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AUXILIARY VERBS VERB
1. TO DO TO WRITE
DO, DOES, DID 1. WRITE (V1)
2. TO BE 2. WRITES
AM, ARE, IS 3. WRITING
WAS, WERE 4. WROTE (V2)
3. TO HAVE 5. WRITTEN (V3)
HAS, HAVE, HAD
4. MODALSCAN COULDMAY MIGHTWILL WOULDSHALL SHOULDMUSTOUGHT TONEEDDARE
USED TO
DIIKUTI OLEH
FUNGSI AUXILIARY VERBS:
1. MENEGATIFKAN KALIMAT
2. MENGINTERROGATIFKAN KALIMAT
3. MENAMBAH MAKNA KATA DALAM KALIMAT
THEY DON’T COME TODAY
DO YOU LIKE TO STUDY ENGLISH?
THEY COME : MEREKA DATANG
THEY WILL COME : MEREKA AKAN DATANG
(+) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + V1 S. PRESENT T
THEY STUDY ENGLISH
DO STUDY
1. GENERAL TRUTH KEBENARAN UMUM
THE SUN RISES IN THE EAST
2. HABITUAL ACTION KEBIASAAN
I GET UP AT 5 EVERY MORNING
EVERY ……. (every morning, every day, every week, etc)
ONCE A ….. (once a day, once a week, once a month0
TWICE A ….. (twice a day, twice a week, etc)
THREE TIMES A ……
Written by: Onggung Gultom, M.Hum
TENSES
(KALA WAKTU)
SETIAP TINDAKAN HARUS DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN WAKTU
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
INDONESIAN ENGLISH
MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN KEMARIN
MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN HARI INI
MEREKA SEDANG PERGI KE MEDAN SEKARANG
MEREKA SUDAH PERNAH PERGI KE MEDAN
MEREKA AKAN PERGI KE MEDAN BESOK
THEY WENT TO MEDAN YESTERDAY
THEY GO TO MEDAN TODAY
THEY ARE GOING TO MEDAN NOW
THEY HAVE EVER GONE TO MEDAN
THEY WILL GO TO MEDAN TOMORROW
(-) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + DO + NOT + V1THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH
(?) DO + S (YOU, THEY, WE) + V1DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH?
A: I LOVE YOUB: DO YOU?A: YES, I DO I DO LOVE YOU
SHE DOES NEED YOUTHEY DO COMEWE DO STUDYHE DOES LOVE HER
(+) S (SHE, HE, IT) + V-s/es
SHE STUDIES ENGLISH
DOES STUDY
(-) S (SHE, HE, IT) + DOES + NOT + V1
SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH
(?) DOES + S (SHE, HE, IT) + V1
DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH?VERB + ES
O GOES
X FIXES
CH WATCHES
SS DRESSES
SH BRUSHES
CONSONANT + Y = I ES CRY = CRIES
1. Yes/ No Question (DO, DOES, DID + s + v1)
Do you like English?
Yes, I do. I like English
No, I don’t. I don’t like English
2. Informative Question (WH-words + DO, DOES, DID + S + V1)
WHERE DOES SHE LIVE?
SHE LIVES ON MERDEKA STREET NO 007
WHAT DO YOU MEAN?
WHY DOES SHE LEAVE?
WHICH ONE DO YOU LIKE?
HOW DO YOU SPELL YOUR NAME? ARRANGED BY: ONGGUNG GULTOM, M.Hum
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADV OF TIME
I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
SHE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY
HE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY
IT EATS FISH EVERY DAY
SUBJ DO/ DOES + NOT
VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME
I DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
YOU DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
WE DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
HE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
IT DOES NOT EAT FISH EVERY DAY
SUBJ SUBJ VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME
DO I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DO YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DO WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES HE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES IT EAT FISH EVERY DAY?
