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Automotive industryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The automotive industry is a term that covers a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the
design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, towed
vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. It is one of the world's most importanteconomic sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles
following delivery to the end-user, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.
The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form of
self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Safety
3 Economy
4 World motor vehicle production
o 4.1 By year
o 4.2 By country
o 4.3 By manufacturer
5 Company relationships
6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
7 By total production
8 Minor automotive manufacturers
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit]History
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz
was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in
1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (104 km (65 mi)
from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since
2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, in 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart designed a vehicle from scratch to be an
automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors
of the first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen , in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in
1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc(7.4 cu in ) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his
son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle.[2]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged
the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[2]:p.26
For many decades, the U.S.A. led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression,
the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the US automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At
that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[3] After WWII the U.S. issued 3/4 of world's auto production. In
1980 the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly
passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units.
By producing 18.4 million units in 2011, China produced more than twice the number of second place the U.S.
with 8.7 million units, with in Japan third place with 8.4 million units.[4]
[edit]Safety
Today’s vehicles are graded on stricter and more precise parameters than ever before from weight to safety to
durability and anywhere and everywhere in between. New materials have brought out new techniques for
construction and vehicle design.[5] The introduction of plastics has advanced the technology used for making
newer vehicles.[6] New plastics technologies allow manufactures to answer to the call for advancements. Plastics
can be used in various technologies on vehicles for structural safety to visual appearance. These new plastic
innovations allow new technologies to be used in vehicles for safety to comfort purposes. Plastics also allow for
cost effective changes to be made to newer vehicle while still maintaining high safety and comfort requirements
of the industry. These advancements in plastic material usage in modern vehicles are the footholds for the future
of the automotive industry.[7]
[edit]Economy
See also: Automotive industry by country
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260
billion US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[8] The automobile is a primary mode of
transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by
2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other
potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[9] Emerging auto markets already buy more cars
than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the
global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study expects this trend to accelerate.[10][11]
[edit]World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[edit]By year
Global production of motorvehicles
(cars and commercial vehicles)
YearProductio
n Change Source
1997 54,434,000 [12]
1998 52,987,000 -2.7% [12]
1999 56,258,892 6.2% [13]
2000 58,374,162 3.8% [14]
2001 56,304,925 -3.5% [15]
2002 58,994,318 4.8% [16]
2003 60,663,225 2.8% [17]
2004 64,496,220 6.3% [18]
2005 66,482,439 3.1% [19]
2006 69,222,975 4.1% [20]
2007 73,266,061 5.8% [21]
2008 70,520,493 -3.7% [22]
2009 61,791,868 -12.4% [23]
2010 77,857,705 26.0% [24]
[edit]By countryMain article: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[hide]
V
T
E
« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2011 next year »
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000
China 18,418,876
United States 8,653,560
Japan 8,398,654
Germany 6,311,318
South Korea 4,657,094
India 3,936,448
Brazil 3,406,150
Mexico 2,680,037
Spain 2,353,682
France 2,294,889 Canada 2,134,893
Russia 1,988,036
Iran 1,648,505
Thailand 1,478,460 UK 1,463,999
Czech Rep. 1,199,834
Turkey 1,189,131
Indonesia 837,948
Poland 837,132
Argentina 828,771
Italy 790,348
Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
[edit]By manufacturer[hide]
V
T
E
« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2011 next year »
Total motor vehicle production
Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,00010,000,000Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy BusesGM 9,146,340
Volkswagen 8,157,058Toyota 8,050,181
Hyundai Motor 6,616,858Ford 4,873,450
Nissan 4,631,673PSA 3,582,410
Honda 2,909,016Renault 2,825,089Suzuki 2,725,899
Fiat 2,399,825Chrysler 2,004,514BMW 1,738,160
Daimler AG 1,528,008Mazda 1,165,591
Mitsubishi 1,140,282Dongfeng Motor 1,095,065
Tata 1,061,229Geely 902,824
Beijing Automotive 689,635Chang'an Automobile 681,719
Saipa 669,538Chery 637,423
AvtoVAZ 635,860FAW 621,271Fuji 580,261
Great Wall 486,562Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses
Total: 78,799,483 Cars: 61,703,020 LCV: 13,637,299 HCV: 3,111,908Heavy Bus: 347,256Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers, Year 2011". OICA. November 2012.
