AUTOMOTIVE PARTSgpambala.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Digital-Contents-of-Auto-Engg..pdf · Valery Marinov, Manufacturing Technology Boring 121 6.5 BORING Introduction Boring

AUTOMOTIVE PARTS

Presented by:Asst.Prof.Dr.Hasan Hacisevki

Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1

ENGINE BLOCK:

ENGINE BLOCKS

ARE GENERALLY MANUFACTURED FROM CAST IRON OR ALUMINIUM ALLOY. CRANK

SHAFT, ENGINE

CYLINDER HEAD,

SUMP AND OTHER

COMPONENTS

ARE FIXED ON

BLOCK.


A TYPICAL INLINE 4 AND V - BLOCK


CRANK SHAFT:

CRANK SHAFT IS

PRODUCED FROM

FORGED STEEL OR

MACHINED STEEL.

IT IS SUPPORTED

ON BLOCK FROM

MAIN JOURNALS

AND CARRYING

CONNECTING RODS

AND FLYWHEEL

ASSEMBLY. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4

CONNECTING ROD:

CONNECTING RODS

ARE PRODUCED FROM

STEEL, ALUMINIUM OR

TITANIUM BY CASTING

OR FORGING TECHNICS.

THEY CARRIES PISTONS

AND CONNECTED ON

CRANK SHAFT FROM

CRANK JOURNALS.


PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD ASSEMBLY:


VALVES:

VALVES ARE

PRODUCED FROM

FORGED STEEL.

THERE ARE TWO

TYPES;

1. INLET VALVES

2. EXHAUST VALVES


CAMSHAFT:

CAMSHAFTS ARE

PRODUCED FROM

FORGED STEEL.

THERE IS A LOBE

FOR EACH VALVE

ON THE CAMSHAFT.


FUEL SYSTEM

Function of the fuel system is

to store and supply fuel to the

cylinder chamber where it

can be mixed with air,

vaporized, and burned to

produce energy. The fuel,

which can be either gasoline

or diesel is stored in a fuel

tank. A fuel pump draws the

fuel from the tank through

fuel lines and delivers it

through a fuel filter to either a

carburetor or fuel injector,

then delivered to the cylinder

chamber for combustion.


FUEL SYSTEM


CARBURETOR

A carburetor is basically

a device for mixing air

and fuel in the correct

amounts for efficient

combustion. The

carburetor bolts to the

engine intake manifold.

The air cleaner fits over

the top of the carburetor

to trap dust and dirt. The

basic carburetor

consists of the following

parts:


CARBURETOR SYSTEMS

The seven basic

carburetor systems are

the following:

1.Float system

2.Idle system

3.Off idle system

4.Acceleration system

5.High-speed system

6.Full-power system

7.Choke system


AIR AND FUEL FILTER

AIR FILTER IS USED

TO FILTER COMING

AIR TO PROTECT

ENGINE

COMPONENTS

AGAINST

EXCESSIVE WEAR.


Boring 121Valery Marinov, Manufacturing Technology

6.5 BORING

Introduction

Boring is a process of producing circular internal profiles on a hole made by drilling or another process. It uses single point cutting tool called a boring bar. In boring, the boring bar can be rotated, or the workpart can be rotated. Machine tools which rotate the boring bar against a stationary workpiece are called boring machines (also boring mills). Boring can be accomplished on a turning machine with a stationary boring bar positioned in the tool post and rotating workpiece held in the lathe chuck as illustrated in the figure. In this section, we will consider only boring on boring machines.

Boring operation on a lathe.

Cutting conditions in boring

Since boring is an operation quite similar to turning, the same type of cutting conditions could be considered.

Set-up of the boring operation on a boring machine.

Boring122 Valery Marinov, Manufacturing Technology

Boring machines

Boring machines can be horizontal or vertical according to the orientation of the axis of rotation of the machine spindle.

In horizontal boring operation, boring bar is mounted in a tool slide, which position is adjusted relative to the spindle face plate to machine different diameters. The boring bar must be supported on the other end when boring long and small-diameter holes.

Horizontal boring machine (Left) and vertical boring mill (Right).

A vertical boring mill is used for large, heavy workparts with diameters up to 12 m. The typical boring mill can position and feed several cutting tools simultaneously. The workpart is mounted on a rotating worktable.

Cutting tool for boring

The typical boring bar is shown in the figure. When boring with a rotating tool, size is controlled by changing the radial position of the tool slide, which hold the boring bar, with respect to the spindle axis of rotation. For finishing machining, the boring bar is additionally mounted in an adjustable boring head for more precise control of the bar radial position.

Boring bar with indexable carbide insert (Left), and adjustable boring head with accessories (Right).

Machine Design II Prof. K.Gopinath & Prof. M.M.Mayuram

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

CLUTCH

Clutch Introduction

A Clutch is ia machine member used to connect the driving shaft to a driven

shaft, so that the driven shaft may be started or stopped at will, without stopping

the driving shaft. A clutch thus provides an interruptible connection between two

rotating shafts

Clutches allow a high inertia load to be stated with a small power.

A popularly known application of clutch is in automotive vehicles where it is used

to connect the engine and the gear box. Here the clutch enables to crank and

start the engine disengaging the transmission Disengage the transmission and

change the gear to alter the torque on the wheels. Clutches are also used

extensively in production machinery of all types

Mechanical Model

Two inertia’s and traveling at the respective angular velocities ωI and I1 2 1

and ω2, and one of which may be zero, are to be brought to the same speed

by engaging. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different

speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in temperature rise.

ω1

Ι1 Ι1

ω2

Clutch or brake

Dynamic Representation of Clutch or Brake

Figure 3.2.1



Animated

Figure 3.2.2

To design analyze the performance of these devices, a knowledge on the

following are required.

1. The torque transmitted

2. The actuating force.

3. The energy loss

4. The temperature rise

FRICTION CLUTCHES

As in brakes a wide range of clutches are in use wherein they vary in their are in

use their working principle as well the method of actuation and application of

normal forces. The discussion here will be limited to mechanical type friction



clutches or more specifically to the plate or disc clutches also known as axial

clutches

Frictional Contact axial or Disc Clutches

An axial clutch is one in which the mating frictional members are moved in a

direction parallel to the shaft. A typical clutch is illustrated in the figure below. It

consist of a driving disc connected to the drive shaft and a driven disc

co9nnected to the driven shaft. A friction plate is attached to one of the

members. Actuating spring keeps both the members in contact and

power/motion is transmitted from one member to the other. When the power of

motion is to be interrupted the driven disc is moved axially creating a gap

between the members as shown in the figure.

Figure 3.2.3



Flywheel

Clutch plate

Pressure plate

Clutch cover

Diaphragmspring

to transmission

Throw outBearing

Animated

Figure 3.2.4

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The torque that can be transmitted by a clutch is a function of its geometry and

the magnitude of the actuating force applied as well the condition of contact

prevailing between the members. The applied force can keep the members

together with a uniform pressure all over its contact area and the consequent

analysis is based on uniform pressure condition



Uniform Pressure and wear

However as the time progresses some wear takes place between the contacting

members and this may alter or vary the contact pressure appropriately and

uniform pressure condition may no longer prevail. Hence the analysis here is

based on uniform wear condition

Elementary Analysis

Assuming uniform pressure and considering an elemental area dA

dA = 2Π.r dr

The normal force on this elemental area is

dN 2 .r.dr.p= π

The frictional force dF on this area is therefore

dF f .2 .r.dr.p= π



<

< >do

Fr

di

dr

lining

A single-Surface Axial Disk Clutch

Figure 3.2.5

Now the torque that can be transmitted by this elemental are is equal to the

frictional force times the moment arm about the axis that is the radius ‘r’

i.e. T = dF. r = f.dN. r = f.p.A.r

= f.p.2.π.r. dr .r

The total torque that could be transmitted is obtained by integrating this equation

between the limits of inner radius ri to the outer radius ro

ro 22 3T 2 pfr dr pf (r r )o i3ri

= π = π −∫ 3

Integrating the normal force between the same limits we get the actuating force

that need to be applied to transmit this torque.



( )

a

2 2a o i

roF 2 prdr

riF r r

= π∫

= π − .p

Equation 1 and 2 can be combined together to give equation for the torque

3 3o i

a 2 2o i

(r r )2T fF .3 (r r )

−=

−

Uniform Wear Condition

According to some established theories the wear in a mechanical system is

proportional to the ‘PV’ factor where P refers the contact pressure and V the

sliding velocity. Based on this for the case of a plate clutch we can state

The constant-wear rate Rw is assumed to be proportional to the

product of pressure p and velocity V.

Rw= pV= constant

And the velocity at any point on the face of the clutch is V r.= ω

Combining these equation, assuming a constant angular velocity ω

pr = constant = K

The largest pressure pmax must then occur at the smallest radius ri ,

max iK p r=

Hence pressure at any point in the contact region

imax

rp p

r=



In the previous equations substituting this value for the pressure term p and

integrating between the limits as done earlier we get the equation for the torque

transmitted and the actuating force to be applied.

I.e The axial force Fa is found by substituting imax

rp p

r= for p.

and integrating equation dN 2 prdr= π

r ro o riF 2 prdr 2 p rdr 2 p r (r r )max max i o irr ri i

⎛ ⎞= π = π = π −⎜ ⎟∫ ∫ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Similarly the Torque

ro 2 2T f 2 p r rdr f p r (r rmax i max i o iri

= π = π −∫ )

Substituting the values of actuating force Fa

The equation can be given as

(r r )o iT fF .a 2

+=

Single plate dry Clutch – Automotive application

The clutch used in automotive applications is generally a single plate dry clutch.

