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7/29/2019 Automotive Industry v1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/automotive-industry-v1 1/43
Automobile
Industry: TFAE
RAKSHIT JHUNJHUNWALA 111 OMKAR MALAGE 114
ANKITESH MATHUR 115 HARSH MEHTA 117
NIKESH SOLANKI 123 CHINTAN SHAH 126
7/29/2019 Automotive Industry v1
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CONTENT
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
HYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGY
BOTTLENECKS HAZARDS & RISKS
POTENTIALS & BARRIERS
COMPETITORS
COST OF IMPLEMENTATION
VERTICAL INTEGRATION & VENDOR MANAGEMENT
FUTURE SPACE
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Automobiles: Review
Disparate Technologies
Long Age of Evolution
Showcases advances in Science & Engineering – „Men‟s Best MadeMachine‟
Seminal Development > Bessemer Steel Process, Internal Combustion
Engine, Machine Tooling, Petroleum Refining
Modern Automobiles are result of clustering of hundreds of suchtechnologies
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Technologies involved..
Fuel &Transmissio
nElectronics
Energy &Material
Resources
Aerodynamics &
StructuralDesign
Mechanics &
Electrics
Computing &
Processing
Rather itswise to ask what‟s notinvolved..
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Technology Trend: Battery
Technology Timeline: Vehicle Electronics
• Ultracapacitors
• Low Power Circuits
• Automotive Fuel Cells
• Lithium-ion Batteries to Lithium-Air Batteries
2011
•Standard
Navigation &Control
•LaneDepartureWarnings &Auto Braking
2012
•Electronic
Stability Control•DynamicMobility Apps
2013
•Light Duty V-to-
V Comm.•VANETS
2015
•Increasing
Personalization•Built-in DeviceInternet Access
2016
•Consolidation
of electronicArchitecture
2020 & Beyond
•Widespread
DSRC Adoption•Infra-communicationDevices at mostintersections
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Hybrid CarsCASE FOR DISCUSSION
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Hybrid Cars & Related
Technology“A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle with two or more energy storage
systems, both of which must provide propulsion power.”
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IdleStop/Start
RegenerativeBraking
Electric-only
mode(Engine off)
Power boost
Self-chargingbattery
Low Emissions
Low FuelConsumption
Features
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What Does the Market (People)Want?
A significant and growing percentage of customersindicate a willingness to buy an environmentally
friendly vehicle
If, and only if, all other attributes are EQUAL
or Better
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Significant fuel economy improvement.
Major reduction in exhaust emissions.
No new infrastructure needs (e.g. fuelling stations).
No perceived difference by customer in vehicle performance,handling, etc.
A competitive price to encourage adoption.
Hybrid Technology Design
Objectives
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PROCESS & TECHNOLOGY
Vehicle equipped with either an internal combustion engine(ICE) and an electrical motor powered by electrical batteries.
Today‟s HEVs are an emerging technology in the automotivemarket, with manufacturers designing and producing hybridsystems for passenger cars, light-duty vehicles, heavy dutyvehicles, and even locomotives.
The improved efficiency of HEVs over conventional (i.e. non-hybrid) vehicle is achieved by operating a smaller (moreefficient) ICE within a narrower, more efficient operationalspeed/power band and using an electric engine and electricalstorage (i.e. the battery) to balance the performance energy
requirements.
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PROCESS & TECHNOLOGY
In general, in the current-generation HEVs, the combustionengine provides the main power during long-distance drive whilethe electrical motor can either complement the ICE or power thevehicle in electric- only mode (as long as energy is available fromthe battery) during the urban service, where the ICE is lessefficient.
The battery charge is provided by regenerative braking andexcess energy from the ICE (stored when the vehicle has lower power requirements).
Improving battery capacity and technology may enable longer electric drive range and reduce the need for the ICEcontribution. New- generation HEVs include batteriesrechargeable from the grid.
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Cost Benefit View
The hybrid vehicles can benefit from the best features of bothconventional ICE vehicles and electric vehicles.
