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Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous system

Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

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Page 1: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic

(Vegetative)

nervous system

Page 2: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

Metasympathetic division

Control

Page 3: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic (Vegetative)

nervous system

Autonomic system (involuntary)

takes part in regulation of

activity of an internal organs,

vessels and sweat glands, and

also influences to skeletal

muscles, receptors and nervous

system

Page 4: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Functions of autonomic

nervous system

Regulation of a tonus of vessels

and heart activity

Innervation of smooth muscles

Maintenance of functioning

endocrine and exocrine glands

Metabolism and adaptation of

an organism to environment

(including a thermoregulation)

Maintenance of homeostasis

Page 5: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic (Vegetative)

nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Metasympatheticnervous system

Page 6: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates
Page 7: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Sympathetic division

(thoracolumbar division)

The central part

The centers – bodies

of the first neurons in lateral

horns of thoracic and lumbar

departments of a spinal cord

(Th1- L3)

Peripheral part

fibers ganglia

The pregan-

glionic

The postgan-

glionicParavertebral Prevertebral

-from

the center

to ganglia

-short

-mediator ACh

-Cholino-

receptors

-body in a

ganglion

-travel to organs

-long

-a mediator NAd

-adreno-

receptors

are located

on both sides

of the spinal

cord and

formed

sympathetic

chains

Interrupt

in ganglia,

form knots

Knots

The cervical

(superior and inferior) The celiac

(Solar plexus) The mesenteric

(superior and inferior)

Page 8: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Functional features of sympathetic

division

Function"Fight or Flight”

TAKES PART IN

FORMATIONACTIVATING INFLUENCE ON

FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS

ORGANS

aggression

stress

PAIN

REACTIONS

FEATURES

EFFECTS ARE LONG

EXCITATION IN GANGLIA COVERS

SOME VARIOUS ORGANS AT THE SAME TIME,

ESPECIALLY DURING EMOTIONAL

REACTIONS

Page 9: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Sympathetic pathwayBack nucleus of a hypothalamus (the

first neuron of a sympathetic pathway)

|

Lateral horns of a spinal cord (the second neuron of a sympathetic pathway)

|

Preganglionic myelinic fibers from ventral roots of a spinal cord

|

Knots of a sympathetic chain (the third neuron of a sympathetic pathway)

|

Postganglionic the nonmyelinic fibers to organs

|

Sympathetic innervation of an internal

Page 10: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Parasympathetic division

(craniosacral division)

The central part

Centers (body of the first

neurons):

Midbrain

Medulla oblongata, Pons

Sacral levels of the spinal

cord

Peripheral part

ganglia

The pregan-

glionic

The postgan-

glionicNext to organs

Near to pelvises

organs

-from

the center

to ganglia

-long

-mediator ACh

-Cholinore-

ceptors

-body is located

in ganglion

- travel to organs

-short

-a mediator Ach

- Cholinore-

ceptors

-Ciliary – a neck

-Palatal – head

-Submandibular,

-Auricular – a thoracal

and inferior abdominal

cavity (except

sceletal muscles,

blood vessels)

The inferior

abdominal -

organs a

small pelvis (except a uterus)

Ganglia are located

on a surface of organs or inside organs

fibers

Page 11: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Functional features of

parasympathetic division

Function"Rest and Digest"

CAUSES CALMING AND

RELAXING ACTION

“THE ANTISTRESSFUL

FACTOR”

RESTORES AND KEEPS THE

HOMEOSTASIS

FEATURES

EFFECTS OF ACTION UNSTABLE

MAKES THE LIMITED

INFLUENCE WITHIN AN

ORGAN, WHICH IT

INFLUENCES

DOMINATES IN

CALMNESS, PROMOTES

RESTORATION OF PULL

OF ENERGY DURING REST

Page 12: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Parasympathetic

pathway

Forward nucleus of a hypothalamus (the first neuron of a parasympathetic pathway)

|

Nuclei of an midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and sacral department of the spinal cord (the second neuron of a sympathetic pathway)

|

Preganglionic myelinic fibers from forward roots of a spinal cord

|

Visceral knots (the third neuron of a sympathetic pathway)

|

Postganglionic nonmyelinic fibers to organs

|

Parasympathetic innervation of an internal

Page 13: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Summary

The ganglia of the sympathetic nervous

system lie just outside the spinal cord,

while in the parasympathetic system,

connections to the neuron that innervates

the target organ lie near the target organ.

