AVIAN ASCARIDIASISAVIAN ASCARIDIASIS

CauseCause Ascaridia galliAscaridia galli = = A. lineataA. lineata = = A. perspicillumA. perspicillum

Others species:Others species:

A. columbaeA. columbae attack dove attack dove

A. dissimilisA. dissimilis attack turkey attack turkey A. comparA. compar attack others avian attack others avian A. numidaeA. numidae attack wild avian attack wild avian A. raziaA. razia attack domesticated dove attack domesticated dove

Habitat Habitat : : Small intestine Small intestine

Route of transmissionRoute of transmission infective eggs (consists of L2) ingest by host infective eggs (consists of L2) ingest by host

PathogenesisPathogenesis- Larvae penetrated into intestine mucosae - Larvae penetrated into intestine mucosae enteritis haemorrhagia enteritis haemorrhagia

and destroy of intestine wall.and destroy of intestine wall.- Young avian more sensitive than the older one.- Young avian more sensitive than the older one.- at young avian - at young avian anaemia, diarrhea, anorexia anaemia, diarrhea, anorexia

and thirsty.and thirsty.- the most of total amount of worms - the most of total amount of worms cause of obstruction cause of obstruction intestine perforation intestine perforation die. die.

Body defense Body defense depend on ages, type of sex, genetics, & gizi depend on ages, type of sex, genetics, & gizi of the animals of the animals

Clinical symptomClinical symptom

▹ ▹ Enteritis haemorhagia, anaemia, appetite Enteritis haemorhagia, anaemia, appetite ▹ ▹ fall of feather, lusterless,drooping the wingfall of feather, lusterless,drooping the wing,,

▹ ▹ Weakness andWeakness and emaciation, emaciation,

▹ ▹ Egg drop production Egg drop production stopped stopped,,

▹ ▹ Broiler Broiler growth hampered growth hampered thin. thin.

DiagnoseDiagnose

- Fecal examination to examined the eggs worm - Fecal examination to examined the eggs worm (not use for chicken ages under 0-8 wks).(not use for chicken ages under 0-8 wks).

- Postmortem - Postmortem to discover the worm. to discover the worm.

Prevention:Prevention: ↬ ↬ to take care, and separate the young chicken to take care, and separate the young chicken and and

the oldest onethe oldest one.. ↬ ↬ to take care the hygiene of the lto take care the hygiene of the litter and the itter and the chicken chicken

coop material.coop material. ↬ ↬ don’t use a floor of litter from a land matter don’t use a floor of litter from a land matter ↬ ↬ a pa periodically treatment, 1 x/montheriodically treatment, 1 x/month ↬ ↬ giving a good feed giving a good feed (consists of vit A, B12, (consists of vit A, B12, enough of minerals and proteins)enough of minerals and proteins)

Treatment Treatment ☂ ☂ Piperazin adipat 300‑400 mg/kgsPiperazin adipat 300‑400 mg/kgs ☂ ☂ Piperazin sitrat 400 mg/l water for 24 hrs.Piperazin sitrat 400 mg/l water for 24 hrs. ☂ ☂ Phenotiazin 2200 mg/kgs Phenotiazin 2200 mg/kgs ☂ ☂ Hygromycin-B 8 grams/ton, effective for 8 wks.Hygromycin-B 8 grams/ton, effective for 8 wks.

HETERAKIASISHETERAKIASIS Cause : Cause : H. gallinarumH. gallinarum

Other species :Other species :

1. 1. Heterakis gallinarum Heterakis gallinarum (syn. = (syn. = H. papillosa, H. papillosa,

H. vesicularis, H. gallinaeH. vesicularis, H. gallinae) at chicken, turkey, ) at chicken, turkey,

duck, geese, and bird duck, geese, and bird

2. 2. H. brevispiculum H. brevispiculum at at free rangefree range chicken/pure- chicken/pure-

bred chicken, guinea fowl bred chicken, guinea fowl

3. 3. H. isolonche H. isolonche at chicken, quail at chicken, quail

4. 4. H. dispar H. dispar at duck, geeseat duck, geese

5. 5. H. beramporia, H. indica H. beramporia, H. indica at chicken at chicken

6. 6. H. spumosa H. spumosa at rat at rat

Pathogenesis and clinical symptomPathogenesis and clinical symptom↬ ↬ at heavy at heavy infection infection ⇨⇨ thickness of caecum mucosae and thickness of caecum mucosae and haemorrhagies. haemorrhagies. ↬ ↬ Infection by Infection by H. isolonche,H. isolonche, ⇨⇨ bad result instead of bad result instead of infection by infection by H. gallinarumH. gallinarum, laesi at caecum more , laesi at caecum more

prominent with nodule formed,its cause of diarrhea, prominent with nodule formed,its cause of diarrhea, cachexia and died. cachexia and died.