Hybrids offer drive range and rapid refueling the same asconventional vehicles, and provide high efficiency at low loads,potentially better acceleration, environmental benefits and 25-40% CO2 emissions saving as compared to conventional vehicles.
The HEVs cost however is higher. This is largely due to the highprice of the battery.
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Advantages
Significant fuel economy improvement
Low carbon / alternative fuels
Major reduction in exhaust emissions
No new infrastructure needs (e.g. fuelling stations)
No perceived difference by customer in vehicle performance,handling, etc.
Socio-economic & Environmental Benefits
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Disadvantages
Heavier
Threat to first responders
High Maintenance &Repair Cost
Underpowered & lowtorque
Harmful extent ofelectromagnetic fields
to human health
Hybrid Technology is costly.
Acceleration is not exhilarating.
High battery cost (to bereplaced after completing80000 miles, cost : $5000-8000)
Light weight body materialsmake it more vulnerable toserious damage.
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BOTTLENECKS
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BOTTLENECKS
Battery : Availability & Cost of batteries as thebiggest bottleneck to production.
Production pollution Panasonic EV Energy, the company that supplies
nickel metal hydride batteries to Toyota for theeg : Prius - 500,000 packs per year
Poor consumer understanding The public have concerns about the maturity of the
technology, and the availability and adequacy ofafter-sales service. This is mostly attributed to poor understanding of the technology status
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HAZARDS & RISKS
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Hazards and Risks
High VoltageStandard cars circulate 12 volts of electric power from thebattery through the alternator. Hybrid cars circulates 276 voltsin total, most of which powers the electric motor. Potential ofaccidents are high.
Electromagnetic fields
A driver's proximity to that field could pose a long-termhealth risk.
BatteriesA hybrid's batteries contin potent chemicals designed tostore and produce electricity.
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Hazards and risks
SilenceThe lack of sound gives blind or distractedpeople less warning for an approaching car.
Complex softwareHybrid vehicles depend on complex enginemanagement systems that automaticallyswitch between the car's electric andgasoline engines. The complexity of thesoftware constitutes one risk posed by hybrids.
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POTENTIALS & BARRIERS
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POTENTIAL & BARRIERS
Major drivers for performance and costs
Inherent benefits of the vehicles, such as lower fuel consumption,
emissions and noise, are making them more attractive toconsumers.
Equally, producers and manufacturers are incentivised by a greenimage that can enhance their brand against competitors.
A high uptake of HEVs may lead to important benefits such asreduced emissions and use of fossil fuels in road transport,decarbonisation of the transport sector, and the consequentreduced dependence on foreign.
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POTENTIAL & BARRIERS
Role of legislation
Various countries such as the US, Spain and Japan have setambitious targets for the future deployment of hybrids.
These targets form a major component of national andinternational policies for tackling climate change.
In particular, Europe is subject to an array of regulations that restrictthe emissions of the automotive sector.
Technological developments, further refinement and advancedmaterials will deliver improved performance through greater efficiency and hence lower CO2 emissions.
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POTENTIAL & BARRIERS
Market Potential and Prospects
By the end of 2009, the world-wide sales of hybrid vehicles had reached
around 2.7 million (some 1% of global sales), with 1.6 million in the US, 870thousand in Japan and 237 thousand in Europe.
The vast majority of these sales were by Toyota/Lexus (around 2 million)
A recent study conducted by JPMorgan predicts that by 2020 some 11.3million hybrids will be sold annually (over 13% of all vehicles sold).
The future deployment and commercialisation of hybrid vehiclesessentially depends upon substantial improvements and reduced pricesin battery technology, but also in electric motors and power electronics
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POTENTIAL & BARRIERS
Barriers to Development and Deployment
The high price of HEVs is certainly an inhibiting factor for their
widespread adoption.
A reduction in the costs of battery technology is essential for the HEVs tofurther penetrate into the market.
