Voluntary participation

Participation of all States except for exempted ones

Phased Implementation

• All Member States are encouraged to participate in the pilot and first phases of CORSIA

• As per Assembly Resolution A39-3, the ICAO Secretariat provides public updated information on the States that volunteer to participate in the Pilot and First phases

• To date, 66 States, representing more than 86.5% of international aviation activity, intend to voluntarily participate in the CORSIA from its outset

ALBANIA GUATEMALA POLAND

ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL

AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR

AUSTRIA INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF KOREA

AZERBAIJAN IRELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

BELGIUM ISRAEL ROMANIA

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ITALY SAN MARINO

BULGARIA JAPAN SERBIA

BURKINA FASO KENYA SINGAPORE

CANADA LATVIA SLOVAKIA

CHINA LITHUANIA SLOVENIA

COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG SPAIN

CROATIA MALAYSIA SWEDEN

CYPRUS MALTA SWITZERLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS THAILAND

DENMARK MEXICOTHE FORMER YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

ESTONIA MONACO TURKEY

FINLAND MONTENEGRO UKRAINE

FRANCE NETHERLANDS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

GEORGIA NEW ZEALAND UNITED KINGDOM

GERMANY NORWAY UNITED STATES

GREECE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ZAMBIA

NOTE: Updates to this information can be found on the CORSIA website: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/market-based-measures.aspx

Phased Implementation (Voluntary Participation)

Emissions Coverage in CORSIA (Route-based Approach)

• CORSIA shall apply to all aircraft operators on the same routes between States (route-based approach) with a view to minimizing market distortion, as follows:

a) All international flights on the routes between States, both of which are included in the CORSIA are covered by the offsetting requirements of the CORSIA

b) All international flights on the routes between a State that is included in the CORSIA and another State that is not included in the CORSIAare exempted from the offsetting requirements of the CORSIA

c) All international flights on the routes between States, both of which are not included in the CORSIA, are exempted from the offsetting requirements of the CORSIA

Planned Assistance and Capacity Building Activities

2017 CORSIA Regional Seminars (27 March to 20 April 2017, five different venues)

-Provided national action plan focal points and aviation industry stakeholders with practical input on the calculation of the CO2 emissions baseline and other quantification aspects. -Shared information on CORSIA’s design elements and implementation aspects-Assessed existing readiness to implement CORSIA

2017 CORSIA International Seminar (10 to 11 May 2017, Montréal, Canada)

-Share information on CORSIA’s design elements and implementation aspects-Provide outcomes and lessons learned from the series of regional seminars -Serve as an opportunity for States that could not participate in the regional seminars

Additional capacity building and assistance activities-Development of training kits / brochures / practical guidelines/manuals-Coordination with State Action Plan initiative, for necessary adjustments on MRV

More information on the ICAO’s work on Environment :

• ICAO web site http://www.icao.int/env

• CORSIA Video• CORSIA FAQs• CORSIA voluntary participation• Environment Report 2016

• The Second Phase of CORSIA applies to all ICAO Member States

• Exemptions are applicable to the second phase of CORSIA (from 2027)

▪ States that meet the following aviation-related criteria:

‒ States with individual share of international aviation activities in Revenue Tonne Kilometers (RTKs), in year 2018 below 0.5 per cent of total RTKs; and

‒ States that are not part of the list of States that account for 90 per cent of total RTKs when sorted from the highest to the lowest amount of individual RTKs

▪ Based on socio-economic indicators:

‒ Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

‒ Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

‒ Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs)

• Exempted States are encouraged to voluntarily participate in the CORSIA

NOTE: a list of these States can be found at: http://unohrlls.org/

Phased Implementation (2nd phase participation)

CORSIA SARPs and Guidance Development Timeline

We are here!

CORSIA Capacity Building and Assistance

We are here!