↬ ↬ Several stages of Several stages of H. isoloncheH. isolonche could found at lasi of could found at lasi of the caecum. the caecum.

↬ ↬ Economically important of Economically important of H. gallinarum infections: H. gallinarum infections: thethe role as a carrier for the transmission of role as a carrier for the transmission of Histomonas Histomonas meleagridis meleagridis it could be cause ofit could be cause of blackhead/enterohepa blackhead/enterohepa titistitis

↬↬ this protozoa still survive inside the egg of this protozoa still survive inside the egg of H. gallinarumH. gallinarum for a long period for a long period

DiagnoseDiagnose

-- Fecal examination to looking for eggs Fecal examination to looking for eggs

Heterakis sp. Heterakis sp. A. galliA. galli

- - Pay attention:Pay attention:H. gallinarum H. gallinarum eggs very similareggs very similar withwith A. galliA. galli eggs ( eggs (Heterakis sp. Heterakis sp. eggseggs smaller and smaller and more less more less

more lightly, and with more lightly, and with paralel sideparalel side ). ).

EliminationElimination- extremelly to check for the pens sanitation, and surrounding the - extremelly to check for the pens sanitation, and surrounding the

yard. yard. - don’t use a floor litter from a land matter to avoid from the earth - don’t use a floor litter from a land matter to avoid from the earth

worm (worm (transport hosttransport host).).Treatment can use by :Treatment can use by :

∝ ∝ Phenothiazin, 1 gram/tail or 1 part phenothiazine in 60 parts Phenothiazin, 1 gram/tail or 1 part phenothiazine in 60 parts of feed, use for 6 days after one night fasting.of feed, use for 6 days after one night fasting.∝ ∝ Piperazin isnt to efective for Piperazin isnt to efective for Heterakis sp.Heterakis sp., but if piperazine , but if piperazine mixed with phenothiazine (1 : 7) efective for elimination mixed with phenothiazine (1 : 7) efective for elimination Heterakis spHeterakis sp and and A. galliA. galli up to 90 % or more. up to 90 % or more. ∝ ∝ Mebenazole, 2 grams in 28 kg feed.Mebenazole, 2 grams in 28 kg feed. ∝ ∝ Tetramisole, conc. 10 % in the water Tetramisole, conc. 10 % in the water

ANCYLOSTOMIASISANCYLOSTOMIASIS

CauseCause : : genus Ancylostomagenus AncylostomaSpecies and sensitive animalsSpecies and sensitive animals

A. caninumA. caninum dog, jackal, wolf, cat, & ± dog, jackal, wolf, cat, & ± huhuman.man. A. tubaeformaeA. tubaeformae cat cat A. brazilienseA. braziliense dog, cat, & man.dog, cat, & man. A. duodenale A. duodenale man, pig and man, pig and

carnivora.carnivora.PredilectionPredilection small intestine small intestine

Ancylostoma sppAncylostoma spp. . blood sucking of the host blood sucking of the host anemia (essential CS)anemia (essential CS) started by day ‑4 & started by day ‑4 & optimal by day‑10 till 15 p i.optimal by day‑10 till 15 p i.

Symptom appear more clear at puppies which infected through post partum milk.

Early diarrhea appear by day ‑4 p i, at day ‑8 p i diarrhea mixed with blood and mucous.

Transmission per cutane laesi at skin especially at foot as eczema till ulceration.

Transmission methodsTransmission methods::

Per oral Per oral ingest by L3ingest by L3

Per cutanePer cutanelarva-3 penetrated into the hospes skinlarva-3 penetrated into the hospes skin

PrenatalPrenatal Colostral/Colostral/lactogenic infectionlactogenic infection

Pathogenesis and clinical symptomPathogenesis and clinical symptom

The light and heavy infection depend onThe light and heavy infection depend on::

- - ferocity ferocity speciesspecies

- - amount of larvae which infected the hostamount of larvae which infected the host..