However other factors also play a large role in the future deployment ofHEVs:
External markets
Poor consumer understanding
Environmental impacts
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Competitors
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Sorcehttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=32484&id=33010&id=33083&id=32053
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COST OFIMPLEMENTATION
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Cost of Implementation
• Current commercial Hybrid Vehicles must compete against the mature
technologies of conventional vehicles
•
Tough Competition with Diesel based traditional and conventional cars.
• Nickel-Metal Hybrid batteries still account for roughly half of the extra
cost of a hybrid vehicle, despite their cost have been almost halving
over the last 10 years.
• The battery cost is expected to level during the next 5 years, as the
production benefits from economies of scale and large volumes
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Cost of Implementation
• But leveling process may be offset by the rising cost of nickel.
• The new Li-ion batteries use cheaper raw materials and offer the
same economies of scale as production volumes increase.
• The two battery technologies are expected to be the same price by
2014; however Li-ion has the advantage of low temperature
performance, with better energy and power density
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Batteries• According to a 2008 study by Cenex/Arup the current cost of Li-ion
batteries is between €670/kWh and €1,340/kWh.
• Consensus amongst the industry sources consulted in the study that
prices will fall to €170/kWh to €200/kWh once manufacture volumes
rise to 1,00,000 battery packs per annum.
How is cost reduction possible?
• Technological advances in cathode materials: to be switched from a
cobalt to a manganese compound.
• Mass production of individual components and the whole battery
(100,000s/year);
• Learning effects as manufacturing processes develop and increase
efficiency.
• Reduced impact of R&D costs in the longer term.
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Battery Cost Decline v
Production
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VERTICAL INTEGRATION &VENDOR MANAGEMENT
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Vertical Integration -
Toyota
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Solar Based Plug-in
Stations
• Toyota wanted to vertically integrate by launching Solar based Plug-
in Stations at 21 cities in Japan.• This integration helps Toyota for new range of vehicles in Hybrid
sector post Prius.
• Will understand Consumer Behavior towards Hybrid cars.
•
Can explore new age technological horizons with help of Batteryoperated cars.
TECHNOLOGY
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TECHNOLOGY – OUTSOURCED Or NOT?• Hybrid technology is generally not sourced and is built in house.
• Car manufacturers like Toyota and Ford build their hybridtechnologies in house and compete against each other.
VENDOR MANAGEMENT
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
Additional cost £/tonne CO2 avoided
F r a c t i o n C O 2 s a
v e d
Renewable hydrogen with fuel cell
Advanced biofuels with hybrid
Hydrogen from gas & coal (plus
carbon capture) with fuel cell
Grid electricity
with battery
FAME
Bioethanol
GasolineHybrid
Hydrogenfrom gas &
coal with
hybrid
Diesel
Gasoline
Hydrogen
from gas &
coal with fuel
cell
Estimated costs and savingsof alternative technology
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“If you don’t make the system now, as Toyota continues to make
hybrids much cheaper and in greater numbers, the others won’t be able
to catch up.”
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Future evolution of Hybrid Technology
Prius: gasoline FINE-S: hydrogen
Engine Fuel Cell
Secondarybattery
Motor
Powercontrol unit
Powercontrol unit
Secondarybattery
Motor
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Future Space
Hybrids /Electrics
Zero EmissionCars
Recycle PlasticComposite Cars
Fuel Cell CarsPersonal Rapid
Transits(Capsules)
Intelligent Car Networks
(MANETS &VANETS)
Alternate FuelsInfotainment
System
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Technology offers the potential to significantly reducegreenhouse gas emissions from road transport – butresponsible vehicle use will also be an important contributor
The range of fuel and vehicle technology options are wide–
most vehicle manufacturers believe hybrid technology is animportant step in the evolution of technology to zero emissionvehicles
Low carbon technologies come at a financial premium and
current incentives are inadequate to change the attitudes andpurchasing behaviours of most consumers
The transition to a low carbon future needs a partnershipapproach the LowCVP is delivering.
Summary