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1 Autonomous cars navigation: from standalone to cooperative systems Philippe Bonnifait Professor at the Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités Heudiasyc UMR 7253 CNRS, France SoSE 2018 Paris, France, June 20, 2018

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1SoSE 2018

Autonomous cars navigation: from standalone to cooperative

systems

Philippe Bonnifait

Professor at theUniversité de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités

Heudiasyc UMR 7253 CNRS, France

SoSE 2018Paris, France, June 20, 2018

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2SoSE 2018

Autonomous cars navigation

But, the navigation space is constrainedand there are interactions between cars.

Sometimes people think that things happen like that. 

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Outline1. Level of autonomy of autonomous vehicles2. Key elements for cooperative autonomous 

navigation3. Usefulness of cooperative navigation4. Autonomous navigation in a System of Systems1. Infrastructure‐aided Localization Systems 2. Infrastructure‐aided Perception Systems 3. Cooperative Localization Systems in Mutual Cooperation

5. Conclusion and perspectives

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4SoSE 2018

Level of autonomy of autonomous vehicles

Part 1

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5SoSE 2018

Autonomous Vehicles: TrendsDriverless vehicleso New Mobility Serviceso Shuttles and Robot taxis

automotive 

robo

tics 

Converge

Autonomous carso Traditional customerso Valet vehicleo Traffic Jam Assist

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Example of autonomous car: Valet Vehicle (PAMU Renault)

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The three Roboticist AxesAutonomy capacity

Independence with respect to human

Complexity of the environment and of the navigation area

Complexity of the mission or task

Valet Vehicle

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Robot vehicleAbility to function independently of a human operator in any contextOperational autonomy― Feedback mechanisms to control behavior to follow a predefined 

trajectory, while rejecting disturbances― No need for user monitoring

Decisional autonomy― The machine has the ability to understand despite the uncertainties of 

perception and localization as well as incomplete information about the environment

― Decision making to ensure safe behavior of the vehicle interacting with its environment

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9SoSE 2018

Key elements for cooperative autonomous navigation

Part 2

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Sources of information for autonomous navigation

Exteroceptive sensors

GNSS receiver

Proprioceptive sensors

Digital maps

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Localization and perception

Localization system ― allows the vehicle to position itself 

spatially, absolutely or relatively, in its evolution environment

Perception system― equips the vehicle with understanding 

and prediction capabilities of its immediate environment. From the sources of information available, the vehicle builds a representation of the environment that allows it to navigate

Je sui la !

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Localization and perception World Model

Real world

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Wireless communication for cooperative autonomous navigation

Exteroceptive sensors

GNSS receiverWireless 

communication means

Proprioceptive sensors

Digital maps

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Wireless Networks for data exchangeVehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow an augmented perception of the dynamic environment by using wireless communications:― Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle (V2V) ― Infrastructure to Vehicle (I2V)

Some typical messages (ETSI standard) ― CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) ― DENM (Distributed Environment Notification Message) ― CPS (Collective Perception Service ‐ ETSI TR 103 562 under preparation)

Features― short range radio technologies (Wifi mode), 5.9 GHz band (802.11p)― Broadcast frequency: 1‐10 Hz 

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Vehicle information ― ID― Vehicle type (car, truck, etc.)― Vehicle role (emergency, roadwork)― Vehicle size (length and width)

Time Stamp ― UTC time (in ms, ~1 minute ambiguity)

Pose― Position (geo) + 95% confidence bound― Heading 

Kinematics― Speed, drive direction, yaw rate― Acceleration 

CAM Message

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DENM MessageTypically sent by Road Side Units (RSU)

Data :― Station type― Time Stamp― Event type 

‒ Roadworks, ‒ Stationary vehicle, ‒ Emergency vehicle approaching, ‒ Dangerous Situation, etc.