In this type the clutch plate is interposed between the flywheel surface of the

engine and pressure plate.



Flywheel

Frictionplanes

Clutch plate(driven disk)

Pressure platePressure spring

HousingReleasebearing

Enginecrankshaft

To release

Totransmission

Figure 3.2.6

Single Clutch and Multiple Disk Clutch

Basically, the clutch needs three parts. These are the engine flywheel, a friction

disc called the clutch plate and a pressure plate. When the engine is running

and the flywheel is rotating, the pressure plate also rotates as the pressure plate

is attached to the flywheel. The friction disc is located between the two. When



the driver has pushed down the clutch pedal the clutch is released. This action

forces the pressure plate to move away from the friction disc. There are now air

gaps between the flywheel and the friction disc, and between the friction disc and

the pressure plate. No power can be transmitted through the clutch.

Operation Of Clutch

When the driver releases the clutch pedal, power can flow through the clutch.

Springs in the clutch force the pressure plate against the friction disc. This action

clamps the friction disk tightly between the flywheel and the pressure plate. Now,

the pressure plate and friction disc rotate with the flywheel.

As both side surfaces of the clutch plate is used for transmitting the torque, a

term ‘N’ is added to include the number of surfaces used for transmitting the

torque

By rearranging the terms the equations can be modified and a more general form

of the equation can be written as

T N.f .F .Ra m=

T is the torque (Nm).

N is the number of frictional discs in contact.

f is the coefficient of friction

Fa is the actuating force (N).

Rm is the mean or equivalent radius (m).

Note that N = n1 + n2 -1

Where n1= number of driving discs

n2 = number of driven discs

Values of the actuating force F and the mean radius for the two conditions of

analysis are summarized and shown in the table

mr



Clutch Construction

Two basic types of clutch are the coil-spring clutch and the diaphragm-spring

clutch. The difference between them is in the type of spring used. The coil

spring clutch shown in left Fig 3.2.6 uses coil springs as pressure springs (only

two pressure spring is shown). The clutch shown in right figure 3.2.6 uses a

diaphragm spring.

Figure 3.2.6

The coil-spring clutch has a series of coil springs set in a circle.

At high rotational speeds, problems can arise with multi coil spring clutches

owing to the effects of centrifugal forces both on the spring themselves and the

lever of the release mechanism.

These problems are obviated when diaphragm type springs are used, and a

number of other advantages are also experienced



Clutch or Driven Plate

More complex arrangements are used on the driven or clutch plate to facilitate

smooth function of the clutch

The friction disc, more generally known as the clutch plate, is shown partly cut

away in Fig. It consists of a hub and a plate, with facings attached to the plate.

Figure 3.2.7

First to ensure that the drive is taken up progressively, the centre plate, on which

the friction facings are mounted, consists of a series of cushion springs which is

crimped radially so that as the clamping force is applied to the facings the

crimping is progressively squeezed flat, enabling gradual transfer of the force

On the release of the clamping force, the plate springs back to its original

position crimped (wavy) state



This plate is also slotted so that the heat generated does not cause distortion that

would be liable to occur if it were a plain plate. This plate is of course thin to keep

rotational inertia to a minimum.

Plate to hub Connection

Secondly the plate and its hub are entirely separate components, the drive being

transmitted from one to the other through coil springs interposed between them.

These springs are carried within rectangular holes or slots in the hub and plate

and arranged with their axes aligned appropriately for transmitting the drive.

These dampening springs are heavy coil springs set in a circle around the hub.

The hub is driven through these springs. They help to smooth out the torsional

vibration (the power pulses from the engine) so that the power flow to the

transmission is smooth.

In a simple design all the springs may be identical, but in more sophisticated

designs the are arranged in pairs located diametrically opposite, each pair having

a different rate and different end clearances so that their role is progressive

providing increasing spring rate to cater to wider torsional damping

The clutch plate is assembled on a splined shaft that carries the rotary motion to

the transmission. This shaft is called the clutch shaft, or transmission input shaft.

This shaft is connected to the gear box or forms a part of the gear box.

Friction Facings or Pads

It is the friction pads or facings which actually transmit the power from the fly

wheel to hub in the clutch plate and from there to the out put shaft. There are



grooves in both sides of the friction-disc facings. These grooves prevent the

facings from sticking to the flywheel face and pressure plate when the clutch is

disengaged. The grooves break any vacuum that might form and cause the

facings to stick to the flywheel or pressure plate. The facings on many friction

discs are made of cotton and asbestos fibers woven or molded together and

impregnated with resins or other binding agents. In many friction discs, copper

wires are woven or pressed into the facings to give them added strength.

However, asbestos is being replaced with other materials in many clutches.

Some friction discs have ceramic-metallic facings.

Such discs are widely used in multiple plate clutches

The minimize the wear problems, all the plates will be enclosed in a covered

chamber and immersed in an oil medium

Such clutches are called wet clutches

Multiple Plate Clutches

Figure 3.2.8

The properties of the frictional lining are important factors in the design of the

clutches



Typical characteristics of some widely used friction linings are given in the table

Table Properties of common clutch/ Brake lining materials

Friction MaterialAgainst Steel or Cl

Dynamic Coefficient of Friction

Maximum Pressure Maximum Temprerature

Molded

Woven

Sintered metal

Cast iron of hard steel

0.25-0.45

0.25-0.45

0.15-0.45

0.15-0.25

0.06-0.09

0.08-0.10

0.05-0.08

0.03-0.06

1030-2070

345-690

1030-2070

690-720

204-260

204-260

232-677

260

dry in oilKPa oC

Table 3.2.1

1 | P a g e

Driving License And

Its Types

Prepared by: Mr. Navneet Gupta

.

Lecturer (Government Polytechnic College, Ambala City)

NAVNEET GUPTA Page 2

Driving licence in India

In India, the driving licence is the official document which authorises its

holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on highways and some

other roads to which the public have access. In various Indian states, they are administered by the Regional Transport

Authorities/Offices (RTA/RTO). A driving licence is required in India by

any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in

the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

A modern photo of the driving licence can also serve many of the purposes

of an identity card in non-driving contexts (proof of identity (e.g. when

opening a bank account) or age (e.g. when applying for a mobile

connection)

Applications for a provisional driving licence can be made from the age of

16. Valid for driving a moped or gearless motorcycle (with a capacity of

up to 50 cc) from aged 16,[1] and a car from aged 18 or older to drive any

other type of vehicle.[2] The common "All India Permit" allows the

licensee to drive throughout the country.[3] For driving

commercial/transport vehicles, one should obtain endorsement (and a

minimum age of 20 years, in some states) in the driving licence to effect

under s.3(1) of The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Until a driving test (which

consists of three sections: verbal or written test (depending on the state),

road sign test followed by a supervised driving examination)[4] has been

passed a driver may hold only a provisional licence and be subject to

certain conditions.

Tests on basic driving rules are conducted at the RTOs when an individual

applies for provisional licence. The theoretical test in India consists of

basic road sign questions, which are the same for car and motorcycle tests:

Multiple choice questions – 20 questions with a choice of possible

answers. At least 12 questions should be answered correctly to pass this

section.

Verbal or written test (depending on the state)

The theory test are completed on the computer, and both must be passed in

order to pass the theory test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Transport_Office

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Transport_Office

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Vehicles_Act,_1988

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moped

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_India#cite_note-Not_18_years_old?_You_can%E2%80%99t_ride_bikes_over_50cc-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_India#cite_note-MOTOR_VEHICLES_ACT,_1988-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_India#cite_note-3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_India#cite_note-Foreign_Drivers_in_India:_Legal_Aspects-4


Driving licence categories This is a list of the categories that might be found on a driving licence in

India.

MC 50CC (Motorcycle 50cc) — motorcycles with an engine capacity

of 50 cc or less.

MC EX50CC (Motorcycle more than 50cc) — motorcycles and (Light

Motor Vehicle)CAR.

FVG—Motorcycles of any engine capacity, but without gears,

including mopeds and scooters

MC With Gear or M/CYCL.WG (Motorcycle With Gear) — all

motorcycles.

LMV (Light Motor Vehicle) — including motorcars, jeeps, taxis,

delivery vans.

LMV-NT (Light Motor Vehicle—Non Transport) — for personal use

only

LMV-TR (Light Motor Vehicle—Transport) — for commercial

transportation including light goods carrier.[6]

HMV (Heavy Motor Vehicle)

HPMV (Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle)

HTV Heavy Transport Vehicle (Heavy Goods Motor Vehicle, Heavy

Passenger Motor Vehicle)

TRAILER — a person holding a heavy vehicle driving licence can only

apply for heavy trailer licence

Most of the legislation regarding licensing is in the Rules of the Road

Regulation and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Private/Commercial drivers

should have an additional Badge if they are driving a taxi or any other

public transport vehicle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_India#cite_note-Driving_license_/_India_Drive_Safe-6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Vehicles_Act,_1988

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab

UNIT II

GEAR BOX

Necessity Of Gear Box In An Automobile

• The gear box is necessary in the transmission system

to maintain engine speed at the most economical value

under all conditions of vehicle movement. • An ideal gear box would provide an infinite range of

gear ratios, so that the engine speed should be kept at

or near that the maximum power is developed what

ever the speed of the vehicle.

