Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Tanzania

Yongolo MGS, Swai E, Chuwa JKM, Malick A. Ministry of Livestock, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar

Tanzania

Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania Avian Influenza

has not been reported in Tanzania

Presence of other diseases

Masking InfluenzaNewcastle DiseaseMalaria, TB,

HIV/AIDS

BUT Yes at Risk

WHY and HOW???????

Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania•Location with three wild birds fly way

•Water bodies

•Migratory birds routes

These 5 million dead trees support > 2,000 Fish Eagles

Palaearctic Palaearctic flywaysflyways

East

Coast

Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania

Lake Victoria130 species

LAKE MANYARA137 species

NYUMBA YA MUNGU107 species

Three major Flyways in Tanzania and the 5 initial sampling sites

Coastal

147 spps

Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania•Human livestock interaction

– Poultry, Swine, Ducks and W/Birds– Live birds markets– FRC management– Importation of DOC and Poultry

meat and Products– Absence of detection infrastructure

and mechanism– Human activities?– Poor regulations

Poultry

Producers

Dealers / Middleman Markets

Consumer

Dealers / Customer

The Live Bird Market Model

What if he’s infected with AI?

Risk of introduction of AI to TanzaniaReport indicators

Tanzania – Tanzania – H2N2 (1957); H3N2 (1968); H2N2 (1957); H3N2 (1968); influenza outbreaks in Rufiji Delta influenza outbreaks in Rufiji Delta 19921992

Serological positives (Masurel 1987)Serological positives (Masurel 1987)MwanzaMwanza

200 babies and 205 mothers200 babies and 205 mothersH1N1, H2N2, H3N2H1N1, H2N2, H3N2Similar to Netherlands)Similar to Netherlands)

Rufiji deltaRufiji deltaChildren under 9 (Rooth and Children under 9 (Rooth and Bjorkman 1992)Bjorkman 1992)

CapacityCapacity• Human resources/DiagnosisHuman resources/Diagnosis

– Limited number of specialized vets and medic on Avian Limited number of specialized vets and medic on Avian Influenza specifically VirologistsInfluenza specifically Virologists• 1 ADRI (14 Vets, 5PhD (2 viro, 1 Path, 1 Bact, 1 Para; Msc, 4 1 ADRI (14 Vets, 5PhD (2 viro, 1 Path, 1 Bact, 1 Para; Msc, 4

Bsc 5)Bsc 5)• 6 VIC (21 Vets, 1 PhD, Msc 11. Bsc 9) 650 Vets at DVS and 6 VIC (21 Vets, 1 PhD, Msc 11. Bsc 9) 650 Vets at DVS and

25 regions also in 130 districts vets`and > 1000 medic 25 regions also in 130 districts vets`and > 1000 medic personnel, personnel,

• Veterinary and human diagnostic capacityVeterinary and human diagnostic capacity– Laboratory space is adequateLaboratory space is adequate– Diagnostic facilities and capacity not adequateDiagnostic facilities and capacity not adequate

• StructureStructure– DVS/DPrevMed, DRT, 4 Referral Hosp. 25 Regional and 130 DVS/DPrevMed, DRT, 4 Referral Hosp. 25 Regional and 130

District Vet/human services in place Private veterinary and District Vet/human services in place Private veterinary and human medical services, TAWIRI, TANAPA, UNIVERSITIES, NIMRhuman medical services, TAWIRI, TANAPA, UNIVERSITIES, NIMR

– All linked, e-mail, basic transport, radio calls (Human), All linked, e-mail, basic transport, radio calls (Human), telephonestelephones

– But little financial, few equipments, supplies and But little financial, few equipments, supplies and consumables to face Influenza Pandemicconsumables to face Influenza Pandemic

Capacity cont.Capacity cont.

• In place Serology tests (HI, ELISA)In place Serology tests (HI, ELISA)

• Egg inoculationEgg inoculation

• Basic screening for other diseases in Basic screening for other diseases in all district and regional hospitalsall district and regional hospitals

• Minimum cold chain facilitiesMinimum cold chain facilities

Preparedness planPreparedness plan• Pre outbreak Pre outbreak

– Multi-sectoral Task Technical and Task ForceMulti-sectoral Task Technical and Task Force• Preparedness plan in placePreparedness plan in place• Mobilize local and international resourcesMobilize local and international resources

– Mass sensitizationMass sensitization– Surveillance and Early reporting Surveillance and Early reporting – Capacity building for detectionCapacity building for detection– Institute controlled importation of poultry/ProductsInstitute controlled importation of poultry/Products– Stock piling of drugs and vaccines against AIStock piling of drugs and vaccines against AI

• During OutbreakDuring Outbreak– Control outbreakControl outbreak at sourceat source– Stamping out infected poultry with compensationStamping out infected poultry with compensation– Quarantine infected areasQuarantine infected areas– Intensify active surveillance and reportingIntensify active surveillance and reporting– Patient hospital managementPatient hospital management– Vaccinate humans and if wide spread poultryVaccinate humans and if wide spread poultry

ENDEND

Prevent infection to poultry

Prevent Viral shedding from poultry to poultry and humans