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A medley of gases that spew from automobiles pollute our atmosphere, and are fast making the environment a place unfit for living. A combination of unburnt Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen combine to spread an obnoxious mixture. When in excess quantity, these tend to cause automobile pollution. Within a certain range they are acceptable, but when the engine is not tuned properly, or a vehicle uses obsolete technology, or the quality of fuel is not good, all these result in a higher level of emission of all the gases. It's a long, dusty road ahead. Pollution has cast its ominous shadow across the length and breadth of India; there is smog everywhere. It is a choking sensation every time one ventures out into the streets. Delhi is one of the most polluted cities of the world, with Mumbai coming a close second. As part of our efforts to spread awareness and contribute our mite, we tell you how each of us can do our bit to stop this hazard from creating more havoc than it already has. The time to act is Now.

Automobile Pollution

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Page 1: Automobile Pollution

A medley of gases that spew from automobiles pollute our atmosphere, and are fast making the environment a place unfit for living. A combination of unburnt Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen combine to spread an

obnoxious mixture. When in excess quantity, these tend to cause automobile pollution. Within a

certain range they are acceptable, but when the engine is not tuned properly, or a vehicle uses obsolete technology, or the quality of fuel is not good, all these

result in a higher level of emission of all the gases.It's a long, dusty road ahead. Pollution has cast its ominous shadow across the length and breadth of India; there is smog everywhere. It is a choking sensation

every time one ventures out into the streets. Delhi is one of the most polluted cities of the world, with Mumbai coming a close second.

As part of our efforts to spread awareness and contribute our mite, we tell you how each of us can do our bit to stop this hazard from creating more havoc than

it already has. The time to act is Now.

Growing population, phenomenal rise in the number of vehicles and crowded traffic intersections are the symptoms that characterise the present

Page 2: Automobile Pollution

predicament of the increase in vehicular pollution. Vehicles emit exhaust chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter. Other constituents of vehicular exhaust include benzene, toluene, xylene, aldehyde etc., which have systemic toxicity on human beings. Few specific carcinogens are found to be typical of diesel exahust.In order to combat vehicular pollution, the various steps that were adopted by the WestBengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) during the year 2005-2006 are given below.Canada-India Environmental Institutional Strengthening Project on Autorickshaw LPG conversion Demonstration Environment Canada is implementing. Canada-India Environmental Institutional Strengthening Project on Autorickshaw LPG conversion Demonstration. funded by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) in association with the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India (GoI) and the Central Pollution Control Board. The project includes transfer of Canadian technical expertise for conversion of existing petrol-driven autorickshaws of Bangalore and Kolkata to Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). M/s Yugo-Tech Conversion Gas Systems Inc., Ontario, Canada is the Canadian counterpart in this project.During the year 2005-2006, M/s Yugo-Tech has developed the LPG conversion kit for the old in-use petrol-driven autorickshaws. They have also conducted a test run by retrofitting the developed kit in one autorickshaw in Kolkata and one in Bangalore. The WBPCB has conducted a workshop on emission testing laboratory for autorickshaws within the premises of Paribesh Bhawan, Kolkata. After the test run, M/s Yugo-Tech applied for approval of the kit including LPG tank from the Automotive Research Association of India, GoI. After receipt of the approval from the

AUTOMOBILE POLLUTION CONTROLAnnual Report 2005-2006 79GoI, an expert team from M/s Yugo-Tech retrofitted with LPG kits in 24 on-road autorickshaws of Kolkata. The emission testing of these autorickshaws were made on a regular basis. The starting problem of the autorickshaws was solved by modification ofthe LPG kit, and the emission testing of the autorickshaws are being continued. The testing report of the autorickshaws are given in Annnexure V.Upgraded AETCs in West Bengal In association with the State Department ofTransport, the West Bengal Pollution Control Board has facilitated the setting up ofcomputerised and upgraded Automobile Emission Testing Centres (AETCs) andPollution-under-Control (PUC) centres in West Bengal. The AETCs have upgraded theirtesting facilities with opacimeters, gas analysers, eb-camera, compatible software andprovisions for networking with the AETCs nd the Regional Transport Authorities(RTAs). Each AETC has one set of opacity eter (for smoke density testing) with enginerevolution per minute (RPM) sensor for diesel ngine, engine oil temperature sensor,

Page 3: Automobile Pollution

computer, web-camera, software (for measured data transfer) and colour printer. For Petrol/ LPG/CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)engines, four or five gases analysers with facility for testing exhaust gases like CO, CO2,O2 and HC are being installed at the AETC premises. The emission standards for the inuse vehicles under Sub-Rule 2 of Rule 115 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 has been amended vide GSR 111 (E) dated 10-02-2004. The amended features include computer printout of PUC certificates as well as HC for petrol-driven vehicles, reactive HC for LPG-driven vehicles and non-methane HC for CNG-driven vehicles were included along with CO for vehicular emission monitoring. The status of technical recommendation for AETCs in West Bengal during the year 2005-2006 is given in Annexure VI.

LPG Kit retrofitted in auto-rickshaw

A u t om ob i le P ol lu t i on a nd W a t er s heds

• The oil and gas f rom motorized transportation falls onto streets and parking lots. When it rains all of these contaminants are washed into the local water body.

• In large amounts these pollutants can kill fish and plants that live in the water.

• In cities this is especially harmful because the number of paved areas and cars is much greater than other places.

Page 4: Automobile Pollution
Page 5: Automobile Pollution

Automobile Pollution

Refuelling Emissions

ExhaustEmissionsNOx - High temperatures

from combustionCO - Incomplete combustionHC - Escaping fuels

Evaporative EmissionsHot Soak

Running LossesDiurnal

Two ProcessesCombustion (Exhaust System)Evaporation (Fuel Storage and Delivery System)

CO2

Estimated based on fuel consumption

Why Model Vehicle Emissions?

Analyze the environmental impacts of transportation and land use policies use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes

major road network modifications

changes in transit ridership

Evaluate methods to improve air quality

Page 6: Automobile Pollution