Function Of A Gear Box

• Torque ratio between the engine and wheels to be

varied for rapid acceleration and for climbing gradients.

• It provides means of reversal of vehicle motion. • Transmission can be disconnected from engine by

neutral position of gear box

Selective Type Gear Box

• It is the transmission in which any speed may be selected from the neutral position.

• In this type of transmission neutral position has to be

obtained before selecting any forward or reverse gear.

Some selective type gear boxes are, 1. Constant mesh gear box with positive dog clutch.

2. Constant mesh gear box with synchromesh device.

3. Sliding mesh gear box

Sliding mesh gear box

It is the simplest and oldest type of gear box.

1. The clutch gear is rigidly fixed to the clutch shaft. 2. The clutch gear always remains connected to the drive gear of

countershaft. 3. The other lay shaft gears are also rigidly fixed with it. 4. Two gears are mounted on the main shaft and can be sliding

by shifter yoke when shifter is operated. 5. One gear is second & top speed gear and the other is the first

and reverse speed gears. All gears used are spur gears. 6. A reverse idler gear is mounted on another shaft and always

remains connected to reverse gear of counter shaft

Sliding mesh gear box

FIRST GEAR

• By operating gearshift lever, the larger gear on main shaft is

made to slide and mesh with first gear of countershaft.

• The main shaft turns in the same direction as clutch shaft in the

ratio of 3:1.

SECOND GEAR

• By operating gear shaft lever, the smaller gear on the main shaft is

made to slide and mesh with second gear of counter shaft. • A gear reduction of approximately 2:1 is obtained.

TOP GEAR

• By operating gearshift lever, the combined second speed gear and

top speed gear is forced axially against clutch shaft gear. • External teeth on clutch gear mesh with internal teeth on top gear

and the gear ratio is 1:1.

REVERSE GEAR

• By

is

operating gearshift lever,

meshed with reverse idler

the

gear.

larger

gear of

main shaft

• The reverse idler gear is always on the mesh with counter shaft

reverse gear. Interposing the idler gear, between reverse and

main shaft gear, the main shaft turns in a direction opposite to

clutch shaft.

NEUTRAL GEAR

• When engine is running and the clutch is engaged, clutch shaft

gear drives the drive gear of the lay shaft and thus lay shaft

also rotates. • But the main shaft remains stationary as no gears in main

shaft are engaged with lay shaft gears.

CONSTANT MESH GEARBOX

Explanation about the constant mesh gearbox

• In this type of gearbox, all the gears of the main shaft

are in constant mesh with corresponding gears of the

countershaft. • The gears on the main shaft which are bushed are free

to rotate. • The dog clutches are provided on main shaft. • The gears on the lay shaft are, however, fixed. • When the left Dog clutch is slide to the left by means of

the selector mechanism, its teeth are engaged with those

on the clutch gear and we get the direct gear

Contd….

• The same dog clutch, however, when slide to right

makes contact with the second gear and second gear is

obtained. • Similarly movement of the right dog clutch to the left

results in low gear and towards right in reverse gear.

Usually the helical gears are used in constant mesh

gearbox for smooth and noiseless operation

SYNCHROMESH GEARBOX

During engaged the synchromesh gearbox

Explanation about the synchromesh gearbox

• This type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type

gearbox.

• Instead of using dog clutches here synchronizers are used.

• The modern cars use helical gears and synchromesh devices in

gearboxes, that synchronize the rotation of gears that are

about to be meshed SYNCHRONIZERS

• This type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type in

that all the gears on the main shaft are in constant mesh with the corresponding gears on the lay shaft.

• The gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it while those on the

main shaft are free to rotate on the same.

NAVNEET GUPTA[Type text] Page 1

Indian Highways & Highway Code Prepared By:-Mr. Navneet Gupta Lecturer (Govt. Polytechnic Collage Ambala City)


Indian Highways – Milestone Colour Codes

Milestones, mile markers, or mileposts are all names given to

stones that tell us how far away from that point our

destination is. They are reference points along the road. But

did you know that milestones don’t just tell the distance?

The milestones you see on Indian highways typically have white backgrounds.

The white is combined with different colour codes.

Yellow head represents National Highway.

A green head represents State Highway.

The blue or black head represents city or district road, while the orange head

represents Pradhan Mantri Gram Saḍak Yojna Road.

It would be interesting to note that on undivided highways, both sides of a

milestone are used to tell the distance to the nearest city. The highway number

can be seen on the head of the milestone. On the side, one can see the sum of

distances of two nearest cities in each direction from the milestone.

So next time, don’t just look at the distance, there are quite a lot of things you

can judge from a mere stone.


Highway Code In India

Travelling in India is an almost hallucinatory potion of sound, spectacle and

experience. It is frequently heart-rending, sometimes hilarious, mostly

exhilarating, always unforgettable - and, when you are on the roads, extremely

dangerous.

To the Westerner, the behaviour of drivers seems to cross Space Invaders with a

profound belief in reincarnation. The Ambassador cars, Bombay-built

derivatives of the Fifties Morris Oxford, rattle tourists to palaces and temples

like time- capsules in a game of virtual unreality. There is an explanation for

this behaviour. Most Indian road users observe a version of the Highway Code

based on a Sanskrit text. These 12 rules of the Indian road are published for the

first time in English.

Article I

The assumption of immortality is required of all road users.

Article II

Indian traffic, like Indian society, is structured on a strict caste system. The

following precedence must be accorded at all times. In descending order, give

way to: cows, elephants, heavy trucks, buses, official cars, camels, light trucks,

buffalo, Jeeps, ox-carts, private cars, motorcycles, scooters, auto-rickshaws,

pigs, pedal rickshaws, goats, bicycles (goods carrying), handcarts, bicycles

(passenger carrying), dogs, pedestrians.

Article III

All wheeled vehicles shall be driven in accordance with the maxim: to slow is to

falter, to brake is to fail, to stop is defeat. This is the Indian drivers' mantra.

Article IV

Use of horn (also known as the sonic fender or aural amulet):

Cars (IV, 1, a-c): Short blasts (urgent) indicate supremacy, ie in clearing dogs,

rickshaws and pedestrians from path. Long blasts (desperate) denote

supplication, ie to oncoming truck, 'I am going too fast to stop, so unless you

slow down we shall both die.' In extreme cases this may be accompanied by

flashing of headlights (frantic). Single blast (casual) means 'I have seen

someone out of India's population of 870 million whom I recognise'; 'There is a

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bird in the road (which at this speed could go through my windscreen)', or 'I

have not blown my horn for several minutes.'

Trucks and buses (IV, 2, a): All horn signals have the same meaning, viz, 'I

have an all-up weight of approximately 12 1/2 tons and have no intention of

stopping, even if I could.' This signal may be em-phasised by the use of

headlamps (insouciant).

Article IV remains subject to the provisions of Order of Precedence in Article II

above.

Article V

All manoeuvres, use of horn and evasive action shall be left until the last

possible moment.

Article VI

In the absence of seat belts (which there is), car occupants shall wear garlands

of marigolds. These should be kept fastened at all times.

Article VII

Rights of way: Traffic entering a road from the left has priority. So does traffic

from the right, and also traffic in the middle.

Lane discipline (VII, 1): All Indian traffic at all times and irrespective of

direction of travel shall occupy the centre of the road.

Article VIII

Roundabouts: India has no roundabouts. Apparent traffic islands in the middle

of crossroads have no traffic management function. Any other impression

should be ignored.

Article IX

Overtaking is mandatory. Every moving vehicle is required to overtake every

other moving vehicle, irrespective of whether it has just overtaken you.

Overtaking should only be undertaken in suitable locations, such as in the face

of oncoming traffic, on blind bends, at junctions and in the middle of

villages/city centres. No more than two inches should be allowed between your

vehicle and the one you are passing - one inch in the case of bicycles or

pedestrians.

Article X


Nirvana may be obtained through the head-on crash.

Article XI

Reversing: no longer applicable since no vehicle in India has reverse gear.

Article XII

The 10th incarnation of God was as an articulated tanker.

1 Error! No text of specified style in document. | NAVNEET GUPTA

Insurance Claim Procedure

Prepared By:- Mr. Navneet Gupta

Lecturer(Govt. Polytechnic Collage Ambala City)

2 NAVNEET GUPTA

What is the process that one should follow to get compensation after facing a road accident? The sight of the accident is very common on Indian roads. Over 400 people were killed in road accidents every day in 2015, government data reveals. The hapless victims are left paralyzed on the street and after by the intricacies involved in legal machinery.

Here is a simplified guide on how one can get compensation if it ever becomes a victim of a road accident.

Compensation to the Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

Rapid justice and speedy trial are two eyes of any justice delivery system. The justice delivery system in M.A.C.T (Motor Accident Claims Tribunal cases) is far away from satisfactory. Say, an owner of a brand new Mercedes while returning from his game of hunting crashes his car into a footpath, killing civilians over it.

There are two facets in this circumstance-

1. One is the commission of the criminal offense. 2. Second is the compensation claim.

What to Do After an Accident?

A case is registered by the local police on complaining or either they will take cognizance on their own. (Registration of F.I.R). For this-

One should take pictures of the accident scene or even a video for use as evidence later on. Even just a passer-by can do this and provide the photos or videos to police for support in investigation and delivery of justice.

They should, however, call the 100 number (police hotline) and inform what the situation is in a clear and calm manner.