(+) Subject + V2 + Object + Adv of time S. Past Tense He wrote a letter last night
did write(-) Subject + did + not + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place
He did not write a letter last night
(?) Did + Subject + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place Did he write a letter last night? Yes, he did. He wrote a letter last night. No, he didn’t. He didn’t write a letter last night
(?) Wh-words Wh + did + Subject + V-1 + (Obj)+ Adv of time/place What did he write last night? He wrote a letter last night
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
Past Tense: The activity that happened in the past
• ADVERB OF TIMELast ……. Last night, Last week, last month, last year, etc…… Ago 5 minutes ago, two days ago, a few weeks ago This morning, yesterday, etc
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
WRITE
DO WRITE
WRITES
DOES WRITE
WROTE
DID WRITE
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
Put the following sentences into (-) and (?)1. She goes to the office every morning2. They came to her house last night3. The boy gets up at 5 every morning4. We study English twice a week5. Mary sings the song beautifully
Translate into English!1. Janet mengunjungi saya minggu lalu2. John tidak memberitahukan hal itu kepada saya3. Tahukah anda bahwa pendidikan itu mahal?4. Kemanakah anda pergi kemarin?5. Siapa yang tahu jawabannya?
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN
S O POSS. ADJ POSS. P SELF/ SELVES
I ME MY PEN MINE MYSELF MYSELF
SHE HER HER PEN HERS HERSELF HERSELF
HE HIM HIS PEN HIS HIMSELF HIMSELF
IT IT ITS TAIL (IT’S) ITSELF ITSELF
YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELF YOURSELF
THEY THEM THEIR PEN THEIRS THEMSELVES THEMSELVES
WE US OUR PEN OURS OURSELVES OURSELVES
YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELVES YOURSELVES
PRONOUNS
TO BE 1. SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS + V-ING PR. CONT. T(+) THEY ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW(-) THEY ARE NOT STUDYING ENGLISH NOW(?) ARE THEY STUDYING ENGLISH NOW?
WH + AM, ARE, IS + + S+ V-ING?WHERE ARE THEY GOING NOW?THEY ARE GOING TO SCHOOL NOW
2. SUBJECT + WAS, WERE + V-ING PS. CONT. T(+) THEY WERE WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED(-) THEY WERE NOT WATCHING WHEN IT RAINED
(?) WERE THEY WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED Penambahan “Ing” dibelakang kata kerja
1. VERB YG BERAKHIR DENGAN “E”, MAKA “E” DIHILANGKAN KEMUDIAN DITAMBAH DENGAN “ING”
Eg. GIVE GIVINGLOVE LOVING
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
2.Verb yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata berakhir dgn 1 vocal dan 1 konsonan, maka konsonannya didouble: cut cutting
3. Verb yg terdiri dari 1 suku kata dan berakhir dgn “ie”, maka “ie” diganti dengan “Y” kemudian ditambah dgn “ing”. die dyingtie tyinglie lying
SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS, WAS, WERE + V3 = PASSIVE SENTENCE1. Transitive Verb2. Subject dlm kal Active menjadi Object dlm kal Passive (Obj. Pelaku)3. Object dlm kal Active menjadi Subject dlm Passive4. (To) Be + V3 (past participle) = di/ ter ………..
1. Simple Present TenseActive PassiveS + V1/ Vs/es + Object S + am, are, is + V3 + (by) + ObjShe writes a letter A letter is written by her
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
2. Simple Past Tense
Active Passive
S + V2 + O S + was, were + V3 + (by) + O
She wrote a letter A letter was written by her
3. Present Continuous Tense
S + am, are, is + V-ing + O S + am, are, is + being + V3 + (by) + O
She is writing a letter now A letter is being written by her
4. Past Continuous Tense
S + was, were + V-ing + O S + was, were + being + V3 + (by) + O
She was writing many letters Many letters were being written by her
5. Present Perfect Tense
S + have, has + V3 + O S + have, has + been + V3 + (by) + O
She has written some letters Some letters have been written by her
6. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3 + O S + had + been + V3 + (by) + O
She had written a letter A letter had been written by her
7. Present Future Tense
S + will + V1 + O S + will + be + V3 + (by) + O
She will write a letter A letter will be written by her
8. Past Future Tense Active Passive
S + would + V1 + O S + would + be + V3 + (by) + OShe would write a letter A letter would be written by her
9. Present Perfect Continuous TenseS + have, has + been + V-ing + O S + have, has + been + being + V3 + (by) + OShe has been writing some letters Some letters have been being written by her
10. Past Perfect Continuous TenseS + had + been + V-ing + O S + had + been + being + V3 + (by) + OShe had been writing some letters Some letters had been being written by her
11. Present Future Continuous TenseS + will + be + V-ing + O S + will + be + being + V3 + (by) + OShe will be writing a letter A letter will be being written by her