― Lane position ― Lane is closed or not

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CPS MessageCan be emitted by the infrastructure or the vehicles.Information:― List of detected objects ― Position, speed, acceleration― ID and type of the sensor which provided the measurement data

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Acquisition

Wireless communication

Localization and perception 

(world modeling and understanding)

Decision, planning and 

control

Sensors, maps and wireless 

information

actions

Localization and perception information

Typical processing loop

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For what kind of tasks, is cooperative navigation useful?

Part 3

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Grand Cooperative Driving ChallengesGCDC 2011― A270 highway between Helmond and Eindhoven.― Cooperative platooning (sensor based‐control 

with speed and acceleration exchange)― 9 teams (with cars and trucks)

GCDC 2016― Same place― May 28‐29, 2016― Autonomous driving with interactions with vehicles and infrastructure ― Three different traffic scenarios ― 10 European teams.

Main Challenge― Cooperation between heterogeneous systems implementing different 

algorithms 

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Heudiasyc team

Team Leader: Philippe XU

People involved― 5 Profs and Researchers― 3 Engineers― 2 Phd students― 2 interns ― 12 Master students

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Experimental vehicleFully electric car (Renault Zoé)Maximum speed of 50 km/h while driving autonomously

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Snapshot of the GCDC 2016

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Inter-distance for platooningIn straight road, inter‐distance is easy to measure (e.g. Lidar)

In curved road, compute the inter‐distance along the map by using positions exchanged by wireless communication

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Cooperative merging using virtual platooning

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The virtual platooning conceptEvery vehicle ― Computes its distance to the crossing point ― Such that the others can locate it on their own path

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The virtual platooning conceptIn this example, the red vehicle is the closest to the intersection point and becomes the (virtual) leaderThen the blue one does platooning 

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Crossing Scenario at the GCDC

Vehicle 1 is a car of the organizers, the challengers are 2 and 3Goal: ― Vehicles have to reach the competition zone at a given time with a given speed― Vehicles 2 and 3 have to let vehicle 1 cross the intersection at constant speed― The goal of each challenger is to exit the CZ as fast as possible (with no collision)

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Intersection Crossing StrategyMethod used: ― virtual platooning with the vehicle of the organizers

We used its transmitted position ― because we knew it was reliable

Procedure:― Set the origin of the working frame at the center of the intersection ― Convert the geo‐positions in this frame― The norm of the position is the distance to the center― Do virtual platooning with the organizer’s car until it has crossed the 

intersection 

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Snapshot of an intersection crossing during the GCDC

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31SoSE 2018

Infrastructure-aided localization systems

The GNSS example

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GNSS technologyGPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), BeiDou (China) and Galileo (EU)

Quasi‐Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) JapanMedium Earth Orbit (MEO)

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Classical GNSS positioning problem―Receiver measures pseudoranges:

range + offset

―4 unknowns: x, y, z, dtu

―Pseudorange observation model:

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GNSS sources of errors

Accuracy and integrity improvement:‐ DGPS and RTK ‐ EGNOS/WAAS‐ PPP

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Differential and Real-Time Kinematic

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EGNOS (European Service)

EWAN

GEO

GPS/GLONASS

EWAN

RIMS

NLES

MCC: CPF + CCF

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Precise Point Positioning• PPP combines precise satellite positions and clocks with  

GNSS receivers• PPP requires fewer reference stations globally distributed 

rather than classic differential approaches (e.g. RTK)• PPP corrections are disseminated through the internet to 

connected users

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Cooperative Wireless platooning with CAM Messages and RTK GNSS (GPS and Glonass)

Experiments at Compiègne 

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Infrastructure-based perception systems

The roundabout crossing example

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Infrastructure-based perception systems

The infrastructure scans the environment and It shares information about the current traffic participants by broadcasting the locations and speeds of the mobile objects This reduces the ambient uncertainty by providing contextual information

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Case study: Roundabout crossing

• Infrastructure can assist autonomous cars to cross roundabouts by detecting and broadcasting CPM messages with vehicles positions and speeds inside the roundabout

• Thanks to this, autonomous vehicles can anticipate crossing the roundabout by adapting their speed