What is said on this call gets recorded and can be used as evidence later on.

After this, police has to register FIR, investigate and then charge-sheet the accused. After this, the judicial mechanism will set itself into motion.

Legal intricacies involving demand of proper compensation to be put forward before MACT tribunal.

3 NAVNEET GUPTA

Who Can Claim Compensation in Motor Accident Cases?

Section 165 (claim for compensation) can be made–

1. By the person who has sustained the injury. 2. By the owner of the property where death has resulted from the

motor accident. 3. By all or any of the legal representatives of the deceased. 4. By any agent duly authorized by the person injured or all or any of

the legal representatives of the deceased, as the case may be.

Jurisdiction: Where Should One Claim Compensation for Motor Accident?

If a man from Calcutta is on a tour to Kanyakumari and gets involved in the motor accident at Kanyakumari then, where should he file a road accident compensation claim? The Procedure requires as follows:

Every application is to be mad at the option of the claimant, either to the Claims Tribunal who is having jurisdiction over the area in which the accident occurred. (Place Of Accident)

Or to the Claims Tribunal within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the claimant resides (Nearest Tribunal to Victim) or carries on business.

Or within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the defendant resides(Nearest Tribunal Where The Accused Resides).[1]

If the Driver Had No Fault in the Motor Accident then, Can the Victim Still Get Road Accident Compensation?

A, as per her mother’s instruction went to a shop for local veggies. First, she looked left then right and then left and then took the zebra crossing. But, while crossing hurriedly, she was hit by a car. Even though there was no fault on either side, what could be the intricacies involved while demanding road accident compensation in this case?

No Fault Liability in Case of Motor Accident for Drivers

Where death or permanent disablement of any person has resulted from an accident arising out of the use of a motor vehicle, the owner of the vehicle or the owners of the vehicles, will be liable to pay road accident compensation in respect of such death or disablement.

4 NAVNEET GUPTA

In the case of death, the minimum sum to be paid is INR 50,000/- and in the case of disablement, a minimum sum to be paid is INR 25,000/-[2], and this minimum is subject to additional compensation which the tribunal might grant under s 163A.

For a victim, one does not need to prove the negligence of the opposite side, it is assumed. The victim need not be required to plead and establish that the death or permanent disablement in respect of which the claim has been made, was due to any wrongful act, neglect or default of the owner or owners of the vehicle or vehicles concerned or of any other person.

How Much Road Accident Compensation is One Entitled to in Case of Motor Vehicle Accident in India?

Simply put, if a driver is involved in an accident in India and if it caused victim’s death then, a minimum of INR 50,000/- and if permanent disablement is caused then, a minimum of INR 25,000/- must be paid.

A claims tribunal can pay even more after considering the case. The owner of the motor vehicle or the authorized insurer shall be liable to pay in the case of death or permanent disablement due to accident arising out of the use of a motor vehicle under section 163A.

“There can be no doubt that, compensation claimed u/s 140 is governed by the no fault principle”.[3]

Permanent disablement for this purpose means–

1. Permanent privation of the sight of either eye or the hearing of either ear or privation of any member or joint.

2. Destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any member or joint.

3. Permanent dis-figuration of the head or face.

Third Party Liability in Case of Car Accidents and Insurance Requirement

For instance: ‘A’ purchases a motor vehicle through a Nationalized Bank on 1.10.1993 and the said vehicle is insured for ‘The Period Of One Year’. He sells the vehicle to ‘B’ on 3.11.1993. The Motor Vehicle in the custody of ‘B’ meets with an accident on 6.11.1993 and the name of the owner of the said vehicle is not yet changed in the R.C Book. ‘A’ has not sent an application in

5 NAVNEET GUPTA

the ‘Prescribed Form’ about the Transfer of Motor Vehicles to the Insurance Company immediately.[4]

1. Whether the transfer of motor vehicle has to be allowed to put an end to the Insurance Policy automatically or

2. Whether the mere transfer of motor vehicle entangles the statutory protection of just compensation amount to the victims.

The driving of an uninsured Motor Vehicles is an offense, requiring punishment for 3 months Or fine of one thousand Rupees under Section 196 of the act.

Moreover, in case of sale of a car or other vehicles, the person selling the motor vehicle shall apply within fourteen days, from the date of transfer, in the prescribed form to the insurer for making necessary changes in regard to the fact of transfer in the certificate of insurance and the policy described in the certificate in his favor and the insurer shall make the necessary changes in the certificate and the policy of insurance in regard to the transfer of insurance.

The transfer of the motor vehicle puts an end to the compulsory insurance policy itself as the application in the ‘prescribed form’ is not sent to the Insurance Company.

Further, the complication arises when the said vehicle is hypothecated by a Nationalized Bank and under such circumstances, the poor victims are shoved to the ‘sea of troubles’ for their inability of getting the compensation amount in time.

Is A Pillion Rider Entitled to Road Accident Compensation in A Case of Two-Wheeler Accident Or A Co-Passenger in Case of Car Accident?

The Supreme Court created a precedent to be followed in cases involving pillion riders and co-passengers.

The liability of the insurance company in a case of this nature is not extended to a pillion rider or a co-passenger of the motor vehicle unless the requisite amount of premium is paid for covering his/her risk.

The pillion rider in a two wheeler or a co-passenger in a car is not to be treated as a third party when the accident has taken place

6 NAVNEET GUPTA

owing to the rash and negligent riding of the two-wheeler or car and not on the part of the driver of another vehicle.[5]

It is thus settled that, the liability of the insurance company is not extended to a pillion rider or a co-passenger of the motor vehicle unless the requisite amount of premium is paid for covering this risk.

The legal obligation cannot be extended to an injury or death of the owner of the vehicle or the pillion rider. Further, the pillion rider on a two-wheeler cannot be treated as a third party when the accident has taken place owing to the rash and negligent riding of the scooter and not on the part of the driver of another vehicle.

Road Accident Compensation in Case Where Both Driver And the Victim Were Negligent

What if victims were also negligent while the driver was also negligent and the accident occurred due to the contributory negligence of both parties?

For example, someone starts driving on a one-way road in the wrong direction while another car is driving in the right direction but, without headlights on. The two collide which results in severe injury to the two wheeler driver. Would he be entitled to any road accident compensation?

Contributory negligence is when the claimant himself has been negligent and has contributed to the occurrence of the accident. In contributory negligence, the victim himself has contributed and therefore, his compensation gets reduced in proportion to his fault. Thus, if the victim is equally negligent and has contributed to the accident in equal measures, he would get only half the compensation.

On the other hand, Composite negligence means where the accident occurs due to the negligence of two or more persons but, not the victim. In an accident involving two or more vehicles, where a third party claims damages for loss or injuries, it is said that the road accident compensation is payable in respect of the composite negligence of the drivers of those vehicles.

In such a case, each wrongdoer is jointly and severally liable to the injured for the payment of the entire damages and the injured person has the choice of proceeding against all or any of them.[6]

7 NAVNEET GUPTA

What Happens in Case of the Accident Caused by an Underage Driver?

Chachu giving keys to his niece and nephew is common in India. But, what would a person do if he is hit by a minor driving a vehicle? In these cases, Insurance company does not provide with road accident compensation on behalf of the insurer and the liability lies on the child’s legal parent or guardian.

Compensation Provided in Motor Vehicle Accident Where Victim is a Child

A child is not the bread earner of the family and hence, the death of a child during a motor vehicle accident involves different intricacies. Along with awarding for pecuniary losses, the court also has to award for future losses. Pain and suffering caused because of the sudden demise of life, the age of the child, while the accident took place, etc has to be factored in.

The apex court formed a point that, while considering such claims, child’s performance in school, the reputation of the school etc. might be taken into consideration.When records show that the children were good in studies and were studying in a reasonably good school [7] then naturally, their future prospect would be presumed to be good and bright. Since they were children, there is no yardstick to measure the loss for future prospects of these children. However, as already noted, they were performing well in studies, the natural consequence was supposed to be a bright future.

What Happens in the Case Where Victim of a Motor Vehicle Accident is a Housewife?

When the victim of an accident is a housewife then the settled law is [8] “for the purpose of awarding compensation to the dependents” some pecuniary estimate has to be made of the services of housewife/mother.

The amount payable to the dependants cannot be diminished on the ground that some other family member can take care of the well-being of the family as the deceased housewife did. In its wisdom, the legislature had, as early as in 1994, fixed the notional income of a non-earning person at Rs.15,000/- per annum and in the case of a spouse, 1/3rd income of the earning/surviving spouse for the purpose of computing the road accident compensation.

Plight of the Victims Due to Ambulance Chaser

8 NAVNEET GUPTA

The legal profession has its share of ‘ambulance chasers,’ as they are called in some of the western countries. These are the lawyers who make a living out of the motor vehicle accidents. It is a well-oiled network where the lawyers and the police act in close co-ordination[9].

It is woeful to note that the moment an accident takes place, the Police Inspector concerned gets in touch with the particular network of lawyers. Such lawyers swoop on the hapless victims who are in a confused state and even when the dead body is placed for funeral ceremony or the said ceremony is just over, they allure the said victims with promises of getting the huge road accident compensation amount, without spending any amount of money from their purse even for the stamps in the M.A.C.T petitions.

