availability of in-situ data for assessing the

geographical distribution and trends of aerosols at the european and global

scalefrank raes

julian wilson

jean-philippe putaud

Number size distributionATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL

Diameter (micrometer)

Condensation Nuclei (CN)

Nucleation Mode

Aitken Mode

Accumulation Mode

Coarse Mode

Mass size distributionATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL

Diameter (micrometer)

PM10

PM2.5

chemical composition

organics

sulfates

mineral dust

nitrates

unknown

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL

Diameter (micrometer)

POLDER Aerosol Index May 1997

WMO Global Atmospheric Watch Global Stations

Point Barrow

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02Pallas

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02Mace Head

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02Hohenpeissenberg

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02Jungfraujoch

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02Mauna Loa

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02American Samoa

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02

Cape Grim

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02South Pole

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

01/74 01/76 01/78 01/80 01/82 01/84 01/86 01/88 01/90 01/92 01/94 01/96 01/98 01/00 01/02

CN record from GAW global sites submitted to WDCA (as of 1st sept 2002)

1974 2002Point Barrow

Pallas

Mace Head

Hohenpeissenberg

Jungfraujoch

Mauna Loa

American Samoa

Cape Grim

South Pole

Alert 1980+ 1980+ 1989+Ny Alesund 2000+ 1990-1999Point Barrow 1976+ 1988+ 1977+Pallas-Sodankyla 2000+ 1996+Mace Head 2000+ 1998+ 1988+ 1997+ 1989+ 1991+ 1994+ 1994+Zugsptize-Hohenpeissenberg 1999+ 1996+ 1997+ 1999+ 1995+ 1995+ 1996+ 1997+Jungfraujoch 1999+ 1995+ 1995+ 1995+Mount Waliguan 1994+ 1994+Izana 2000+ 1992-1996Minamitorishima 1995+Assekrem-Tamanrasset 1997+ 1997 1997+Mauna Loa 1990+ 1974+ 1990+ 1975+Mount KenyaBukit Koto Tabang 1997+ 1997-2000ArembepeAmerican Samoa 1977-1990 1977-1999Cape Point 1992-1996Amsterdam Island 1991+Lauder 1993+Cape Grim 1983+ 1990+ 1976+ 1981+ 1992-1996Ushuaia 1994-1997Neumayer 2000+ 1995+ 1982South Pole 1979+ 1987+ 1974+

AO

D

PM

PM

che

mis

try

sca

tteri

ng

abs

orp

tion

CN

CC

N

size

dis

trib

utio

n

LID

AR

size

d ch

em

istr

y

stations

GAW ongoing measurements

Alert 1980+Ny Alesund 1990-1999Point Barrow 1976+ 1988+ 1977+Pallas-Sodankyla 2000+ 1996+Mace Head 1988+ 1997+ 1991+Zugsptize-Hohenpeissenberg 1999+ 1999+ 1995+ 1995+Jungfraujoch 1995+ 1995+ 1995+Mount WaliguanIzana 1992-1996MinamitorishimaAssekrem-TamanrassetMauna Loa 1990+ 1974+ 1990+ 1975+Mount KenyaBukit Koto TabangArembepeAmerican Samoa 1977-1990 1977-1999Cape Point 1992-1996Amsterdam IslandLauderCape Grim 1983+ 1976+UshuaiaNeumayerSouth Pole 1979+ 1987+ 1974+

AO

D

PM

PM

che

mis

try

sca

tteri

ng

abs

orp

tion

CN

CC

N

size

dis

trib

utio

n

LID

AR

size

d ch

em

istr

y

stations

GAW available data through GAW/WDCA

GAW Global Stations COSAM Sites

COSAM Sulfate (SO4) March-April-May 93-94

0 1 2 nmole/mole-air

Arctic

N Atlantic

N Pacific

Southern Oceans

free troposphere

N America peripheral

Europe peripheral

Cheju

0

5

10

15

20

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97Okinawa

0

5

10

15

20

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97Midway

012345

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97

Oahu

012345

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97

American Samoa

012

345

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97Norfolk Island

012345

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97Chatham Island

01

23

45

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97

Mawson

012345

01/81 01/83 01/85 01/87 01/89 01/91 01/93 01/95 01/97

non-sea salt Sulfate (g.m-3) time series for Pacific transect and S. Ocean sites in COSAM. data courtesy of Dr. D Savoie, U. Miami