The transmitters of the postgangionic

neuron are different and the receptors on

the target tissues of the parasympathetic

division are muscarinic Ach receptors, not

nicotinic Ach receptors

Page 14: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Metasympathetic

nervous systemComposition

Complex of microganglionic formations, which

are located in walls of an internal organs that

have motor function

Function

Transfer of the central influences through

sympathetic fibers with a correcting

Influences on organs

Independent

regulation of work

of an internal

Organs

Heart, bronchi, bladder, digestive tube, uterus,

gall bladder, bile ducts

FEATURES

Microganglia are isolated from a surrounding tissue

by dense membranes, have many synapses.

Have properties of automatism – contract without outside

influence under the influence of metabolic changes in the organ

MEDIATORS: АТP, Adenosine

АCh, Аd, Serotonin

Dofaminum, Histamine

Page 15: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Reflex arc

of autonomic (vegetative)

nervous system

Page 16: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Influence

of autonomic nervous

system

Page 17: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Influence

of vegetative nervous system

OrganParasympathetic Response

"Rest and Digest"

Sympathetic Response

"Fight or Flight"

Heart

(baroreceptor

reflex)

Decreased heart rate

Cardiac output decreases

Increased rate and strength of

contraction

Cardiac output increases

Lung

BronchiolesConstriction Dilation

Liver Glykogen No effectGlycogen breakdown

Blood glucose increases

Fat Tissue No effectBreakdown of fat

Blood fatty acids increase

Basal

MetabolismNo effect Increases

Stomach

Increased secretion of HCl &

digestive enzymes

Increased motility

Decreased secretion

Decreased motility

Intestine

Increased secretion of HCl &

digestive enzymes

Increased motility

Decreased secretion

Decreased motility

Urinary blader

Relaxes sphincter

Detrusor muscle contracts

Urination promoted

Constricts sphincter

Relaxes detrusor

Urination inhibited

Rectum

Relaxes sphincter

Contracts wall muscles

Defecation promoted

Constricts sphincter

Relaxes wall muscles

Defecation inhibited

EyeIris constricts

Adjusts for near vision

Iris dilates

Adjusts for far vision

Male Sex Organs Promotes erection Promotes ejaculation

Page 18: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic Receptors

Autonomic receptors are broadly divided into those for

ACh (cholinergic receptors) and those for catecholamines

such as NE or EPI (adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors).

Subdivisions of each of these families of receptors are

based on sensitivity to various agonist and antagonist

drugs.

Cholinergic receptors

Cholinergic receptors were originally divided and

named on the basis of sensitivity to alkaloids that

mimicked some, but not all, of the actions of ACh.

These alkaloids are present in the fly agaric

mushroom, Amanita muscaria, and in the tobacco

plant, Nicotiana tabacum. The alkaloids are muscarine

and nicotine, respectively. Thus, cholinergic receptors

are broadly classified as muscarinic (mAChR) or

nicotinic (nAChR).

Page 19: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Cholinergic Receptor System Summary

Page 20: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic ReceptorsAdrenergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors, also called adrenoceptors, mediate

the actions of epinephrine (Adrenalin) and related

compounds. Adrenergic receptors can be acted upon by a

variety of agonists and antagonists, most of which are related

to beta-phenylethylamine. The classical site of adrenergic

receptors is the sympathetic neuroeffector junction. As in the

case of cholinergic receptors, however, adrenergic receptors

may exist on the cells of effector organs, even in the absence

of sympathetic innervation. In other words, not necessarily all

adrenergic receptors are innervated. Adrenergic drugs mimic

the actions of epinephrine and are also called

sympathomimetics. Direct-acting sympathomimetics act by

direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors.

Adrenergic receptors may be divided into two major

types according to drug (especially antagonist) potency on

the receptors. Alpha receptors, when activated, generally

produce excitatory responses of smooth muscle in which

they are located. Beta receptors, when activated, generally

produce inhibitory responses of smooth muscle in which they

are located.

Page 21: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Adrenergic Receptor System Summary

Page 22: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Autonomic Nervous System

It is also called the visceral nervous system as it controls the functioning of the visceral

(internal) organs.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two sets of motor neurons and a collection

of ganglia. The two sets of neurons are:

- Pre-ganglionic Nerve Fibres

They are neurons that emerge from the CNS and enter the ganglions. Their nerve cells are in

the CNS.