The poor overwhelmed accident victims believe the promises of such lawyers and entrust the briefs to them by signing the blank papers, including stamped papers and withdrawal slips, in advance without the knowledge of the victims in such cases. Further, their counsels themselves enter into the compromise with the Insurance company as to the compensation amount, even without the consent or knowledge of the victims.

Compensation Provided to the Victim in Hit And Run Cases

In Salman Khan’s case– “The verdict doesn’t really affect us in any way,” Mohammad Kaleem, 35, tells The Indian Express from Sultanpur. “How do we benefit if he is sent to jail? I received Rs 1.5 lakh in compensation but, it was spent on my treatment. We’re poor and the jail term won’t fill our stomachs.”

Section 163 A of M.V. Act deals with the situations involving hit and run cases. After the accident, either the victim or his legal representative can file an application to the Claim Officer of the taluka where the jurisdiction lies. After the proper inquiry and the procedure involving submission of post mortem certificate or injury certificate, road accident compensation may be provided from the solatium fund created by the government within 15 days.

Time Limit for Filing of Complaint Before the Tribunal for Motor Vehicle Accidents in India

9 NAVNEET GUPTA

There is no time limitation for filing road accident compensation claims before the tribunal in respect of any accident. Parliament realized the grave injustice and injury which was being caused to the heirs and legal representatives of the victims, who died in accidents, by rejecting their claim petitions only on the ground of limitation. [10]

Who is to Compensate in Cases of an Accident of Bus Passengers in India

Situations, where passengers get down of bus even before the bus stops or in the traffic jams, in such or similar circumstances, the conductor and the driver must be careful and they have a duty towards the passengers in not allowing them to be injured in any way. [11]

A lady passenger was getting down the bus and her one foot was on the footboard and other on the road, when the conductor gave the whistle and the driver moved the bus and she was knocked down and was dragged along by the body of the bus and sustained fatal injuries. It is the crew of the bus who is negligent for the accident which occurs at a place where the bus is to stop, though it is not a bus stop.

“But the fundamental duty of both the driver as well as the conductor is to verify specifically, whether any passengers is getting into the bus or is getting down from the bus, before actually the bus is moved from the bus stop where it is stopped, irrespective of the fact whether that place or stopping is a bus stop or not”.[12]

The onus to compensate the victim lies on the owner of the bus or the insurance company of the bus owner.

Factors Affecting the Claim for Compensation of Motor Vehicle Accident in India

While awarding a claim for compensation, the court looks for the following factors-[13]

1. All the parties are heard (including the insurer). Tribunal decides the case on merits (Example on above as, whether there was a third party risk involved or not, whether there was composite or contributory negligence or not etc.)

2. When a road accident compensation is awarded, the person who is required to pay that amount has to pay it within 30 days of announcing of orders.

10 NAVNEET GUPTA

3. Even simple interest is applied on the amount from the date of making of claims.[14] When the person required to pay the road accident compensation is willingly or otherwise not paying the amount, the tribunal can order Collector to recover the money as it happens in cases of arrears of land revenue.[15]

That’s all about “How can one claim for Road Accident Compensation as per M.A.C.T. Guidelines”. Comment Below your views. And, Don’t forget to share the article.

Mechanical Properties of Metals

Module-4

1) Elastic deformation and Plastic deformation

2) Interpretation of tensile stress-strain curves

3) Yielding under multi-axial stress, Yield

criteria, Macroscopic aspects of plastic

deformation and Property variability &

Design considerations

Contents

Mechanical loads - Deformation

Object

External load

translation rotation deformation

distortion – change in shape

dilatation – change in size

Temporary / recoverable Permanent

time independent –

elastic

time dependent –

anelastic (under load),

elastic aftereffect (after removal of load)

Deformation – function of time?

time independent –

plastic

time dependent –

creep (under load),

combination of recoverable and permanent, but time

dependent – visco-elastic

Engineering Stress – Engineering Strain

Load applied acts over an area.

Parameter that characterizes the load effect is given as load

divided by original area over which the load acts. It is

called conventional stress or engineering stress or simply

stress. It is denoted by s.

Corresponding change in length of the object is

characterized using parameter – given as per cent change

in the length – known as strain. It is denoted by e.

As object changes its dimensions under applied load,

engineering stress and strain are not be the true

representatives.

0

0

0

,L

LLe

A

Ps

True Stress – True Strain

True or Natural stress and strain are defined to give true

picture of the instantaneous conditions.

True strain:

True stress:

...2

23

1

12

0

01

L

LL

L

LL

L

LL

0

ln

0L

L

L

dLL

L

)1(0

0

esA

A

A

P

A

P

Different loads – Strains

Elastic deformation

A material under goes elastic deformation first followed by

plastic deformation. The transition is not sharp in many

instances.

For most of the engineering materials, complete elastic

deformation is characterized by strain proportional to

stress. Proportionality constant is called elastic modulus or

Young’s modulus, E.

Non-linear stress-strain relation is applicable for materials.

E.g.: rubber.

E

For materials without linear stress-strain portion, either

tangent or secant modulus is used in design calculations.

Elastic deformation (contd…)

The tangent modulus is

taken as the slope of

stress-strain curve at

some specified level.

Secant module

represents the slope of

secant drawn from the

origin to some given

point of the - curve.


Theoretical basis for elastic deformation – reversible

displacements of atoms from their equilibrium positions –

stretching of atomic bonds.

Elastic moduli measures stiffness of material. It can also be

a measure of resistance to separation of adjacent atoms.

Elastic modulus = fn (inter-atomic forces)

= fn (inter-atomic distance)

= fn (crystal structure, orientation)

=> For single crystal elastic moduli are not isotropic.

For a polycrystalline material, it is considered as isotropic.

Elastic moduli slightly changes with temperature

(decreases with increase in temperature).


Linear strain is always accompanied by lateral strain, to

maintain volume constant.

The ratio of lateral to linear strain is called Poisson’s ratio

(ν).

Shear stresses and strains are related as τ = Gγ, where G is

shear modulus or elastic modulus in shear.

Bulk modulus or volumetric modulus of elasticity is

defined as ratio between mean stress to volumetric strain.

K = σm/Δ

All moduli are related through Poisson’s ratio.

)1(2

EG

)21(3

EK m

Plastic deformation

Following the elastic deformation, material undergoes

plastic deformation.

Also characterized by relation between stress and strain at

constant strain rate and temperature.

Microscopically…it involves breaking atomic bonds,

moving atoms, then restoration of bonds.

Stress-Strain relation here is complex because of atomic

plane movement, dislocation movement, and the obstacles

they encounter.

Crystalline solids deform by processes – slip and twinning

in particular directions.

Amorphous solids deform by viscous flow mechanism

without any directionality.

Plastic deformation (contd…)

Because of the complexity involved, theory of plasticity

neglects the following effects:

- Anelastic strain, which is time dependent recoverable

strain.

- Hysteresis behavior resulting from loading and un-

loading of material.

- Bauschinger effect – dependence of yield stress on

loading path and direction.

Equations relating stress and strain are called constitutive

equations.

A true stress-strain curve is called flow curve as it gives the

stress required to cause the material to flow plastically to

certain strain.

Plastic deformation (contd…)

Because of the complexity involved, there have been many

stress-strain relations proposed.

),,,( turemicrostrucTfn

nK

mK

nK )( 0

n

o K

Strain hardening exponent, n = 0.1-0.5

Strain-rate sensitivity, m = 0.4-0.9

Yield strength – σ0

Strain from previous work – ε0

Tensile stress-strain curve

A – Starting point E– Tensile strength

E’ – Corresponding to E on flow curve

F – Fracture point I – Fracture strain

Tensile stress-strain curve (contd…)

A – Starting point B – Proportional limit

C – Elastic limit D – Yield limit

G – 0.2% offset strain H – Yield strain

Tensile stress-strain curve (contd…)

Apart from different strains and strength points, two other

important parameters can be deduced from the curve are –

resilience and toughness.

Resilience (Ur) – ability to absorb energy under elastic

deformation

Toughness (Ut) – ability to absorb energy under loading

involving plastic deformation. Represents combination of

both strength and ductility.

E

s

E

ssesU r

22

1

2

12

00

000

fu

fut ess

esU2

0fut esU

3

2

area ADH

area AEFI(for brittle

materials)

Yielding under multi-axial stress

With on-set of necking, uni-axial stress condition turns into

tri-axial stress as geometry changes tales place. Thus flow

curve need to be corrected from a point corresponding to

tensile strength. Correction has been proposed by

Bridgman.

)2/1ln()/21(

)(

RaaR

avgx

where

(σx)avg measured stress in the axial direction,

a – smallest radius in the neck region,

R – radius of the curvature of neck

Yield criteria

von Mises or Distortion energy criterion:

yielding occurs once second invariant of stress deviator

(J2) reaches a critical value. In other terms, yield starts

once the distortion energy reaches a critical value.

2

2 kJ 2

13

2

32

2

212 )()()(6

1J

Under uni-axial tension, σ1 = σ0, and σ2= σ3= 0

21

2

13

2

32

2

210

0

22

0

2

0

)()()(2

1

3)(6

1kk

00 577.03

1k where k – yield stress under shear

Yield criteria (contd…)

Tresca or Maximum shear stress criterion

yielding occurs once the maximum shear stress of the

stress system equals shear stress under uni-axial stress.

2

31

max

Under uni-axial tension, σ1 = σ0, and σ2= σ3= 0

031

0

0

31

max22

0

31

2

1

2k

Under pure shear stress conditions (σ1 =- σ3 = k, σ2 = 0)

Macroscopic aspects – Plastic deformation

As a result of plastic deformation (Dislocation generation,

movement and (re-)arrangement ), following observations

can be made at macroscopic level:

dimensional changes

change in grain shape

formation of cell structure in a grain

Macroscopic aspects – Plastic deformation (contd…)

n

x

x

n

i

i

1

21

1

2

1

)(

n

xx

s

n

i

i

Property variability

Scatter in measured properties of engineering materials is

inevitable because of number of factors such as:

test method

specimen fabrication procedure

operator bias

apparatus calibration, etc.

Average value of x over n samples.Property variability measure –

Standard deviation

Scatter limits:

x - s, +sx

Design consideration

To account for property variability and unexpected failure,

designers need to consider tailored property values.

Parameters for tailoring: safety factor (N) and design factor

(N’). Both parameters take values greater than unity only.

E.g.: Yield strength

σw = σy / N σd = N’σc

where σw – working stress

σy – yield strength

σd – design stress

σc – calculated stress

Design consideration (contd…)

Values for N ranges around: 1.2 to 4.0.

Higher the value of N, lesser will the design efficiency i.e.

either too much material or a material having a higher than

necessary strength will be used.

Selection of N will depend on a number of factors:

economics

previous experience

the accuracy with which mechanical forces

material properties

the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life or

property damage.

NAVNEET GUPTA 1

[Pick the date]

Prepared By:-Navneet Gupta Lecturer(Govt. Polytechnic College Ambala City )

MOTOR VEHICLE ACT 1988

NAVNEET GUPTA 2

Motor vehicle Act 1988

Introduction

The number of people who get killed in motor vehicle

accidents is growing day by day. The main source to such

helpless people and their dependants is the compensation that

they are entitled to receive under law. But right from 1956,

motor accident compensation law has been in a state of flux. It

was in that year that the legislature amended the Motor

Vehicles Act, 1939 by inserting several new sections. Over

the years, many more amendments followed and in 1988, a

new Motor Vehicles Act replaced the old one. There are

various new rights created by the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988

for claiming compensation in case of any death or bodily

injury caused in an accident arising out of the use of a motor

vehicle.

Over the years, the judiciary has not only been called upon

from time to time to interpret these statutory provisions and

apply them to different facts and situations, but also to lay

down the legal principles for assessing compensation. The

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 does not provide any guidelines for

the identification of the items of loss to be compensated; nor

does it lay down any criteria for the computation of the

quantum of compensation for each item of loss. The author

has successfully dealt with such and other important

questions.

Comprehensive view of the provision of the Act

An attempt has been made to make a comprehensive review

of all aspects of the Motor Accident Compensation Law as per

the new Act of 1988. An Act to consolidate and amend

the law relating to motor vehicles. It be enacted by

parliament in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Republic of

India as follows .The objective and Reason for the act

NAVNEET GUPTA 3

were, the motor vehicles Act, 1939 (4 of 1939),

consolidates and amends the law relating to motor

vehicles. This has been amended several times to keep it

up to date. The need was, however, felt that this Act

should, now inter alia, take into account also changes in

the road transport technology, pattern of passenger and

freight movements, developments, of the road network in

the country and particularly the improved techniques in

the motor vehicles management.

Various Committees, like, National Transport Policy

Committee, National Police Commission, Road Safety

Committee, Low Powered Two ,Wheelers Committee, as

also the Law Commission have gone into different

aspects of road transport. They have recommended

updating, simplification and rationalization of this law.

Several Members of Parliament have also urged for

comprehensive review of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939,

to make it relevant to the modern – day requirements. A

Working Group was, therefore, constituted in January,

1984 to review all the provisions of the Motor Vehicles

Act, 1939 and to submit draft proposals for a

comprehensive legislation to replace the existing Act.

This Working Group took into account the suggestions

and recommendations earlier made by various bodies and

institutions like Central Institute of Road Transport.

After the coming into force of the Motor Vehicles Act,

1988, Government received a number of representations

and suggestions from the state govt. transport operators and

members of public regarding the inconvenience faced by

them because of the operation of some of the provisions

of the 1988 Act.

New Developments

NAVNEET GUPTA 4

There has been important suggestions made by the

Transport Development Council relate to, are the

introduction of newer type of vehicles and fast increasing

number of both commercial and personal vehicles in the

country. Providing adequate compensation to victims of

road accidents without going into long drawn procedure,

Protecting consumers’ interest in Transport Sector, concern

for road safety standards, transport of hazardous

chemicals and pollution control delegation of greater

powers to State Transport Authorities and rationalising

the role of public authorities in certain matters, the

simplification of procedures and policy liberalisation in

the field of Road Transport, enhancing penalties for traffic

offenders.

Report had recommended that every application for a

claim be made to the Claims Tribunal having jurisdiction

over the area in which the accident occurred or to the

Claims Tribunal within the local limits of whose

jurisdiction the claimant resides or carries on business or

within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the

defendant resides, at the option of the claimant. The bill

also makes necessary provision to give effect to the said

recommendation.

Conclusion

The Motor Vehicle Act 1988 suggests various rules and

regulation for the public and it has a huge importance in the

traffic regulation, so that the system goes systematically and

in a proper way. If any of the rules are violated there are

serious punishments. This Act ensures everyone gets treated

in a fair manner and to avoid disaster accidents.

A nut is a type of hardware fasteners with a threaded hole.

Nuts are almost always used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a

stack of parts together.

The two partners are kept together by a combination of their

threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression

of the parts.

A washer is a thin plate typically disk-shaped with a hole that

is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener.

Carbon steel and Alloy steel material used for Nut &

Bolt manufacturing.

Nut mfg by Blanking and Threading. Bolt by forging

and threading.

Nickel Alloy Standard : ASTM / ASME SB 160 / 164 / 425 / 166 / 446 / 574 / 472

Grade : UNS 2200 / UNS 2201, UNS 4400 , UNS 8825 , UNS 6600

Stainless Steel : Standard : ASTM / ASME A/SA 193 / 194

Grade : B 8 (304), B 8C (SS 347), B 8M (SS 316), B 8 T (SS 321), A 2, A 4

Alloy Steel : Standard : ASTM / ASME A/SA 193 / 194 GR.

Grade : B 6, B 7/ B 7M, B 16, 2, 2HM, 2H, GR 6, B 7, B 7M.

Nut

Washer

TEE Bolt Stud Bolt Expansion Bolt

U-Bolt Hexagonal Bolt

www.ijsret.org

319 International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882

Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014

PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL

1Deepak Sharma,

2Deepa Sharma,

3Jai Prakash Sharma

1Faculty of MBA Department, Shanti Institute of Technology, Meerut, India

2Faculty of Education Department, Shanti Institute of Technology, Meerut, India

3Principal, N.S.V.Inter College, Surana, Ghaziabad, India

ABSTRACT Production planning and control is concerned with

implementing the plans, i.e. the detailed scheduling of

jobs, assigning of workloads to machines (and people),

and the actual flow of work through the system.

Production is an organized activity of converting row

materials into useful products. Production activity takes

place in a wide range of manufacturing and service

sectors. Production system requires the optimal utilization

of natural resources like men, money, machine, materials

and time. Production planning and control coordinate

with different departments: such as production,

marketing, logistics, warehouse and other departments

depending upon the nature of organization. Production

planning and control receives data related to orders from

marketing departments. Production plan based on

marketing and production data is prepared in production

planning and control. This production plan provides clear

idea about utilization of manufacturing resources for

production. Prepared production plan is delivered to

production department. Production department

manufacture products according to that plan.

Keywords: Objectives of production planning and

control, Factors affecting production planning and

control, Functions of production planning and control,

1. INTRODUCTION

Production planning and control can be viewed as

nervous system of the production operation. This function

aims at efficient utilization of material resources, people

and facilities in any undertaking through planning,

coordinating and controlling the production activities that

transform the raw material into finished products or

components as a most optimal manner. All the activities

in manufacturing or production cycle must be planned,

coordinated, organized and controlling to its objectives.

Production planning and control as a department plays a

vital role in manufacturing organizations. It is clear from

name that it is something about planning. Planning is

defined as setting goals. Production planning and control

provides different kinds of information to different

departments. It provides information about available

manufacturing resources to marketing department.

Marketing department receives orders according to that

information. Similarly, it coordinates with other

departments and provides relevant information.

2. OBJECTIVES OF PRODUCTION

PLANNING AND CONTROL

a) Nature of Inputs To manufacture a product, different types of

inputs are used. The quality of the product

depends upon the nature of the inputs are

used. Hence the planning is done to

determine the nature of various types of

inputs which is a complicated process.

b) Quantity of Inputs To achieve a level of production,

determination of quantity of the inputs and

their composition is very important. A

product can be prepared only when there is

an estimate of the required composition of

inputs.

c) Proper Coordination

It ensures the proper coordination among

the workforce, machines and equipment.

This leads to avoidance of wastages and

smooth flow of production.

d) Better Control Production planning is the method of control.

For a better control, planning is a

precondition. Only then, one can compare the

performance and calculate the deviations

which lead control of the production.

e) Ensure Uninterrupted Production The planning of materials ensures the regular

supply of raw materials and other

components. The regular flow of materials

and supplies are helpful in the uninterrupted

production.

f) Capacity Utilization

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There is a need to use the available

resources effectively. It is helpful in

bringing down various costs of

production.

g) Timely Delivered If there is good production planning and

control, there will be timely production and

the finished product will be rushed to the

market in time. This also ensures the better

relationship with the customers.

3. FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION

PLANNING AND CONTROL

a) Use of Computers Modern factories are using office automation

equipment like PC, punch cards etc. It helps

accurate computation of required of men and

machine.

b) Seasonal Variations Demand of certain products is affected by

seasons, for instance umbrellas and raincoats

during the monsoons and outputs. Production

planning and control must take such changes

into consideration while planning and control

activities of inputs and outputs.

c) Test Marketing

In an aggressive marketing strategy new

products are to be test marketed in order

to know the trends. This is a short- cycle

operation, intermittent in nature and often

upsets regular production.

d) After Sales Service This has become an important parameter for

success. In after sales services, many items

are returned for repair. These are unscheduled

work and also overload the production line.

e) Losses due to Unpredictable Factors Losses occur due to accidents, fire and theft

of production inputs, mainly materials and

components. These are unpredictable.

Shortage of input due to such factors upset

the planned production schedule in time and

quantity.

f) Losses due to Predictable Factors There are losses of inputs, due to natural d

engineering phenomena like production

losses and changes in consumption of

materials and occurrence of defectives.

g) Production of Order

There are occasions when last minute

prioritization of existing orders due to

external pressure takes place. These changes

in priority are often decided by sufficiently

high level of management.

h) Design Changes Design changes are issued by R & D and the

engineering department. This will necessarily

force production planning control change the

input materials and process.

i) Rejection and Replacement There are occasions when sub-assemblies or

finished goods are rejected during stage or

final inspection. Production planning and

control must cater for contingent plans to

take care of rework without affecting

scheduled quality.

4. FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION PLANNING

AND CONTROL

Production Planning Functions:-

a) Estimating Estimating involves deciding the quantity of

products to be produced and cost involved in

it on the basis of sales forecast. Estimating

manpower, machine capacity and materials

required to meet the planned production

targets are the key activities before budgeting

for resources.

b) Routing Routing means, determination of path or

route on which manufacturing operations will

travel, establishing the sequence of

operations to be followed in manufacturing a

particular product. This route path is

determined in advance. Routing information

is provided by product or process engineering

function and it is useful to prepare machine

loading charts and schedules.

c) Scheduling Scheduling involves fixing priorities for each

job and determines the starting time and

finishing time for each operation, the starting

dates and finishing dates for each part, sub

assembly and final assembly. Scheduling

lays down a time table for production,

indicating the total time required for the

manufacture of a product and also the time

required for carrying out the operation for

each part on each machine or equipment.

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d) Loading Facility loading means loading of facility or

work center and deciding which jobs to be

assigned to which work center or machine.

Loading is the process of converting

operation schedules into practice. Loading

ensures maximum possible utilization of

productive facilities and avoids bottleneck in

production.

Production Control Functions:-

a) Dispatching The functions of routing and scheduling as

discussed above are paper work only. No

actual production has yet been started.

Dispatching is the part of production control

that translates the paper work into actual

production in accordance with the details

worked out under routing and scheduling

functions. Dispatching deals with setting the

production activities in motion through the

release of orders and instructions in

accordance with the previously planned

timings as embodied in production schedules.

b) Expediting/ Follow-up/ Progressing Expediting or progressing ensures that, the

work is carried out as per the plan and

delivery schedules are met. Expediting

includes activities such as status reporting,

attending to bottlenecks or holdups in

production removing the same, controlling

variations or deviations from planned

performance levels, following up and

monitoring progress of work through all

stages of production, coordinating with

purchase, stores, tool room and maintenance

departments and modifying the production

plans and re-plan if necessary.

c) Inspection Inspection is the process of examining an

object for identification or checking it for

verification of quality and quantity in any of

its characteristics. It is an important tool for

ascertain and controlling the quality of a

product. Inspection is an appraisal activity

that compares goods or services to a standard.

5. CONCLUSION

Production planning and control provides different kind

of information to different departments. It provides

information about available manufacturing resources to

marketing department. Marketing department receives

orders according to that information. Employment in

production planning and control depends upon education

and experience. Working in production planning and

control is challenging task. It requires analytical skills and

understanding of manufacturing process. Production

planning and control is an essential part to run any

business in the market because it can affect the quality of

the product.

REFERENCES

[1] Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy,

Mithileshwar Jha, “Marketing Management” Pearson,13th

Edition, 2009.

[2] Dr.T.N.Chhabra, “Communication for Management”

Sun India Publications, Present Edition 2009-10.

[3] Roger D.Blackwell, Paul W.Miniard, James F.Engel,

“Consumer Behaviour” Ch.09ppt,10th Edition

[4] C.N.Sontakki, “Marketing Management” Kalyani

Publishers, Second Edition 2010.

[5] K.Aswathappa, K.Shridhara Bhat “Production and

Operation Mangement” Himalaya Publishing House Pvt.

Ltd, Second Revised Edition 2009.

[6] Dr.T.N.Chhabra, Dr.S.K.Grover, “Marketing

Management” Dhanpat Rai & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd, Fourth

Revised Edition 2010.

[7] Rajan Saxena, “Marketing Management” Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 3rd

Edition

2008.

[8] Deepak Sharma, “Consumer Knowledge”, IJAERT,

Volume 1 Issue 1, pp- 12-14, December 2013

[9] Deepak Sharma, “Business Communication”,

IJAERT, Volume 2 Issue 1, pp- 7-10, April 2014.

Road & Traffic Signs Prepared By:- Mr. Navneet Gupta Lecturer(Govt. Polytechnic Collage Ambala City )

Road signs in India

Road signs in the Republic of India are similar to those used in some parts of the United Kingdom, except that they are multilingual.

Most urban roads and state highways have signs in the state language and English. National highways have signs in the Hindi and English.

In 2012, the Tourism department of Kerala announced plans to upgrade road signs in the state to include maps of nearby hospitals.[1] The Noida Authority announced plans to replace older signboards with new fluorescent signage

Traffic Safety Signs and Their Meanings in India

Mandatory Signs

These signs are for informing the users about the specific laws &

regulations to ensure safety and to make sure about the clear

movement of traffic. As the name itself says mandatory, that means

any violation of these signs will leave you in trouble and that will be

considered as a legal offence. These signs notify a person about the

special obligations, prohibitions and the restrictions. Most of the signs

under this category are round shaped, may get the symbols painted

white on a blue background, having a white border or maybe there is

a white background to carry black symbols with a red border.

However, the last-mentioned may also be associated with restrictive

signs. Here’s the list giving the meanings of mandatory signs.

Cautionary Signs

Cautionary signs are used to give a warning to the road persons of the coming hazardous conditions on the way or beside the roadway. With the help of those symbols the motorcyclists can be careful and can mould the situation accordingly, whatever comes ahead. Below is the description of these signs.

Informatory Signs These are the signs, which will provide the road users a

guided information. For example, information about the routes,

destination, how much remaining distance is there, historical and

geographical locations. Informatory signs are the ones that will make

your safari more pleasant, safe and easier. They usually get a broad

sky-blue border, holding the signs in between that are of black colour.

Check out their meanings.

ACE IT TrainingBy C.Nagarajan

What is Supply ChainWhat is Supply ChainSupply chain is moving goods and services from the

place of creation to the place of consumption in a cost effective and efficient manner.

Right product, right time, right price and at right place.

Methodology and ModelsConcepts and casesPrinciples, procedures and best practices.

Functions of Supply ChainFunctions of Supply Chain Strategy planning and forecasting Demand and supply management Procurement and Purchasing Management and Finance Warehousing Inventory control (my area of research) Distribution management Transportation management Transportation management Cost analysis and control measures Legal aspects of import and export procedure Customer service and complaints handling Reverse Logistics, Lean logistics and Six Sigma ERP solutions Key drivers of Supply Chain Quality and SCM Material flow and Information flow

Internal customers and External customers

Transportation ManagementTransportation Management

Transportation happens to be the most fundamental part of logistic management. Transport costs include all costs associated with movement of products from one location to another.

The average transport costs ranges from 5 to 6% of the recommended retail price of the product.

Transportation is the movement of products, materials and services from one area to another, both inbound and outbound.

Transportation ManagementTransportation Management

1. Mode of transports2. Method of selection3. Transportation costs4. Fleet sizing and configuration5. Routing and scheduling6. Futuristic direction in transportation

Mode of transportsMode of transports

Given below are the various mode of transports1. By Road2. By Railways 3. Water ways4. Airways5. Pipeline6. Multimodal

Speed Frequency Dependability Payload Points servedAir Pipeline Pipeline Water (sea) RoadPipeline Road Road Rail RailRoad Air Rail Road PipelineRail Rail Water (sea) Air AirWater (Sea) Water (sea) Air Pipeline Water (sea)

Table shown below will help to get an idea on Selection ofTable shown below will help to get an idea on Selection ofMode of transport.Mode of transport.

Selection of transport

Method of selectionMethod of selection

The selection procedure for the transport mode could vary from the simple decision either to identify one feasible method of distribution.

Judgment: Identification of the important factors affecting the transport problem by the transport manager, and the transport mode from a list of alternatives available, so that the important features of the transport requirements are met.

Method of selectionMethod of selection

Cost- trade-off: It is where the impact of transport is calculated in relation to immediate terminal objectives and activities, and the total cost of distribution system is optimized.

Distribution models: This identifies and explains the interrelationships between the components of the distribution system at various levels of daily, weekly or monthly demands.

Transportation costsTransportation costs

Transport costs vary from less than 1% (for machinery) to over 30 % (for food) of the recommended selling price of products, depending upon the nature of the product range and its market. However the average transport costs is between 5 to 6% of the recommended retail price of a product.

With inflation transport costs also rise because the major components are the workforce, fuel, spare parts and overall operating costs.

Transportation costsTransportation costs

Transport is vital to the overall gambit (strategy / scheme) of SCM operation and therefore cannot be considered in isolation. The entire transportation process is to be monitored, in order to gauge the exact location and state of the materials being transported.

Operational factors Environmental factors Characteristics of alternate transport modes Combination approach / multi-modal transport

operations.

Fleet sizing and configurationFleet sizing and configuration

Fleet sizing objective is to employ through ownership, hire, lease and or rental the fewest possible trucks to manage the company’s load profile/ shipping requirements.

In fleet sizing, increased availability yields fewer lost sales, shorter customer cycle times, improved customer services but higher fleet costs.


Fleet size can be regulated and minimized by Utilizing standard size pallets and transport containers

Vigorously monitoring fleet utilization levels periodically

Maintaining total fleet visibility, including loading times, unloading, transit times and maintenance times.


Fleet size can be regulated and minimized by

Choosing low-use periods to conduct routine maintenance

Monitoring and charging for demurrages for fleet detention by suppliers, customers, port authorities and carriers.

Utilizing alternative coverage means during super peak periods to avoid carrying the burden of an oversized fleet.

Routing and schedulingRouting and scheduling

Delay in delivery due to routing problems increase costs of goods manifold.

Therefore, to tide over this the company has to plan these activities well in

advance with detailed coordination and judicious and realistic planning. Companies have to gear itself to such changing scenarios and terrain

since the very inception.

Efficient versus inefficient routing can save tremendous amount of money

in fuel, labor, capital expenditures and significantly enhance customer satisfaction.

Routing and schedulingRouting and scheduling

The objectives of routing and scheduling to minimize. Total route costs Number of routes Distance travelled

The constraints are Customer requirements and time available Balancing of the route for the driver, to avoid overtaxing Maximum route time Vehicle capacity Start & Stop points enroute Infrastructure constraints

MultimodalMultimodal

In today’s world, intelligent transport systems impact on the infrastructure, networks, information systems and strategies of all modes of transport.

But beyond the boundaries between different modes of transport, intelligent transport systems also address the challenges of multimodality.

MultimodalMultimodal

Futuristic Direction in transportationFuturistic Direction in transportation

One salient aspect that we all have to understand that with e-services our

lead time to delivery has reduced considerably, but somehow the movement of the product and raw materials cannot move through e-services and have to restrict movement to roads, rail, air, waterways and pipeline.

The order can be placed through e-services in a faster mode and so can payment be but the products cannot be physically moved through the net.

Futuristic Direction in transportationFuturistic Direction in transportation

Transportation too has improved considerably with the advent of technology and mechanical developments within a short span.

Carrier relationship management Corporate traffic certification (training for entire

department) Driver / Operator quality Joint procurement

Thank you Thank you

The EndThe End

VEHICLE INSURANCE Prepared By:-Navneet Gupta

Lecturer(Govt. Polytechnic Collage Ambala City)

[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]

VEHICLE INSURANCE Motor insurance (also known as vehicle / car / auto insurance) is insurance

purchased for cars, trucks, and other road vehicles. Its primary objective is

to provide protection against physical damage resulting from traffic

collisions and against liability that could also arise there-from.

Laws in India make it mandatory for vehicles to be insured before they are

driven. The new Road Transport and Safety Bill, 2014 proposed to raise the fine

for driving a non-insured car from Rs 10,000 to Rs 75,000. However, it is not

for the fear of the law that you must get your vehicle insured.

Getting an insurance policy for your car is protects your life, money, and any

third party. A car is an expensive investment that always lasts at least a couple

of years. It goes without saying that thorough research is needed to buy the right

policy for your car

PERILS COVERED

1. By fire explosion self ignition or lightning

2. By burglary housebreaking or theft

3. By riot and strike 4. By earthquake

5. By flood , typhoon , hurricane storm and cyclone

6. By malicious act 7. By terrorist activity

8. By landslide / rockslide

9. Whilst in transit by road rail , inland waterway lift elevator or air

What Motor Insurance

excludes

1. Not having a valid Driving License

2. Under Influence of intoxicating liquor/ drugs

3. Accident taking place beyond Geographical limits 4. While Vehicle is used for unlawful purposes

5. Electrical/Mechanical Breakdowns

Principles of Motor

Insurance 1. Utmost Good Faith 2. Insurable Interest

3. Principle of Indemnity

4. Principle of Contribution 5. Principle of Subrogation

6. Principle of loss Minimization

7. Principle of ‘CAUSA PROXIMA’

TYPES OF MOTOR

INSURANCE Motor insurance provides mainly two types of policies : a. Liability only or Act only or Third Party policy-mandatory insurance requirement as per Indian motor vehicle act 1988.This policy insures the liability of the owner of vehicle against third party. b. Package or Comprehensive Policy - It covers the damage to the vehicle apart from the mandatory liability insurance.

Liability cover

1) a. Third party death or bodily injury. b. Third party property damage.

2) a. Personal Accident cover to owner/driver death. b. Personal accident cover to owner/driver injury.

c. Total compensation not to exceed 1 lac in two wheelers and 2

lac in case of other vehicles. (exclusions as per pa policy)

Comprehensive policy Comprehensive policy includes the below in addition to liability only policy covers:

a. Fire, Explosion, Self ignition, Lightening.

b. Burglary, housebreaking or theft. c. By riot and strike.

d. By Earthquake.

e. By flood, typhoon, hurricane, storm, tempest, inundation, cyclone, hail storm, frost.

f. By accidental external means.

g. By malicious act. h. By terrorist activity.

i. While in transit by road, rail, inland water way, lift, elevator or air.

Exclusions a. Contractual liability.

b. War perils nuclear perils . c. Consequential loss, Depreciation ,Wear and tear ,mechanical or

electrical break down.

d. Damage suffered due to driving the vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs.

e. Claims arising outside the geographical area specified in the

policy. f. Claims arising whilst the vehicle is used in contravention of the

limitations as to use.

g. Claims arising when the vehicle is driven by a person without valid driving license

INSURANCE POLICY a. THE POLICY COVERS FOLLOWING :-

b. Loss or damage to your vehicle against natural calamities

c. Loss or damage to your vehicle against man-made calamities d. Personal Accident Cover- Coverage of `2 lakhs for the

individual driver of the vehicle while travelling, mounting or

dismounting from the car. Optional personal accident covers for co-passengers are also available.

e. Third Party Legal Liability - Protection against legal liability

due to accidental damages resulting in the permanent injury or death of a person, and damage caused to the surrounding

property

Policy does not cover a. Normal wear and tear and general ageing of the vehicle

b. Depreciation or any consequential loss

c. Mechanical/ electrical breakdown d. Loss/ damage due to war, mutiny or nuclear risk

e. Damage to/ by a person driving any vehicles or cars without a

valid license f. Damage to/ by a person driving the vehicle under the influence

of drugs or liquor

g. Vehicles including cars being used otherwise than in accordance with limitations as to use

h. Wear and tear of consumables like tyres and tubes unless the

vehicle is damaged at the same time, in which case the liability of the company shall be limited to 50% of the cost of

replacement

HOW IDV IS

CALCULATED a. Each car is insured at a fixed value which is termed as the

Insured’s Declared Value (IDV). This sum insured is calculated on the basis of a number of factors. Here’s how it works:

b. IDV is calculated on the basis of the manufacturer's listed selling price of the vehicle plus the listed price of any

accessories after deducting the depreciation for every year as per

the schedule provided by the Indian Motor Tariff. c. If the price of any electrical and / or electronic item installed in

the vehicle is not included in the manufacturer's listed selling

price, then the actual value (after depreciation) of this item can be added to the sum insured over and above the IDV.

d. In case of vehicles fitted with bi-fuel system such as petrol/

diesel and CNG/LPG, permitted by the concerned RTO, the CNG/LPG kit fitted to the vehicle is to be insured separately at

an additional premium of 4% on the value of such kit. You need

to specifically declare this in the proposal form.

e. Car Theft and Insurance -

An ICICI Lombard Case

Study

An insured car was stolen and as per the usual process, the claimant processed a claim. However, the insurance company kept delaying the

disbursement of the claim in the faint hope of car getting recovered in

sometime soon. Meanwhile, the frustrated claimant, a resident of Kolkata, brought a new car. After 15 months, police recovered the

lost car in a dilapidated condition. Now, the insurance company used

this as an excuse to reject the claim flaring a debate

Is the insurance company

justified in rejecting the

claim? a. The insurance company was knowingly delaying the process in

the faint hope of recovering the car and getting excused from paying up.

b. This is a clear case of bluffing by the insurance company. It is such practices by the insurance provider that tarnishes a buyer’s

trust and makes insurance buying an unpopular choice.

c. Settle the claim within a stipulated time to keep the real purpose of buying a policy intact. Reduce buyer’s harassment by dealing

with transparency and honesty. The idea should not be to delay

the claim but to do the right thing and sympathize with the claimant too. It is for timely financial assistance that a buyer

pays premium and stays with an insurance company.

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