[edit]Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships
can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a
6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world,
including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai(South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA
Peugeot Citroen (France).
Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 61.8% stake in Chrysler.
Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda and an 12.1% share in Aston Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
General Motors holds a 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroen, Shanghai Automotive Industry
Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited. And General Motors holds a
94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 33.99% stake in Kia Motors,[25] down from the 51% that it acquired in
1998.
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive
business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance( Renault-Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies
linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of
(non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 53.7% stake in MAN
SE (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one
division.Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.
[edit]Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced
by each one. The table is ranked by 2010 end of year production figures from the International Organization of
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)[26] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures
are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which
can become a source of controversy.[27][28]
Note: This Section is Outdated.
Marque Country of origin Ownership Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu Subsidiary Asia, Africa, and South America
Hino Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus Division Global
Lexus F Division Global
Scion Subsidiary United States, Canada
Toyota Division Global
2. General Motors Company ( United States)
Alpheon Subsidiary South Korea
Buick Division United States, Canada, Mexico, China,Taiwan, Israel
Cadillac Division North America, Europe, Asia, Middle East
Chevrolet Division Global, except Australia, New Zealand
Corvette Division Global, except Australia and New Zealand
Damas/Labo Subsidiary South Korea
GMC Division North America, Middle East
Holden Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand
HSV Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand
Opel Subsidiary Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia
OPC Subsidiary Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia
OSV Subsidiary Europe
Vauxhall Subsidiary United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi Subsidiary Global
Bentley Subsidiary Global
Bugatti Subsidiary Global
Lamborghini Subsidiary Global
MAN Subsidiary Europe, Asia, Africa, South America
Porsche Subsidiary Global
Scania Subsidiary Global
SEAT Subsidiary Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Mexico
Škoda Subsidiary Global, except North America
Volkswagen Subsidiary Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Subsidiary Europe, Latin America, Australia, China
4. Hyundai Motor Group ( South Korea)
Hyundai Division Global
Kia Subsidiary Global, except Mexico
5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford Division Global
FPV Subsidiary Australia
Lincoln Division United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea
Troller Subsidiary South America, Africa
6. Nissan ( Japan)
Datsun Division Indonesia, India, Russia
Infiniti Division Global, except Japan, South America and Africa
Infiniti Performance Line Division United States
Nissan Division Global
7. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura Subsidiary United States, Canada, Mexico, China
Honda Division Global
8. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën Subsidiary Global, except North America, South Asia
DS Subsidiary Europe, South Africa, Australia
Peugeot Subsidiary Global, except USA, Canada
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Suzuki Division Global
Maruti Suzuki Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America
10. Renault ( France)
Dacia Subsidiary Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa
Renault Division Global, except United States, Canada, South Korea
Renault Samsung Subsidiary South Korea, Chile
11. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth Subsidiary Global
Alfa Romeo Subsidiary Global, except North America
Chrysler Subsidiary Global, except Europe (except UK and Ireland), Africa (except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Dodge Subsidiary Global, except Europe, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Ferrari Subsidiary Global
Fiat Subsidiary Global, except Africa(except South Africa), South East Asia
Jeep Subsidiary Global, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Lancia Subsidiary Europe(except UK and Ireland) and Japan
Maserati Subsidiary Global
Ram Subsidiary North America, Brazil, Middle East
Street and Racing Technology Subsidiary North America
12. Daimler AG ( Germany)
BharatBenz Subsidiary India
Freightliner Subsidiary North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Master Subsidiary Pakistan
Mercedes-AMG Division Global
Mercedes-Benz Division Global
Mitsubishi Fuso Subsidiary Global
Orion Subsidiary United States, Canada
Setra Division Europe, Asia, USA
Smart Division Global
Thomas Built Subsidiary North America
Western Star Subsidiary North America, Australia, New Zealand
13. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW Division Global
BMW i Division Global
BMW M Division Global
MINI Division Global
Rolls-Royce Subsidiary Global
14. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda Division Global
17. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi Division Global
18. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chana Division China, Taiwan, South Africa, Europe
Hafei Subsidiary China
Tiger Truck Subsidiary United States, Canada
19. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano Subsidiary Europe
Jaguar Subsidiary Global
Land Rover Subsidiary Global
Tata Division Global, except North America
Tata Daewoo Subsidiary South Korea, Pakistan
20. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn Division China
Freewind Subsidiary China
Haima Subsidiary China
Hongqi Division China
Jiaxing Subsidiary China
Vita Subsidiary China
Xiali Subsidiary China
21. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Emlgon Division China
Emgrand Division China, United Kingdom
Geagle Division China
Geely Division China, Taiwan, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, South America, South Africa, Australia
Maple Division China
Volvo (Cars) Subsidiary Global
22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chery Division China, South East Asia, Russia, South Africa, South America
Qoros Joint-Venture China
Riich Division China
Rely Division China
23. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru Division Global
24. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Fengshen Division China
25. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
BAW Division China
Foton Subsidiary China, Taiwan, Japan, Australia
26. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada Division Europe, except United Kingdom, Portugal and Malta, Central Asia
VIS Division Russia
27. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD Division China, Taiwan, Russia, United States
28. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu Division Global, except Brazil and Korea
31. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
JAC Division China
32. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance Division China, North Africa
Jinbei Subsidiary China
33. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall Division China, Taiwan, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia, Europe, Middle East
35. SAIC Motor ( People's Republic of China)
Maxus Division China, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Chile, Malaysia
MG Motor Subsidiary China, United Kingdom, South America
Roewe Division China
Soyat Division China
Yuejin Division China
36. GAZ ( Russia)
GAZ Division Russia, Europe, Central Asia
LiAZ Subsidiary Russia
Ural Trucks Division Russia
37. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra Division India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia
REVA Division India
SsangYong Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan
38. Hafei Motor ( China)
Hafei Subsidiary China
39. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack Subsidiary Global
NovaBus Subsidiary North America
Prevost Subsidiary North America
Renault Trucks Subsidiary Global, except Japan, United States, and Canada
UD Trucks Subsidiary Global
Volvo Trucks Division Global
40. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile ( China)
Changhe Division China
41. Paccar Inc. ( United States)
DAF Trucks Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan
Kenworth Division North America, Australia
Leyland Trucks Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan
Peterbilt Division North America
42. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling Division China
43. Fiat Industrial S.p.A ( Italy)
Iveco Subsidiary Global
Irisbus Subsidiary Global, except North America
44. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
IC Subsidiary United States, Canada
International Division North America, South America, Russia, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa
45. Iran Khodro Company ( Iran)
Iran Khodoro Division Middle East,Northern Africa, Russia, Belarus, Central Asia, China, Venezuela
IKCO Diesel Division Middle East, Northern Africa, Western Africa
46. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Lotus Subsidiary Global
Proton Division Asia Pacific(except Korea), South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East
47. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Jiangnan Division China
48. Yulon Motor ( Taiwan)
Luxgen Division Taiwan, China, Oman
Tobe Division Taiwan
49. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Lifan Division China, Taiwan, Russia, Middle East, South America
50. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company ( People's Republic of China)
Soueast Division China
51. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui Subsidiary Taiwan
52. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima Division China
Jubao Division China
Aofeng Division China
53. Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group Co Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Changfeng Subsidiary China, Russia, Middle East, Africa
Gonow Subsidiary China
Trumpchi Division China
54. Ziyang Nanjun Automobile Co., Ltd. ( People's Republic of China)
Nanjun Division China
55. Rongcheng Huatai Motor ( People's Republic of China)
Huatai Division China
56. Caterpillar Inc. ( United States)
CAT Division United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand
[edit]By total production
Quantifying the total production of a manufacturer, from their start-up, is a difficult task, because of frequent
company ownership changes. However some producers, and independent sources, provide some valuable
statistics:
Toyota reached 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years of production). [29]
[edit]Minor automotive manufacturers
Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups
There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or
operating in niche markets.