Autumn Nicholson-Hector Fontanet-Joanna Maier-Natasha Carlsen-Nina Jolani

POL 371 Environmental Policy

Information on the land of the Pharaohs and Pyramids Area: 1,001, 449 square kilometers The Nile Population: roughly 80,335,036

▪ Problems▪ Divisions ▪ Environmental Role

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The principal concerns are water quality and quantity, rapid urban growth, air pollution, soil loss and the environmental consequences of

tourism.

Within Egypt

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Majority of Egypt’s water is from the Nile River The Aswan High Dam has reduced the flow of the Nile which

causes the trapping of nutrient-rich silt. This silt trapped by the damn once fertilized the country’s farmland. In order to make up for the loss of the nutrient-rich silt, agricultures

increase the utilization of chemical fertilizers, adding to water pollution Also employ modern herbicides and pesticides to increase crop

production, which also add to the pollution With the Aswan High Dam reducing the flow of the Nile River,

the concentration of pollutants in the remaining Nile River increases.

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The Aswan High Dam, causes the year-round irrigation of the little available soil to accumulate with salt.

The water seized behind the Dam causes this, it leads to the loss of some agricultural land.

Another cause of agricultural land loss is the effect of urbanization from the large populations.

Only 4% of land is suitable for agriculture. Soil fertility has continued to decline due to

over cultivation.

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With 97% of Egypt’s land is classified as desert land, the land area in Egypt that is

actually occupied is only 5%, with less than 4% of the land

being suitable for agriculture.

Because such a small percentage of Egypt’s land mass is habitable, population densities average in some locations along the Nile River greater than 1,000 people per square kilometer.

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Egypt’s highly population dense cities produce an average of 3.0 million tons of solid waste per year. In the rural areas although, only 79% of the population have sufficient sanitation

disposal amenities available; the city of Cairo, with a population of 15 million people, has

half of its raw sewage carried to the sea in open sewers. Approximately 100 of 120 towns in Egypt do not have

sewer systems present at all. Even with the current sewer systems in Cairo, they are sub-

par. In December of 1982, a large area of the city was flooded

with untreated waste and was unable to temporarily provide tap water for about 10% of its population due to the bursting of a sewer main.

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Proper disposal of waste would help protect people from diseases arising from water contamination, such as typhoid, diarrhea, polio, bilharzia and hepatitis C.

Twenty percent of global infant mortality is accounted for by diarrhea, a problem in Egypt due to contaminated water.

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The inadequately controlled erection of new tourist centers and the waste disposal of such, along the eastern coast have corrupted the water quality of the Red Sea.

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Along with the negative effect of tourism comes the threat of damaging the delicate desert areas and the marine corals along the coast.

The coast is also

affected by the pollution of oil, as the nation’s beaches, coral reefs, and wildlife habitats

are in jeopardy.

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Less than 1% of Egypt’s total land area is protected wildlife due to environmental issues.

In 2000, 15 of Egypt's 98 mammal species, 11 birds, 6 types of reptiles and 1 type of amphibian were endangered.

About 59 of the nation's 2,076 plant species were threatened with extinction.

Endangered species include the Sinai leopard, northern bald ibis, and green sea turtle. The Bubal hartebeest, Egyptian barbary sheep, and Sahara oryx are extinct.

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Major contributor of Greenhouse gasses 31.6 million tons of CO2, representing

nearly 26% of the energy-related CO2 emissions in Egypt

Great deal of smog on urban areas (i.e. Cairo)

Growth of population, economy and pace of urbanization

Growth greatly outpaced the capacity of the public transportation system

Gap filled by the use of private cars and taxis

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The average vehicle age is relatively old Vehicle age averages 10 yrs. Less efficient Less pollution controls

Almost all trucks and buses use diesel fuel and have old-generation diesel engines EXTREMELY DIRTY! No Catalytic Converter or Diesel Particle

Filter (DPF)14

CO (Carbon Monoxide)-Directly linked to deaths

NOx (NO and NO2)-Acid rain, smogHC (Hydrocarbons)-HC+NOx=ground

level Ozone SOx (SO2, SO3)-Acid rainPM (Particulate Matter)-SootCO2(Carbon Dioxide)-Greenhouse

gas15

Vehicle emissions testing and tuning program Newer cars with EGR and Catalytic

Convertors Newer Fleet Vehicles (Diesels) with DPF

Using Alternative cleaner fuels CNG LPG Biodiesel Hydrogen

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Started in Cairo and is progressively spreading

Initially found that 34% of the cars registered in Cairo did not pass emission standards

Forces cars to be kept under emission levels and proper operating performance (efficiency)

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Reduce carbon monoxide emissions 90%-97%

Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25% Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions 35%-60% Potentially reduce hydrocarbon emissions

50%-75% Emit fewer toxic and carcinogenic

pollutants Emit little or no particulate matter Eliminate evaporative emissionsAlready produced in Egypt

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Produce half the particulate matter of average diesel vehicles

Significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions

Reduce nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions by 50% or more

Potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25% depending on the source of the natural gas

Drastically reduce toxic and carcinogenic pollutants

Increase methane emissions19

Produces half the particulate matter Produces half the carbon monoxide

emission Produces less than half the hydrocarbons Produces about a 10% more NOx than

Diesel Significant decrease in SO2 productionNo significant decrease in CO2

emissionsEase of application

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Extremely clean combustion

Emits only H2OCostly to produce

hydrogenCostly to

implement technology

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• Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program

• The government introduced a smart card system– a driver can convert their car for free to use

natural gas– used to buy natural gas at same price as gasoline– natural gas costs about half as much as gasoline– the difference would be used to pay for the

conversion• Government loans and incentives

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Load ShiftingEnergy Efficient Education and

Market Support Industry Support Standards Building Codes

Renewable EnergyCogeneration

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Utility billing for Electricity based on: Energy Use Peak Demand (15-30min

Intervals)

Load Shifting: reworking your load schedule to run in off peak hours.