12. Past Future Continuous TenseS + would + be + V-ing + O S + would+ be + being + V3 + (by) + OShe would be writing a letter A letter would be being written by her
13. Present Future Perfect TenseS + will + have + V3 + O S + will + have + been + V3 + (by) + OShe will have written a letter A letter will have been written by her
14. Past Future Perfect TenseS + would + have + V3 + O S + would + have + been + V3 + (by) + OShe would have written a letter A letter would have been written by her
15. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense Active Passive
S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She will have been writing a letter A letter will have been being written by her
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing + O S + would + have + been + being + V3 + (by)
+ O She would have been writing a letter A letter would have been being written by her
AdditionMODALS + BE + V3
Example: The book can be bought at the book store The exercise can be done by the students These announcement will be announced tomorrow
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
• Change the following sentences into passive
• 1. He bought some books yesterday• 2. He gives me some money• 3. They will build a new house• 4. He has taken the books• 5. W. R Supratman composed Indonesia
Raya
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
VERB –ING HE IS SINGING
VERB 3 THE BOOK IS WRITTEN BY HIM
TO BE
NOUN I AM A STUDENT
ADJECTIVE THEY ARE BUSY
ADVERB THE STUDENTS ARE OUTSIDE
IT IS 7 O’CLOCK
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
HAVE
1. As an Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu)2. As a Verb (full verb/ kata kerja) Ad. 1. As an Auxiliary Verb Present Perfect Tense
(+) Subject + has, have + V3 She has studied English for 5 years( - ) She has not studied English for 5 years( ? ) Has she studied English for 5 years?
Yes, she has No, she hasn’t
SINCE & FOR
(+) Subject + had + V3 Past Perfect TenseThey had left for Jakarta
( - ) Subject + had + not + V3They hadn’t left for Jakarta
( ? ) Had they left for Jakarta? Yes, they had No, they hadn’t
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
SUBJECT
HAVE/ HAS HAD V3
I HAVE HAD EATEN
YOU HAVE HAD EATEN
SHE HAS HAD EATEN
HE HAS HAD EATEN
IT HAS HAD EATEN
THEY HAVE HAD EATEN
WE HAVE HAD EATEN
ad 2 As a verb (full verb)1 To possess (possessive) mempunyai2 To take makan/ minum3 To experience mengalami/ merasakan4 Obligation/ necessity harus/ terpaksa5 To ask (causative) menyuruh/ memerintah
Ad. 1. To possess (memiliki)Eq. They have a big house
She has much money I don’t have any money (informal: I have no money)
Ad. 2. To take (makan/ minum)I have breakfast at 6 (between breakfast and luch “brunch”)She has lunch at 12They have dinner at 7He has supper at 11What did you have for breakfast this morning?I had instant noodleWhat would you like to have? I would like to have coca-cola
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
Ad. 3. To experience (mengalami/ merasakan)I have a trouble with my pronunciationShe has headache He has toothacheJane has stomache
Ad. 4. Obligation/ necesiity (harus/ terpaksa) I have to study hard = I must study hard She does not have to leave now = She mustn’t leave nowAs a young generation you have to work hard = You have to obey your parents =As human beings we have to respect each other=You don’t have to say good bye = They didn’t have to go to Medan = (mereka tidak harus pergi ke Medan kemarin)
akan harus = will have toharus dapat = have to be ableharus (pada waktu lampau) “had to”
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
Ad. 5. To ask (causative) = menyuruh/ memerintah1. Active Meaning
Subject + have. Has, had + Object + V1I ask the boy to come in I have the boy come inThe manager asks me to work harder The manager has me work harderMy mother asks my sister to sweep the floor My Mom has my sister
sweep the floor2. Passive Meaning
Subject + have, has, had + Object + V3I ask someone to paint my house = I have my house paintedThe man asks him to repair his car = The man has his car repaired Mr. Smith asks the barber to cut his hair = Mr. Smith has his hair cut
Get as causative: Active meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + to-infinitive
eq. I ask the boy to come in I get the boy to come inThe lectures asks the students to go The lectures gets the students to go
Get as causative: Passive meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + V3The man asks his son to wash the car The man gets the car washedHe asks the man to cut the tree He gets the tree cutJim asks the mechanic to repair his car Jim gets his car repaired
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
Put the following sentences into causative “have or get”!