- - host host resistent resistent depend on ages,nutrition & Fe in depend on ages,nutrition & Fe in the the

bodybody

Heavy iHeavy infection nfection occasionally cause of pulmo occasionally cause of pulmo disturbance,disturbance, HHeavy transmission from prenatal and colostral eavy transmission from prenatal and colostral serious anaemia serious anaemia died by 3 wks post partum died by 3 wks post partum

The serious clinical symptomThe serious clinical symptom: : anaemia, anaemia, hidraemia, occasionally oedema, weakness, hidraemia, occasionally oedema, weakness, thiness, if continuing become eosinophyliathiness, if continuing become eosinophylia

Chronics infectionChronics infection:: decrease of appetite for decrease of appetite for foodfood,inhibiting of growth, skin condition were bad ,inhibiting of growth, skin condition were bad and at heavy infection by and at heavy infection by A. tubaeformaeA. tubaeformae accompany with periodical diarrhea.accompany with periodical diarrhea.

Changes of PAChanges of PA Anaemia, cachexia, seldom Anaemia, cachexia, seldom accompany with oedema and ascites. Light brown accompany with oedema and ascites. Light brown of Liver and fatty, haemorrhagia of intestine & of Liver and fatty, haemorrhagia of intestine & absces of mucosa with mucous liquid, appear red absces of mucosa with mucous liquid, appear red spot former bitten by a worm, be found much of spot former bitten by a worm, be found much of worm.worm.

Diagnose:Diagnose: To see the clinical symptomTo see the clinical symptom and strengthen with and strengthen with fecal examination to find out the eggs.fecal examination to find out the eggs.

PreventionPrevention::- - Stable floor should dry and clean up 2 x/wksStable floor should dry and clean up 2 x/wks. . - - To kill the larvae on the floor we can use To kill the larvae on the floor we can use sodium sodium borate (2 kg/mborate (2 kg/m22) ) - - Infected animals, we should use Infected animals, we should use anthelmintic.anthelmintic.

TreatmentTreatment: : ~~ BBephenium compoundephenium compound

bephenium chloridebephenium chloride bephenium bromide bephenium bromide single dose 20 mg/Kg single dose 20 mg/Kg

BWBW bephenium iodidebephenium iodide hydroxy naphtoate hydroxy naphtoate

~~ Thenium (Thenium (thenium chlorobenzene sulphonatethenium chlorobenzene sulphonate) ) Dose: 200‑250 mg/kg BW 2x/day.Dose: 200‑250 mg/kg BW 2x/day. ~~ Mebendazol Mebendazol Dose: 40 mg/kg BW or 10 mg/kg Dose: 40 mg/kg BW or 10 mg/kg BW BW 2 - 5 x / per oral.2 - 5 x / per oral. ~~ ThiabendazolThiabendazol Dose: 20 mg/kg BW per oral (PO) Dose: 20 mg/kg BW per oral (PO) ~~ FenbendazoleFenbendazole Dose: 20 mg/kg BW single dose Dose: 20 mg/kg BW single dose ~~ TetramTetramiizole dosezole dose 7,5 and 10 mg/kg BW SC or 20 7,5 and 10 mg/kg BW SC or 20 mg/kg BW POmg/kg BW PO ~~ Pyrantel pamoatePyrantel pamoate Dose: 10 mg/kg BW PO as Dose: 10 mg/kg BW PO as well repeated 10-14 days after well repeated 10-14 days after

VPH aVPH aspespectct zoonosis zoonosisChildren habits play with soil Children habits play with soil

A 30-year-old Townsville woman complained of anorexia, abdominal pains, diarrhea, and a 6-kg weight loss during a period of 4 weeks. A clinical examination was normal, but the blood eosinophil count was 2.96 x 109/L. The results of a fecal culture and microscopic examination were normal. The colonoscope was passed approximately 20 cm into the ileum. The only abnormal finding was a hookworm feeding in the cecum; it was removed with biopsy forceps and identified as a 10-mm long, adult male A. caninum, with spicules 785 and 800 microns long

CLM =CLM = CutaneCutaneoous Larva Migransus Larva Migrans

Figure 1. Is a low power view which shows the pattern of the skin reaction. There is some oedema (fluid accumulation) at the dermo-epidermal junction and a scab on the skin surface. Presumably the scab is a result of scratching. There is an inflammatory cell infiltrate throughout the whole thickness of the dermis.