Saves $; reduces stress on the power grid

High Energy Use Charge

0

1

M T W Th F

En

erg

y U

se (

kWh

)

High Demand Charge

0

1

12:00 AM 4:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM

Ele

ctri

c D

eman

d (

kW)

All machines run during the 1st shift

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Lighting: Incandescent to CFLs 18 lm/W vs 70 lm/W Lifetime: 750 hrs vs.

10,000 hrs Promotion for local

CFL manufacturing Energy Efficient

Appliances Refrigerators Washing Machines A/C

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New Energy Efficient Building Codes Residential Sector Commercial Sector (Draft)

Similar to US building codes based on ASHRAE 90.1 Insulation Energy Efficient Windows Standards for Unconditioned buildings

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Wind Farms Provide 600 MW of electric capacity

Solar Thermal EnergyPhotovoltaic Water Pumping

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Cogeneration: Combined Heat and Power Use steam created for manufacturing

processes to generate power or use waste heat generated from power to create steam.

Boiler

Turbine

Shaft work out

Qcoal

Pump

Electrical Generator

Electricity

Qcondensor

~ 50 - 150 psig steam to plant

Condensor Low-pressure steam

Make-up water

Combustor

Compressor Turbine

Shaft work to compressor

Shaft work out

Qnatural gas

Ambient air Boiler

Electrical Generator

Electricity

Exhaust at ~375 F

Steam Turbine exhaust at

650 – 1,000 F

Steam to Power Power to Steam28

Within the Country

President Hosni Mubarak 29

Historical Importance of the Nile Uniqueness of Law 48

clearly defines what is considered a water channel

special budget to be set aside that will help in dealing with the consequences of disobeying the law

“Article 20 This law will be published in the official newspaper and will be put into action after 3 months from date of publication. This law will be stamped by the official State stamp and will be applicable as one of other laws”

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• Egypt’s Environmental Issues • Air & Water Pollution

• The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency• Formulation • Function

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A brief synopsis: was written to

protect bodies of surrounding water from getting polluted because of cultural, scientific, touristic or esthetic value.

lead in to the current articles that are mentioned to protect bodies of water in Law 4.

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Protection of Air Environment from Pollution Articles 34 to 39

▪ Article 34: any projects or urban plans must be in compliance of the land use. It further mentions that such criteria for determination of land use may base off of wind direction and or distance from habitation.

▪ Article 35: reinstates all the establishments under Annex (2) and specifically notes that there must be an assessment of the environmental impact of any activity that will take place.

▪ Article 36: focuses on the limits of air pollutants and the establishment of a limit permitted by laws and decrees.

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Article 37: intent is to establish the limits for engine and vehicle exhaust, the following information from the original Law 4 document helps to explain these limits:

1. Vehicles currently in service: 

CARBON MONOXIDE: 

7% in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.) 

UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS:1000 parts in a million, at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)

 SMOKES

65% degree of opacity or the equivalent in other units, at minimum acceleration 

2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995: 

CARBON MONOXIDE:4.5% in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)

 UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS:

900 parts in a million, at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.) 

SMOKES50% degree of opacity or the equivalent in other units, at maximum acceleration.

1. Vehicles currently in service: 2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995: 1. Vehicles currently in service: 2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995:

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Article 38: makes aware that it is prohibited to treat or burn any materials or wastes near habitations or waterways. Specific guidelines have been set in accordance with this article, ex “That the place where the garbage is incinerated stands at a minimum distance of 1.5 kilometers from populated, industrial and downwind areas”

Article 39: of the air pollution section emphasizes on the specific cleanliness and steps that collectors of garbage are to take in order to prevent odors as well as attractions of flies or other animals in certain areas.

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Protection of Water Environment from Pollution Articles 50-56

▪ Article 50: all ships that carry oil must report if an oil spill occurs. The occurrence must entail a description with all the information of the oil spill incident.

▪ Article 51: focuses on the proper equipments of ports and the directions needed to dispose waste and unclean ballast water.

▪ Article 52: highlights the process of discharging oil in accordance to offshore platforms.

▪ Article 53: mentions that a guarantee certificate “must be presented when the tanker enters the territorial seas”

▪ Article 54: begins the section 2 which is titled, Pollution from Sewage and Garbage. It gives a thorough procedure for the discharge of polluted waste water from ships and offshore platforms.

▪ Article 55: states that facilities must be provide for ships to deposit waste and they must regulate to on cleanliness and sterilization.

▪ Article 56: is in accordance with the last article and implies that the facilities must “ensure that such waste is not dispersed”

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On an International Level

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IGO’S / NGO’s- act to enhance socio-economic development, avert humanitarian crisis, and address environmental concerns

Individual State Intervention- foreign aid often is stipulated by rational self-interest. USAID and CAID cite “stability and security of the region” as the motivation for their sustainable development programs.

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• Coastal Marine-life demiseCoral reef bleachingLoss of biodiversityErosion

• Degradation of the Nile Basincauses erosion and pollutionlimited water/ less seasonal

flooding partnership of the NBI

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Climate Change refugees and IDP’s

Israel’s Dimona Reactor

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• 1935 Flora and Fauna• May 9th 1988 Vienna Convention

• May 2nd 2003 Stockholm Convention

• Jan. 12th 2005 Kyoto Protocol

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