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Automotive industry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and
sells motor vehicles, and is one of the Earth's most important economic
sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to
automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and motor
fuel filling stations.
History
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885
in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29
January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha
Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (104 km
(65 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was
absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial
Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, in 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart designed
a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn
carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the
first motorcycle, the DaimlerReitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of
the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W)
122 cc(7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making
it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle.[1]:p.26
Bernardi
enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[1]:p.26
Many decades, the U.S.A. led the world in total automobile production. In 1929
before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the
US automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one
car per 4.87 persons.[2]
After WWII the U.S. issued 3/4 of world's auto production.
In 1980 the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994.
In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until
2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. By producing 18.4
million units in 2011, China produced more than twice the number of second place
the U.S. with 8.7 million units, with in Japan third place with 8.4 million units.[3]
Main article: Automotive industry by country
Safety
Today’s vehicles are graded on stricter and more precise parameters than ever
before from weight to safety to durability and anywhere and everywhere in
between. New materials have brought out new techniques for construction and
vehicle design.[4]
The introduction of plastics has advanced the technology used for
making newer vehicles.[5]
New plastics technologies allow manufactures to answer
to the call for advancements. Plastics can be used in various technologies on
vehicles for structural safety to visual appearance. These new plastic innovations
allow new technologies to be used in vehicles for safety to comfort purposes.
Plastics also allow for cost effective changes to be made to newer vehicle while
still maintaining high safety and comfort requirements of the industry. These
advancements in plastic material usage in modern vehicles are the footholds for the
future of the automotive industry.[6]
Economy
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in
2007, consuming over 260 billion US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and
diesel fuel yearly.[7]
The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many
developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts
that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRICmarkets (Brazil,
Russia, India and China). Other potentially powerful automotive markets
are Iran and Indonesia.[8]
Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than
established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted
for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study expects this trend
to accelerate.[9][10]
World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
Global production of motor vehicles
By year
(cars and commercial vehicles)
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000 [11]
1998 52,987,000 -2.7% [11]
1999 56,258,892 6.2% [12]
2000 58,374,162 3.8% [13]
2001 56,304,925 -3.5% [14]
2002 58,994,318 4.8% [15]
2003 60,663,225 2.8% [16]
2004 64,496,220 6.3% [17]
2005 66,482,439 3.1% [18]
2006 69,222,975 4.1% [19]
2007 73,266,061 5.8% [20]
2008 70,520,493 -3.7% [21]
2009 61,791,868 -12.4% [22]
2010 77,857,705 26.0% [23]
By country
Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[hide]
V
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« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2011 next year »
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000 13,000,000 14,000,00015,000,00016,000,00017,000,00018,000,00019,000,000
China 18,418,876
United States 8,653,560
Japan 8,398,654
Germany 6,311318
South Korea 4,657,094
India 3,936,448
Brazil 3,406,150
Mexico 2,680,037
Spain 2,353682
France 2,294,889
Canada 2,134,893
Russia 1,988,036
Iran 1,648,505
Thailand 1,478,460
UK 1,463,999
Czech Rep. 1,199,834
Turkey 1,189,131
Indonesia 837,948
Poland 837,132
Argentina 828,771
Italy 790,348
Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
By manufacturer
[hide]
V
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« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume
2010 next year »
Total motor vehicle production
Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,00010,000,000
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses
Toyota
8,557,351
GM
8,476,192
Volkswagen
7,341,065
Hyundai Motor
5,764,918
Ford
4,988,031
Nissan
3,982,162
Honda
3,643,057
PSA
3,605,524
Suzuki
2,892,945
Renault
2,716,286
Fiat
2,410,021
Daimler AG
1,940,465
Chrysler
1,578,488
BMW
1,481,253
Mazda
1,307,540
Mitsubishi
1,174,383
Chana
Automobile 1,102,683 2,378,052
Tata
1,011,343
FAW
896,060 2,572,260
Geely
802,319
Chery
692,438
Fuji
649,954
Dongfeng Motor
649,559 2,769,883
Beijing
Automotive 617,725 2,504,083
AvtoVAZ
545,767
BYD
521,232
Isuzu
488,484
JAC
439,327
Brilliance
434,182
Great Wall
398,692
SAIC
346,525 3,620,653
Mahindra
292,149
Hafei
215,558
Volvo
191,560
Changhe
190,906
Jiangling
173,577
Proton
172,360
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses
Total: 77,743,862 Cars: 60,343,756 LCV: 13,370,432 HCV: 3,510,681Heavy Bus: 518,993
Numbers in italics are including joint ventures
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of
manufacturers 2010". OICA. August 2011.
Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile
manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the
individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a
10% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in
the Renault-Nissan Alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40%
stake (11% remaining) inMcLaren Group. This process will be finalized in
2011.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several
companies around the world, including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai(South
Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA Peugeot
Citroen (France).
Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 58.5% stake in Chrysler.
Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston
Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have
two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors andSAIC-GM-Wuling
Automobile.
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 49.20% stake in Kia Motors (July
2011), that up from a previous 38,67%, but down from the 51% that it acquired
in 1998.
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group. Due
to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring
Porsche.
Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies
linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares,
and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a
3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes
in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries,
parent company of Subaru.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a
53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating
Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.
Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG. Volkswagen is in the
process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in August 2012.
Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in
Volkswagen.
Top vehicle manufacturing groups <by volume>
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups,
along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2010 end of
year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers (OICA)[24]
for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque.
Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures
are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of
controversy.[25][26]
Marque
Country of
origin
Ownership Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Lexus
Division Global
Scion
Division North America
Toyota
Division Global
Daihatsu
Subsidiary Global, except North America and
Australia
Hino
Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South
America
2. General Motors Company ( United States)
Alpheon
Division South Korea
Buick
Division North America, China, Israel, Taiwan
Cadillac
Division North America, Europe, Asia, Middle
East, Africa
Chevrolet
Division Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC
Division North America, Middle East
Holden Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand
Opel
Subsidiary Global, except North America and
United Kingdom
Vauxhall Subsidiary United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi
Subsidiary Global
Bentley Subsidiary Global
Bugatti
Subsidiary Global
Lamborghini
Subsidiary Global
MAN
Subsidiary Europe, Asia, Africa, South America
Scania
Subsidiary Global
SEAT
Subsidiary Europe, South America, Africa, Asia,
Mexico
Škoda
Subsidiary Global, except North America
Volkswagen
Division Global
Volkswagen Commercial
Vehicles
Division Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
4. Hyundai Motor Group ( South Korea)
Hyundai
Division Global
Kia
Subsidiary Global, except Mexico
5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford
Division Global
Lincoln
Division North America, Middle East, Japan,
South Korea
Troller
Subsidiary Latin America, Africa
6. Nissan ( Japan)
Infiniti
Division Global, except Japan, South America
and Africa
Nissan
Division Global
7. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura
Division North America, China
Honda
Division Global
8. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën
Subsidiary Global, except North America, South
Asia
Peugeot
Division Global, except USA, Canada, South
Asia
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Suzuki
Division Global
Maruti Suzuki
Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America
10. Renault ( France)
Dacia
Subsidiary Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia,
except Japan
Renault
Division Global, except North America, South
Korea
Renault Samsung
Subsidiary South America, Asia, except Japan and
China
11. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth
Subsidiary Global
Alfa Romeo
Subsidiary Global, except North America
Ferrari
Subsidiary Global
Fiat
Subsidiary Global
Lancia
Subsidiary Europe and Japan (except UK and
Republic of Ireland)
Maserati
Subsidiary Global
12. Daimler AG ( Germany)
BharatBenz
Subsidiary India
Freightliner
Division North America, South Africa,
Australia, New Zealand
Master
Subsidiary Pakistan
Mercedes-Benz
Division Global
Mitsubishi Fuso
Subsidiary Global
Orion
Subsidiary North America
Setra
Division Europe, Asia, USA
Smart
Division Global
Thomas Built
Subsidiary North America
Western Star
Subsidiary North America, Australia, New
Zealand
13. Chrysler Group, LLC ( United States)
Chrysler
Division Global, UK and Republic of Ireland,
except Europe
Dodge
Division Global, except Europe
Jeep
Division Global
Ram
Division North America, South America,
Middle East
14. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW
Division Global
MINI Division Global
Rolls-Royce
Subsidiary Global
15. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda
Division Global
16. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi
Division Global
17. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chana
Division China, South Africa, Europe
18. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano
Subsidiary Europe
Jaguar Subsidiary Global
Land Rover
Subsidiary Global
Tata
Division Global, except North America
Tata Daewoo
Subsidiary South Korea
19. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn
Division China
Freewind
Subsidiary China
Haima
Subsidiary China
Hongqi
Division China
Jiaxing
Subsidiary China
Vita
Subsidiary China
Xiali
Subsidiary China
20. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Geely
Division China, Russia, North Africa
Maple
Division China
Volvo (Cars)
Subsidiary Global
21. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chery
Division China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia
Riich
Division China
Rely
Division China
22. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru
Division Global
23. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Dongfeng
Division China
24. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
BAW
Division China
Foton
Subsidiary China
25. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada
Division Global, except North America and
Portugal
26. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD
Division China, Russia
27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu
Division Global, except North America
28. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
JAC
Division China
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance
Division China, North Africa
Jinbei
Subsidiary China
30. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall
Division China, South Africa, Russia, North
Africa, Australia
31. SAIC Motor ( People's Republic of China)
MG Motor
Subsidiary China, United Kingdom, South
America
Roewe
Division China
Soyat
Division China
Yuejin
Division China
32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra
Division India, South East Asia, Europe, North
Africa, North America, Australia
SsangYong
Subsidiary Global
Mahindra Reva Electric
Vehicles Private Limited
Division India
Mahindra Navistar
Automotives Ltd
Division India
33. Hafei Motor ( China)
Hafei
Subsidiary China
34. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack
Subsidiary Global
Nissan Diesel
Subsidiary Global
NovaBus Subsidiary North America
Prevost Subsidiary North America
Renault Trucks
Subsidiary Global, except Japan
Volvo Trucks
Division Global
35. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile ( China)
Changhe
Division China
36. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling
Division China
37. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Proton Division Asia Pacific (except Japan and South
Africa), United Kingdom, Middle East
Lotus
Subsidiary Global
38. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Jiangnan
Division China
39. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Lifan
Division China
40. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company ( People's Republic of China)
Soueast
Division China
41. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui
Subsidiary Taiwan
42. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima
Division China
Jubao
Division China
Aofeng
Division China
43. Porsche Automobil Holding SE ( Germany)
Porsche
Division Global
44. Chenzhou Gonow Nanyan Chifeng Vehicle ( People's Republic of China)
Gonow
Division China
45. Ziyang Nanjun Automobile Co., Ltd. ( People's Republic of China)
Nanjun
Division China
46. Rongcheng Huatai Motor ( People's Republic of China)
Huatai
Division China
By total production
Counting the total production of all manufactures, from they beginning is hard
task, because of the often changes, dividing and buying. However some producers,
and independent sources give the stats:
Toyota 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years from beginning.[27]
Minor automotive manufacturers
Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups
There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies.
They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.