Figure 2. Shows the infiltrate around sweat ducts. It consists mainly of eosinophils. hows the infiltrate around sweat ducts. It consists mainly of eosinophils.

Figure 1Figure 1 Figure Figure 2 2

STEPHANOFILARIASISSTEPHANOFILARIASIS

CauseCause Stephanofilaria dedoesiStephanofilaria dedoesi

Predilection, Host and DistribusionPredilection, Host and DistribusionNeck skinNeck skin, shoulder,back,wattles, surrounding , shoulder,back,wattles, surrounding the eyes cattle the eyes cattle Sulawesi, Sumatra, Java Sulawesi, Sumatra, Java

Method of transmission: Method of transmission: via via vector vector Musca autumnalisMusca autumnalis, , Siphona exiguaSiphona exigua, , & & Stomoxys calcitransStomoxys calcitrans, , Hematobia irritansHematobia irritans, , Lyperosia titilansLyperosia titilans, & , & Sarcophaga sppSarcophaga spp..

PathogenesisPathogenesis ::

- - Adult worms cause of Adult worms cause of dermatitis encrust dermatitis encrust CCascadoascado- - Papula Papula become ulcus more large and encrust closed become ulcus more large and encrust closed ulcus become wider ulcus become wider diameter up to 25 cm. diameter up to 25 cm.- - Ulceration, hyperkerathosis & Ulceration, hyperkerathosis & alopeciaalopecia disturbance of disturbance of hair folicle hair folicle - - Itches Itches rub on the ulcus at the wall, wood rub on the ulcus at the wall, wood ulcus ulcus become in serious conditionbecome in serious condition- - Predilection worm at the skin of epithel Predilection worm at the skin of epithel inflamed inflamed disturbance of cell epithel, hair folicles and skin lgl. disturbance of cell epithel, hair folicles and skin lgl. - - Ulcus at the skin consist of Ulcus at the skin consist of microfilaria and adult worm microfilaria and adult worm cause of secunder infection.cause of secunder infection.

Clinical symptom:Clinical symptom: Ulcus at skin closed with encrust Ulcus at skin closed with encrust and and show show thickthick early stage early stage small papula small papula united as a large united as a large ulcus ulcus if continous as a ulcus with if continous as a ulcus with ØØ 25 cm. 25 cm. UUlcus cause of lcus cause of S. dedoesiS. dedoesi be found at neck, be found at neck, watless, watless,

shoulder, surrounding eyes, back shoulder, surrounding eyes, back && ear. ear.

Histopathologis patternHistopathologis pattern : : - - Depend on agesDepend on ages, process , process && situation of secunder situation of secunder

infection infection - - be found be found acanthosis and hiperkeratosis with acanthosis and hiperkeratosis with variation variation

and infiltration of mononuclear inflamed cell & and infiltration of mononuclear inflamed cell & eosinophyl which disperse at skin (dermis) eosinophyl which disperse at skin (dermis)

- - a part of hair a part of hair folicles already change become folicles already change become granular tissue granular tissue adults worm can find at the dermis adults worm can find at the dermis usually in the cyst at the basic of the hair foliclesusually in the cyst at the basic of the hair folicles- - at the surrounding part of the folicles which consist at the surrounding part of the folicles which consist parasite parasite infiltration infiltration eosinophyl, macrophag, fibroblast, connective tissue eosinophyl, macrophag, fibroblast, connective tissue and larvaand larva

Diagnose: Diagnose: deep scrapping deep scrapping for the laesi after opening the for the laesi after opening the encrust encrust

bbe found microfilaria (0,1 mm)e found microfilaria (0,1 mm) Isolation the adult worm with using NaCl 0.90% at Isolation the adult worm with using NaCl 0.90% at the the

slaughter animals slaughter animals take into NaCl 0.90% take into NaCl 0.90% incubation 37˚C (30-60’)incubation 37˚C (30-60’) eexamine with xamine with ddisisssecting ecting microscopemicroscope

EliminationElimination::

CControl ontrol against against vevecctor (tor (elimination to elimination to minimize the minimize the populapopulationtion))

Treatment:Treatment:

Asuntol ointment 2% (Coumaphos Asuntol ointment 2% (Coumaphos 2%) 2%)