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Adapting the Virtual Platooning Concept to Roundabout Crossing

• Use a high‐definition map (HD map)• Map‐match every estimated position 

• Compare distances between vehicles and common node• Do platooning according to the decided order

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Example with cooperative autonomous cars

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A solution to solve the problem of non cooperative driven cars

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Cooperative Localization Systems

in Mutual Cooperation

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ObjectivesCooperate―To help the others―To be assisted by the others―To reduce uncertainties―To reduce the pessimism of confidence bounds―To increase system availability

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The data incest issue

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Low cost GNSS receivers without corrections from the infrastructure lead to systematic offsets

Cooperative Localization to reduce biases

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Estimation of the pseudoranges biases with no base station

Methods:― Set‐membership methods based on Constraints Propagation and Set 

inversion ― Bayesian methods based on EKF and covariance intersection for data fusion

Cooperative Localization by distributed state observation

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Results• Mutual cooperation reduces uncertainty and improves 

accuracy• No data incest (overconfidence in this case)

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• Low cost GNSS receivers and proprioceptive measurements

• Embedded perception sensors for inter‐distances (lidar)

Cooperative localization using perception

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Lidar installation Four‐layer Sick LD‐MRS LiDAR installed in the front bumper

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Lidar processingClustering of the point cloud and bounding box computation

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Curvilinear coordinates

Map

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Curvilinear coordinates

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One dimensional cooperative data fusionCovariance intersection filter

In one dimension,  the covariance intersection filter is straightforward

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Experimental results

Mutual cooperation in curved lane

Error and confidence bound computed for the follower

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Conclusion and perspectives

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ConclusionCooperation is new paradigm for autonomous vehicles navigation― Receive information from the infrastructure ― Exchange highly dynamic information with each other 

Useful ― To reduce the number of embedded sensors for navigation (even if they remain mandatory)

― To improve the accuracy and the integrity ― For augmented perception

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Cooperation is useful for autonomous cars

Infrastructure to car information (one way)

Car to car information(cycles)

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Localization for cooperative systems

Localization is crucial at the tactical level because most of the decisions are based on the location of the vehicle itself and of other vehicles in its vicinity

It improves crossing procedures in case the vehicles can’t see each other

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Localization for cooperative controlLocalization is useful for cooperative systems at the control level when the others traffic participants are out of view― Lane changes, overtaking, intersection crossing

Requirements― Accuracy has to be “lane level”― Uncertainty has to be consistent (the estimation of the error has to be not 

underestimated) 

Localization errors may lead to dangerous situations for cooperative control when the others traffic participants are in the vicinity ― Inter‐distances in platoons have to be regulated with embedded 

perception sensors― When crossing junctions, embedded perception sensors are necessary for 

safe navigation 

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PerspectiveProgress to be made―Methods that guaranty the integrity of the information exchanged and control the propagation of errors and faults‒ In particular, cycles of exchange inducing data incest

problems have to be taken into account―Methods able to compute in real‐time reliable bounds of the errors

―Data exchange standards ‒ In particular, regarding the uncertainty representation

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Thank you for your attention ! Associated publications• Ph. Xu, G. Dherbomez, E. Héry, A. Abidli, and Ph. Bonnifait. 

“System architecture of a driverless electric car in the grand cooperative driving challenge.” IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, January 2018.

• E. Héry, Ph. Xu and Ph. Bonnifait. “Along‐track localization for cooperative autonomous vehicles”. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Redondo Beach, California, June 2017.

• K. Lassoued, Ph. Bonnifait, and I. Fantoni (2017). “Cooperative Localization with Reliable Confidence Domains between Vehicles sharing GNSS Pseudoranges Errors with no Base Station” IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, January 2017

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Autonomous cars navigation: from standalone to cooperative

systems

Philippe Bonnifait

Professor at theUniversité de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités

Heudiasyc UMR 7253 CNRS, France

SoSE 2018Paris, France, June 20, 2018