1. The director asked his secretary to type some letters.
2. The teacher will ask the students to do the exercise.
3. My father asks my younger brother to post the letter.
4. Mr. Black asks the guest to come in.
5. The captain asks his men to arrest the bandits.
6. My mother asks me to hang the picture.
7. The headmaster asks the students to obey the rules.
8. The guide asks the tourists to follow him
9. The man asked his sons to clean the house.
10. The police asks the man to open the door.
Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum
MODALS
SUBJECT + MODALS + V1
CAN
1. ABILITY (Kemampuan)
2. POSSIBILITY (Kemungkinan)
3. PERMISSION (izin)
1. Ability = to be able to (Subject + am, are, is, was, were + able to + V1)
He can sing a song beautifully = He is able to sing a song beautifully
She can answer the test correctly = She is able to answer the test correctly
2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
They can come late today
John can be at home
3. Permission (Memohon izin)
Can I borrow your dictionary, please?
You can go home now
COULD
1. ABILITY (kemampuan pada waktu lampau) = to be able to (was, were able to + V1)
He could run fast when he was young = He was able to run fast when he was young
2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
You could be late if you walked so slowly
The man could be Mr. James
3. Permission (Izin)
Could I come to your house tonight?
You could use one of my pen
Could you accompany me to go there tonight?
• MAY
1. Permission
2. Possibility
1. Permission (more polite)
May I come in, sir?
May I borrow your book, please?
2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)
He may come today
They may be at home
MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kuran pasti)
She might fail in the exam
He might fall in love with you
WILL
1. To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan
I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house
She will help you = She is going to help you
2. Permission
Will you wait for me, please?
Will you help me, please?
Would = Conditional (Past Future)
Type I (Future Possible)
Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense
IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense
I will pass the exam if I study hard
If I study hard, I will pass the exam
I will come to your birthday party if I have time
If I have time, I will come to your birthday party
Type II (Present – Unreal)Past Future Tense + IF + Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense + Past Future Tense I would pass the exam if I studied hardIf I if studied hard, I would pass the exam Type IIIPast Future Perfect Tense + If + Past Perfect TenseIf + Past Perfect Tense + Past Future Perfect TenseI would have passed the exam If I had studied hardIf I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam WOULD (Asking for Permission) Present TenseWould you give me your hands, please?Would you mind coming to the meeting tonight?SHALLBritish = Akan ( I & We + Shall + V1)American = Harus(Br) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow(Am) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow1. SHOULD (Sesuatu yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak dilakukan) You shouldn’t do such foolish thing You should study hard You should take a rest2. Keharusan (Present tense) You shoud obey your parents We should help each other We should respect each other
MUST (Harus/ mesti/ terpaksa) = Have toThey must study hard = They have to study hardChildren mustn’t play in the rain = Children don’t have to play in the rain
(+) They had to move to a new house(-) They didn’t have to move to a new house(?) Did they have to move to a new house?
Where did they have to go yesterday?They had to go to Jakarta yesterday
OUGHT TO (harus)You ought to come to my birthday partyYou ought to study more serious
NEED (perlu/ butuh)1. As an Aux Verb (Subject + need + V1)
(+) I need say something to you(-) I needn’t say anything to you(?) Need you say anything to me?As a verb (need to + V1)(+) She needs to do the exercise (-) She doesn’t need to do the exercise(?) Does she need to do the exercise?
DARE (Berani/ tega)
1. As an aux verb (Subject + dare + V1)
(+) She dare say that she is right
(-) She daren’t say that she is right
(?) dare she say that she is right?
As a Verb
(+) She dares to say so
(-) She doesn’t dare to say so
(?) Does she dare to say so?
USED TO (kebiasaan pada waktu lampau/ tidak terjadi lagi sekarang)
I used to go there when I was a kid
She used to live alone when she was a student
We used to quarrel when we lived together
I didn’t use to sleep alone when a was a kid
He didn’t use study at night when he was a student
My sister didn’t use to come late a night