1981 1998

Okinawa

Cheju

Midway

American Samoa

Oahu

Norfolk Island

Chatham Island

Mawson

DE0004 - Deuselbach

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

g S

O4-S

m-3 Monthly mean values

12-month running mean

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

g S

O4-S

m

-3

Stoke Ferry

High Muffles

Lough Navar

GlenDye

Strath Vaich

United Kingdom

Germany

Southern FinlandFI0004 - Aehtari

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

g S

O4-S

m

-3

monthly values

12-month av.

Finland

0-

0-

0-

2-

2-

2-

Su

lfate

(m

icro

gra

m S

O4

=/m

3)

EMEP CCC Report 7/20001978 1998

GAWnetwork

WMO/GAWWorld Data Centre for Aerosols

loca

l r

eg

ion

al g

lob

al

Researchprojects

AEROCEACE’s

TRACE’s

compilations

loca

l r

eg

ion

al g

lob

al

EMEPnetwork

IMPROVEnetwork

CAPMONnetwork

IMPROVEData

Centre

CAPMONData

Centre

EMEPData

Centre

http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/wdca/julian.wilson@jrc.it

natural rural near-city urban kerbside

A European Aerosol Phenomenology(Putaud et al., JRC, 2002)

Put

aud

et a

l., A

Eur

opea

n P

M P

heno

men

olog

y, J

RC

, 200

2

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Aerosol Optical Depth TNO FEL

Near-City

Free Troposphere

X axis particle diameter between 0.001 and 1 micrometerY axis number concentration as dN/dlog(Dp) between 1.E+2 and 1.E+5 cm-3

morning trafficafternoonnight

Fig. 6a: summer

Natural Rural Urban Kerbside

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Melpitz (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Aspvreten (S)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

J ungfraujoch (CH)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Leipzig 99-01 (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Marylebone (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Harw ell (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Hohenpeissenberg (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Bloomsbury (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Ispra (I)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Bresso (I)

Put

aud

et a

l., A

Eur

opea

n P

M P

heno

men

olog

y, J

RC

, 200

2

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jung

frau

joch

(C

H)

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Asp

vret

en (

S)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Har

wel

l (G

B)

Hoh

enpe

isse

nber

g (D

)

Mel

pitz

(D

)

Ispr

a (I

)

Waa

smun

ster

(B

)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Blo

omsb

ury

(GB

)

Leip

zig

97-9

9 (D

)

Leip

zig

99-0

1 (D

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

Mar

yleb

one

(GB

)

PM

2.5

(µ

g/m

³)

average

median

USA annual standard

natural rural near-city urban kerbside

PM

2.5

annual average

Put

aud

et a

l., A

Eur

opea

n P

M P

heno

men

olog

y, J

RC

, 200

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Fin

okal

ia (

GR

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Pay

erne

(C

H)

Waa

smun

ster

(B

)

Mel

pitz

96-

99 (

G)

Mel

pitz

99-

01 (

G)

Ispr

a (I

)

Vallo

n D

ol (

F)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bre

sso

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

Wie

diko

n (C

H)

PM

2.5

µg/

m³

BC

OM

unk.

NO3

NH4

nssSO4

sea salt

min.

PM

2.5

natural rural near-city urban kerbside

0

10

20

30

40

50

Se

vett

ijarv

i (F

IN)

Skr

ea

da

len

(N

)

Bir

ken

es

(N)

Fin

oka

lia (

GR

)

Ch

au

mo

nt

(CH

)

Mo

na

gre

ga

(E

)

Pa

yern

e (

CH

)

Wa

asm

un

ste

r (B

)

Me

lpitz

96

-99

(G

)

Me

lpitz

99

-01

(G

)

Isp

ra (

I)

Va

llon

Do

l (F

)

Zu

eri

ch (

CH

)

Ba

sel (

CH

)

Ge

nt

(B)

Bo

log

na

(I)

Bre

sso

(I)

Ba

rce

lon

a (

E)

Be

rn (

CH

)

Wie

dik

on

(C

H)

PM

10 µ

g/m

³

BC

OC

unk.

