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Avian Anatomy and Physiology
Christine Fiorello, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACZM
Some slides from Heather Wilson, DVM, Dipl. ABVP Avian
Integument 2 layers: Dermis and epidermisEpidermis thin except for certain areasKeratinization produces special structures: beak, nails, scales, feathersLacks glands
Feathers-7 typesContour
wing & tail (flight)
SemiplumeDown
fluffy, no barbules
Bristle“eyelashes”
Powder downHypopennaFiloplume
Uropygial Gland“Preen gland”Bilobed holocrine glandConditions feathersNot all species have one
Purpose of Feathers
FlightCourtshipDefenseInsulationWaterproofing
Contour Feathers
Rows (pterylae) in most speciesApteryla=feather-less tractsRemiges=Wing flight feathersRetrices=Tail flight feathers
Primaries attach to metacarpalsSecondaries attach to ulna
WaterproofingPreen gland secretions are not necessaryInterlocking of feather barbules creates watertight barrier
Musculoskeletal System
Synsacrum
Notarium
Coccygeal
Avian wingsUnique structureFlight feathers attached to ulnaand metacarpalsUlna > radius Bat
Pterodactyl
Superman
Pectoral girdle
Clinical skeletal anatomySpinal fractures at juncture of notarium and synsacrumSee with birds who flew into a window
FracturesBones are more brittle compared to mammalsBones heal more rapidly• 4 weeks
Fibrocartilagenous healing first• may not be visible
radiographically
Pectoral Muscle
Highly vascularized muscleIM injections here are absorbed rapidlyNonflighted birds have soft, “flabby” pectoral muscles
Lower limbsFemurTibiotarsusTarsometatarsus
“Hock” is tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint
Each digit has +1 phalanx
Digit one has 2 phalangesDigit two has 3, etc
Parrots are zygodactylus
Digits 1 & 4 face backDigits 2 & 3 face forward
Feet
Cardiovascular system4 chambered heartEncircled by liverRight jugular vein larger than left (which may be absent)
Lymphatic SystemNo lymph nodesLymph vessels follow veinsLymph plexuses (rete)Bursa of Fabricius
B-cells
KidneysAdhered to dorsal body wallRetroperitoneal3 lobesExcrete uric acid and some urine
Renal Portal System
Nervous SystemBrain: 3 meniges & 12 CN as in mammalsIn contrast, birds have no neocortexSurface of cerebrum almost smoothOlfactory bulb relatively small
Mammal
Bird
Bird Brain
EyesMost birds have excellent visionMore cones than rods (in general)No blind spot (no optic disk)
Pecten, unique to birds, provides nutrientsIris contains striated muscle--can’t use atropine to dilate
Need curariform drugs
Coelomic Cavities16 separate cavities within body8 air sacs5 peritoneal2 pleural1 pericardial
Upper Respiratory Tract
NaresCere
OperculumSinusesConchaeChoanaOropharynx
Upper respiratory tract
choana
Nasal cavityCommunicates with oral cavity
Choanaexceptions
No soft palate
Respiratory anatomyTrachea
Relatively largeGlottis at base of tongueComplete rings
No diaphragmSyrinx (no larynx)
Clinical anatomyChoanal swabsChlamydiophila testingBacterial culture
Sinusitis
Complete tracheal ringsUse extreme care with
intubated birds
Infraorbital sinusAccess: between medial canthus and oral commissure
Diagnositc samplesTherapeutic flushing
Easier than trephining a horse!
Infraorbital sinus
Air sacsNo gas exchange9 air sacs in parrotsCan ventilate via air sac cannulaPoorly vascularized
Bad place for infectionAir sacculitis difficult to treat
Air sacsPneumatic bones
humerus, femurDon’t put intraosseous catheters here
Must move sternum to breathe
Don’t smush little birds during restraintDon’t lean on chests of anesthetized birds
Avian lungsUnidirectional air flow
Extremely efficient compared to mammalsGas exchange occurs in air capillaries of parabronchiRigid lung
GI Tract
GI Tract
Oral cavityRamphotheca-upper sheathGnathotheca-lower sheath
Cervical Esophagus
Thoracic Esophagus
No gallbladder in parrots or pigeons
Upper GI TractCrop not present in all speciesProventriculus is glandular stomachVentriculus (gizzard) is muscular
Lined with koilin
IntestinesPaired cecae mark the junction between small and large intestineDuodenum, jejunum, ileum as in mammals
Cloaca and Vent
GI and Urogenital tracts end in cloacaCoprodeumUrodeumProctodeumVent is opening into cloaca
C
U
P
Male Reproductive
Tract 2 testisRudimentary phallus (may or may not be intromittant)Parrots non-intromittant
Iliac
Female Reproductive
TractLeft ovary InfundibulumMagnumIsthmusUterus (shell gland or oviduct)
Adrenal GlandsPairedMedial and cranial to kidneys and gonadsFunction similar to mammalian adrenals
Thyroid,Parathyroid &
Thymus
Avian Anatomy and PhysiologyIntegument Feathers-7 typesUropygial GlandPurpose of FeathersContour FeathersSlide Number 7WaterproofingMusculoskeletal �SystemAvian wingsSlide Number 11Pectoral girdleClinical skeletal anatomyFracturesSlide Number 15Lower limbsFeetSlide Number 18Lymphatic SystemKidneysRenal Portal SystemNervous SystemSlide Number 23EyesSlide Number 25Slide Number 26Coelomic CavitiesUpper Respiratory TractSlide Number 29Upper respiratory tractRespiratory anatomyClinical anatomyInfraorbital sinusInfraorbital sinusAir sacsAir sacsAvian lungsSlide Number 38Slide Number 39Oral cavitySlide Number 41Upper GI TractIntestinesCloaca and VentMale Reproductive Tract Female Reproductive TractAdrenal GlandsThyroid,�Parathyroid &�ThymusSlide Number 49