Avbr BLOOD Ppt Lec

8/4/2019 Avbr BLOOD Ppt Lec

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BLOOD


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functions

Blood is pump by the heart through blood

vessels, which extend throughout the body.

Blood helps to maintain homeostatis in

several ways:

Transport o gases, nutrients, and waste

products

Transport o processed molecules

Transport o regulatory molecules


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FUNCTIONSregulation of pH and osmosis

Maintenance o body temperature

Protection against foreign substancesClot formation


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Composition Connective tissue-Two parts

Plasma = soluble materials (~55%)

Formed Elements = cells (~45%) Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) =

hematocrit (Hct)

White blood cells (WBC) ~1%


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Plasma ~91% water, 7% proteins, 1.5 % other solutes

Proteins: Albumin (54%)- osmosis and carriers;

Globulins (38%)- antibodies

Fibrinogen (7%)- clotting

Other: Electrolytes , nutrients, gases,hormones, vitamins & waste products


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CompositionPlasma Components Functions and Examples

Water Acts as a solvent and suspending medium or blood

components

Proteins Maintains osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy

foreign substances (antibodies and complement),transport molecules (albumin, globulins), and form

clots (fibrinogen)

Ions Involved in osmotic pressure (sodium, and chloride

ions), membrane potentials (Na & K ions) and acid-

base balance (H, hydroxide and bicarbonate)

Nutrients Source of energy and building blocks o more

complex molecules (glucose, amino acids,

triglycerides)


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Gases Involved in aerobic respirations (O2and CO2)

Waste Products Breakdown products o protein metabolism (urea

and ammonia salts), erythrocytes (bilirubin), and

aerobic respiration (lactic acid)

Regulatory Substances Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and

stimulate or inhibit many body functions

(hormones)


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Formed ElementsI. Red Blood Cells

II. White blood cells

A. granular Leukocytes

1. Neutrophils2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

B. Agranular leukocytes

1. T & B lymphocytes & natural Killer cells2. monocytes

III Platelets


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Formation of Blood Cells

Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis process of blood cellsproduction

Just before birth and throughout life occurs in red bonemarrow, liver, thymus gland, spleen and lymph nodes

After birth red bone marrow

With WBC produced in lymphatic tissues

Contains pluripotent stem cells

In response to specific hormones these developthrough a series of changes to form all of the bloodcells


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Figure 14.2a


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Figure 14.2b


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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Hemoglobin package- carries oxygen

Also carries some CO2

Male has ~ 5.4 million cells/l; Female has

~4.8 million membrane, no nucleus, flexible structure

use glucose for ATP production to maintain

ionic composition No mitochondria

Wear out fast- live ~120 days


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RBC Cycling

cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen)

Fe- recycled in bone marrow

Carried in blood on transferrin

Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile)

Globin A.A. recycled.


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RBC Cycling

cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen)

Fe- recycled in bone marrow

Carried in blood on transferrin

Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile), red-pigment moleule which contains one ironatom necessary for the normal fucntion of

hemoglobin Globin A.A. recycled.; protein pigment

bounded to the heme


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Figure 14.3


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RBC Synthesis

called erythropoiesis

From stem cells: hemocytoblasts

Released as reticulocytes Mature to erythrocytes in 1-2 days

Production & destruction is balanced

Low O2 delivery (hypoxia)

erythropoietin release (EPO) fromkidney

Stimulates erythropoiesis


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White Blood Cells

Defenses: phagocytes, antibody productionand antibacterial action

Phagocytes:

Neutrophil- first responders

Monocytesmacrophages (big eaters)

Eosinophil- phagocitize antibody-antigen complexesInvolved in suppressing allergic responses

Basophil- intensify allergic reactions

Immune response:

T-cells, B-cells& natural killer (NK) cells


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Platelets

Myeloid stem cellsmegakaryocytes

2000 -3000 fragments = platelets

Plug damaged blood vessels

Promote blood clotting

Life span 5-9 days


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Formed elements of the Blood

Cell Type Illustration Function

Red Blood Transport types of white blood cells, each with

specific functions

White Blood Cells Five types o WBC, each with specific

functions

Granulocytes

Neutrophil

Phagocytizes microorganisms and other

substances

Basophil Releases histamine, which promotes

inflammation and heparin which prevents clot

formation


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Formed elements of the Blood

Eosinophil Releases chemicals that reduce inflammation;

attacks certain worm parasites

Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte

Produces antibodies and other chemicals

responsible for destroying microorganisms;

contributes to allergic reactions, graft

rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the

immune system

Monocyte Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood

and becomes a macrophage, whichphagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell

fragments, and other debris within tissues

Platelet Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals

necessary for blood clotting


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Hemostasis Hemostasis = stationary blood

1. Vascular reactions (spasm) Response to damage

Quick reduction of blood loss 2. platelet plug formation

Become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall

3. blood clotting (coagulation) Series of chemical reactions involving clotting

factors

Clotting in unbroken vessel= thrombosis


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Coagulation Extrinsic pathway common steps

tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells1

Intrinsic Pathway common steps

Materials intrinsic to blood1

1. prothrombinase which causes

2. prothrombin

thrombin

causes3. fibrinogen fibrin clot


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Clot Retraction & Vessel Repair Clot pugs ruptured area

Gradually contracts (retraction)

Pulls sides of wound together Fibroblasts replace connective tissue

epithelial cells repair lining


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Control Mechanisms Fibrinolysis: dissolving of clot by activated

plasmin enclosed in clot

Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel

wall = thrombosis

Loose clot = embolus and can block a small

vessel = embolism


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Blood Types Surface antigens- react with antibodies

Divided into groups based on antigens

> 24 blood groups and > 100 different antigens

We will deal with ABO and Rh groups


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ABO Group Two antigens = A & B If have only Atype A

If have only Btype B If neither then Type O Blood usually has antibodies that can react

with antigens

e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody You dont react with your own antigens

Thus: type A has anti-B and vice versa


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Blood Type

Inheritance

Possibilities

Based on

Parents' Types

PARENTAL COMBINATIONS

Possible

InheritancesAB/AB AB/B AB/A AB/O B/B A/B A/A O/B O/A O/O

O no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes

A yes yes yes yes no yes yes no yes no

B yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no

AB yes yes yes no no yes no no no no


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Rh Blood Group Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey

If have antigen- Rh+

Normally dont have antibodies

antibodies develop after the first exposure

from transfusion


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Transfusions If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it

and hemolyze cells

Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive

any ABO type blood called Universal recipients Type O have neither antigen so can donate to

any other ABO type called Universal donors

Misleading because of many other blood

groups that must be matched

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Avbr BLOOD Ppt Lec