NO3

NH4

nssSO4

sea salt

min.

PM

10

Put

aud

et a

l., A

Eur

opea

n P

M P

heno

men

olog

y, J

RC

, 200

2

PM2.5 natural & rural grd averagemin.4% sea salt

7%

nssSO430%

NH47%

NO32%

unacc.21%

OM21%

BC8%

PM2.5 near-city and urban grd averagemin.7% sea salt

3%

nssSO417%

NH411%

NO316%

unacc.17%

OM22%

BC7%

PM2.5 kerbside grd averagemin.8% sea salt

2%

nssSO414%

NH48%

NO311%

unacc.12%

OM32%

BC13%

natural near-city kerbside rural urban

nss-SO430 %

nss-SO417 %

nss-SO414 %

OM21 %

OM22 %

OM32 %

PM2.5 chemical composition

5.4 µg/m³ 25 µg/m³ 29 µg/m³

Putaud et al., A European PM Phenomenology, JRC, 2002

Heintzenberg, 1989 present compilation

Non-urban fine particle composition (Heintzenberg, 1989)

nssSO437%

NH411%NO3

4%

N/D19%

OM24%

BC5%

PM2.5 natural & rural grd averagemin.4% sea salt

7%

nssSO430%

NH47%

NO32%

unacc.21%

OM21%

BC8%

PM2.0 eighties PM2.5 nineties non-urban natural - rural

15 µg/m³ 5.4 µg/m³

Urban fine particle composition(Heitzenberg, 1989)

nssSO428%

NH48%

NO36%N/D

18%

OM31%

BC9%

PM2.5 near-city and urban grd averagemin.7% sea salt

3%

nssSO417%

NH411%

NO316%

unacc.17%

OM22%

BC7%

32 µg/m³ 25 µg/m³

urban near-city & urban

Heintzenberg, 1989 Putaud et al., 2002

summary and conclusions

GAW global stations not well located for aerosol measurementsneed addition of:- regional networks- results from research projects

- need projects that need data (COSAM)

aerosol data for Climate and Health issues- mutual benefit

research projects should also aim at delivering data to compilations, syntheses, public data archives- role for funding agencies- more open attitude among scientists

We would like to acknowledge the following groups for use of the data that they have

submitted to WDCA

• Dr. J Ogren and colleagues, CMDL• Prof. Dr. Y Viisanen and colleagues, FMI,• Prof. S. G. Jennings and colleagues, NUI, Galway• U. Kaminski and colleagues, DWD• Dr. Urs Baltensperger and colleagues, PSI• Dr. J. Gras and colleagues, CSIRO• Dr. D. Savoie and colleagues, U. Miami

A European Aerosol Phenomenology physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matterat kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe.

Jean-P. Putaud1, Urs Baltensperger2, Erika Brüggemann13, M.-Cristina Facchini3, Sandro Fuzzi3, Robert Gehrig4, Hans-C. Hansson5, Roy M. Harrison6, Alan M. Jones6, Paolo Laj7, Willy Maenhaut8, Nikolaos

Mihalopoulos9, Konrad Müller13, Finn Palmgren10, Xavier Querol11, Sergio Rodriguez11, Gerald Spindler13, Harry ten Brink12, Peter Tunved5, Rita Van Dingenen1, Birgit Wehner13, Ernest Weingartner2, Alfred

Wiedensohler13, Peter Wåhlin10, Frank Raes1

1 European Commission, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy2 Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland

3 Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy4 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

5 Institute of Applied Environmental Research, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden6 University of Birmingham, Division of Environmental health and Risk Management, Birmingham, UK

7 Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France8 University of Gent, Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gent, Belgium

9 Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 10 National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark

11 Inst. de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain12 Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands

13 Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany