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AUTOMOTIVE RADAR APPLICATIONS
BRANDON RAVENSCROFT
05/01/2015
Motivations
Safety Passive
Does not alter motion of vehicle, i.e. seatbelts Active
Influence motion of vehicle, i.e. accelerate, apply brakes, steer
Comfort Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
APPLICATIONS OF RADAR IN AUTOMOTIVE
PCS (Pre-Collision System) ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) Cross Traffic Alert (CTA) Blind Spot Detection Lane Departure Warning Robotic/Self-Driving Automobiles
A BRIEF HISTORY
Early collision detection units used infrared technology Research in millimeter wave RADAR for automotive
applications began in the early 1970’s First became available in 1998 in the Daimler S class,
originally as ACC only. Widely available by 2003 SiGe semiconductor advances responsible for affordable
application
IMPLEMENTATION
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) – Typically Linear
Mono-static Modules Located Under Bumpers Multi-Channel: Allows for multiple FMCW signals
WHY 77 GHz?
24 GHz Advantages Cheaper Electronics Power Consumption Noise Figure
77 GHz Advantages Frequency Band Widely
Available in USA, Japan, Europe
Larger Bandwidth Finer Range Resolution Smaller Percentage
Bandwidth Smaller Sensor Aperture
FCC ALLOCATION SPECTRUM
GHz
Amateur
SENSOR CLASSIFICATIONS
Long Range Radar – LRR 55 dBm transmit power
76-77 GHz Band with 600 MHz BW
10 – 250 m Range
Range Resolution: 0.25 m
Narrow Beam Looking Ahead: ACC
Medium Range Radar – MRR -9 dBm/Hz transmit power
77-81 GHz Band with 600 MHz BW
1-100 m Range
Medium Range Radar – MRR (Cont.)
Range Resolution: 0.25 m
Medium Distance: CTA
Short Range Radar – SRR
-9 dBm/Hz transmit power
77-81 GHz Band with 4 GHz BW
15cm – 30m Range
Range Resolution: 3.75 cm
Parking Aid, Close Proximity to Vehicle
RADAR CROSS SECTION
Mazda 6 Mono-static RCS *Image Courtesy of Hasch, et
al.
- Single RCS
- Typically characterized as multiple separate scattering centers
How ACC Works
Linear FM Chirp
Problem: Doppler Frequency𝑓 𝑏=𝑡𝑅𝑇∗𝑘
*Image Courtesy of mathworks
Range is constantly monitored and vehicle speed adjusted accordingly
How ACC Works
Solution: Up Chirp and Down Chirp Averages Out Doppler Shift
𝑓 𝑏=𝑡𝑅𝑇∗𝑘
*Image Courtesy of mathworks
)/2
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
MobileEye View 560
Offers CTA and Collision Prevention w/ Visible and Audible Cues
Add to Any Vehocle
TRW AC 1000 79GHz
Long Range – Up To 250m360 Degree SensingIntegrated by Vehicle Manufacturer
REFERENCES "Documentation." Automotive Adaptive Cruise Control Using FMCW
Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2015. <http://www.mathworks.com/help/phased/examples/automotive-adaptive-cruise-control-using-fmcw-technology.html>.
Management, Ntia Office Of Spectrum. U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 30 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pdfhttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pdf>.
Hasch, Jurgen, Eray Topak, Raik Schnabel, Thomas Zwick, Robert Weigel, and Christian Waldschmidt. "Millimeter-Wave Technology for Automotive Radar Sensors in the 77 GHz Frequency Band." IEEE Xplore. IEEE, Mar. 2012. Web. 01 May 2015. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6127923>.
REFERENCES "Mobileye 560." Mobileye Mobileye 560 Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 01
May 2015. <http://www.mobileye.com/products/mobileye-5-series/mobileye-560/>.
"TRW." Radar Technologies. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2015. <http://www.trw.com/electronic_systems/sensor_technologies/radar>.
"Automotive Radar Millimeter-Wave Technology." |Freescale. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2015. <http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?code=AUTRMWT>