- Post-ganglionic Nerve Fibres

They are the neurons that leave the ganglions and reach the smooth muscle/ gland. Their

nerve cells are in the ganglions.

The ANS consists of two divisions:

- Sympathetic nervous system

- Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System has the following features:

- It is entirely made up of spinal nerves of the chest (thoracic) and waist (lumbar) region.

- It has ganglia close to the spinal cord.

- The ganglia are linked to each other.

- The pre-ganglionic nerve fiber is shorter than the post-ganglionic nerve fibre.

- Generally it has an accelerating effect which prepares the body for action in emergencies.

Its functions include:

- dilation of pupils - increase rate and force of heart beat

- increase in secretion of sweat - decreases urine output

- releases adrenaline at the effector (gland or muscle) - inhibition of peristalsis

- dilation of blood vessels to brain and skeletal muscle

Parasympathetic Nervous System has the following features:

- It is made up of four pairs of cranial nerves and three pairs of sacral nerves.

- The ganglia are far away from the spinal cord and close to the effectors.

- The ganglia are not linked to each other.

- The pre-ganglionic nerve fibre is longer than the post-ganglionic nerve fibre.

- Generally it has a slowing-down effect which balances the effect of the sympathetic system.

Its functions include:

- constriction of pupils - decrease rate and force of heart beat

- decrease in secretion of sweat - increases urine output

- releases acetylcholine at the effector (gland or muscle) - stimulation of peristalsis

- constriction of blood vessels to brain and skeletal muscle Together, the parasympathetic

and sympathetic nervous systems work to maintain a steady state.

Page 23: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Control

of autonomic nervous

system

Page 24: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

The highest level of

control of ANSBY HYPOTHALAMUS (FORWARD AND BACK NUCLEI)

1. Adapts functions of an internal for integrated activity

of an organism

2. Supports constant body temperature, carbohydrate,

fatty, water-salt balance

3. Regulates sexual functions

4. Regulates functions GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT,

endocrine glands

5. Regulates permeability of a wall of blood vessels and

tissue membranes

BY LIMBIC SYSTEM

1. Supports of a constancy of internal medium

of an organism

2. Correction of regulation of vegetative functions

1. Joins somatic and vegetative functions in a whole

system

BY CORTEX OF THE BIG HEMISPHERES

Page 25: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

The regulation highest

level of VNS

Page 26: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Research of vegetative

nervous systemCardiovascular reflexes

Oculocardiac reflex of Danini-Ashnera

Decreasing of frequency of heart contractions on 8-10 in a minute at pressing to frontlateral surfaces of an eye during 20-30 seconds

Solar reflex

Decreading of arterial pressure and frequency of heart contractions on 4-12 in a minute at pressing during 20-30 seconds on solar plexus area

Clinicostatic assay

Decreasing of frequency of heart contractions on 10-12 in a minute at changing of posture from vertical to horizontal position

Orthostatic assay

Increasing of frequency of heart contractions on 10-12 in a minute at changing of posture from horizontal to vertical position

Dermal vegetative reflexes

Local reflectory dermographism

Pilomotor reflex

Contraction of a smooth muscule of hair of a skin duringcooling

Page 27: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Several variations of a "smoking shot" have been

used since the 1970's. Most commonly, the shots consist

of anticholinergic medications.

Interest in the use of anticholinergic medications

comes from the presence of Nicotinic Cholinergic

receptors in the Central Nervous System and the

Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates the

excitatory pathways of the autonomic nervous system,

mimicking the natural "fight or flight" response. In addition,

nicotine stimulates the Dopamine pathway of the CNS,

which triggers the reward center and leads to addiction. It

was felt that blockade of the nicotinic receptors might ease

withdraw symptoms, and offer an effective treatment for

nicotine addiction.

Page 28: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates
Page 29: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates
Page 30: Autonomic (Vegetative) nervous systemphysiology.nuph.edu.ua/.../2018/01/Autonomic-NS.pdf · receptors in the Central Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. Nicotine stimulates

Literature

Anatomy and physiology. - The

McGraw−Hill, Companies, 2003

www.mhhe.com/seeley6