Trichlorphon 10% Trichlorphon 10% in jelly petroleum in jelly petroleum

or castor oil or castor oil

Sumithion 4% Sumithion 4%

EYE WORM DISEASESEYE WORM DISEASES At the RuminantsAt the RuminantsCause and hostCause and host

1. 1. Thelazia gulosaThelazia gulosa cattle cattle2. 2. Thelazia rhodesiiThelazia rhodesii cattle,goat,sheep&buffalo cattle,goat,sheep&buffalo3. 3. Thelazia lacrimalisThelazia lacrimalis horse horse4. 4. Thelazia californiensisThelazia californiensis cattle & deer cattle & deer

At the CarnivoraAt the CarnivoraCause and hostCause and host

1. 1. Thelazia callipedaThelazia callipeda dog,cat,rabbit & human dog,cat,rabbit & human2. 2. Thelazia californiensisThelazia californiensis dog & cat dog & cat

PredilectionsPredilections ::

membrana nictitans, dmembrana nictitans, d. . lacrimalis, dlacrimalis, d.. asolacrimalis asolacrimalis & surface of conjunctivae.& surface of conjunctivae.

Methods of transmission : Methods of transmission :

via vector via vector Musca larviparaMusca larvipara, , M. covexifronsM. covexifrons, & , & M. M. amicaamica..

PathogenesisPathogenesis : :

if become if become laesi laesi keratitis keratitis

if become laesi if become laesi at one/twice side of eyes at one/twice side of eyes

heavy iheavy infection nfection clouded up of the cornea, clouded up of the cornea, lacrimation, and absces of eyeslacrimation, and absces of eyes

if not treated immediately if not treated immediately ulceration of eyes ulceration of eyes ballball

Clinical symptom:Clinical symptom: Keratitis & Conjuctivitis Keratitis & Conjuctivitis Congesti of conjunctiva & Congesti of conjunctiva &

corneacornea

Clouded up of cornea, lacrimation & abscess of Clouded up of cornea, lacrimation & abscess of eyeseyes

if serious if serious ulceration of cornea (progresif keratitis) ulceration of cornea (progresif keratitis)

Diagnose: Diagnose: to find the adult worm to find the adult worm inside the eyes inside the eyes

Examined the secret of eyes Examined the secret of eyes to look for the larva to look for the larva

1 1 stst stage and the eggs worm stage and the eggs worm

Treatment: manual method by use local anaesthesi Methyridine dose 20 ml s.c. Tetramisole dose 15 mg/kg BW p.o. / p.i. Levamisole dose 5 mg/kg BW p.o. / p.i. Levamisole dose 2 ml/kg BW under the

saccus conjunctiva eyes ointment morantel tartrat 4% or

levamisole 1%

at Avianat Avian Cause & HostCause & Host: :

1. 1. Oxyspirura mansoniOxyspirura mansoni chicken,turkey chicken,turkey & &

avianavian

2. 2. Oxyspirura parvorumOxyspirura parvorum chicken,turkey chicken,turkey & & avianavian

PredilectionPredilection :: membrana nictitansmembrana nictitans

Method of transmission:Method of transmission: cockroach which cockroach which contents infektive larvae contents infektive larvae ingest by host ingest by host

Pathogenese: Pathogenese:

Cause of Cause of ophthalmitisophthalmitis with with

inflammation inflammation cause of watery eyes cause of watery eyes

Irritations part of eyes Irritations part of eyes patients scratch patients scratch the the

eyeseyes

Diagnose:Diagnose:

to find adult wormto find adult worm in the eyes in the eyes

Treatment: Treatment:

Take the aTake the adult worm dult worm with manual with manual method method

Tetramisole solution 10% 1-3 drop Tetramisole solution 10% 1-3 drop killed the adult wormkilled the adult worm

Tetramisole Tetramisole dose 40 mg/kg BW dose 40 mg/kg BW p.o. p.o.

Elimination: Elimination:

- - by healthy attention by healthy attention as a general as a general

- - CControl for the vector ontrol for the vector cockroach cockroach

Having fun with your quizzHaving fun with your quizz

The key of success in examinationThe key of success in examination : : isis by by read read inging the new edition of the new edition of

“Buku Ajar “Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Ilmu Penyakit Helminth” Helminth” with full of attention with full of attention

and cand couriousityouriousity

Thank you, and …….Thank you, and …….Your turn to Your turn to doing the quizzdoing the quizz, ,

please please