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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF SYMBOLSv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION.......vi

LIST OF FIGURES...vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......2

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................2

1.2 Project Title ........................................................................................................................3

1.3 Project Objective..........................................................................................................3 1.4 Project Scopes ....................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................4

2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................7

3.1 Circuit Diagram ...7 3.2 Circuit Description.. 7 3.3 Steps for making PCB11 3.4 Microcontroller Pin Diagram.................12 3.5 Block Diagram of Microcontroller 13 3.6 Pin Description.. 14 3.7 Voltage Regulator 7805 ....16 3.8 Schematic Diagram of Voltage Regulator 7805.17 3.9 Application of Voltage Regulator.18 3.10 Annual Escalator Inspection19 3.11 Fabrication of Escalator...20

CHAPTER 4: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................24

4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................24

4.2 Escalator ..........................................................................................................................24

4.3 Sensor ..............................................................................................................................34

4.4 Relays ..............................................................................................................................36

REFRENCES..........................................................................................................................38

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction I this chapter, I will introduce and explained briefly of my project that titled

Automatic Escalator System. The objectives and scopes are very important because it

will guide the whole process and also gives the right way to discover of completing this

project.

Fig 1.1 Escalator

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1.2 Project Objective This project is developed to control an escalator automatically. The main

modules in this project are Human sensor, Microcontroller unit, Driver unit and Escalator

motor. When any one steps on the escalator, it senses that someone wants to go up or

down. It automatically sends signal to the microcontroller. It automatically on the motor

of the escalator.When the escalator starts, if another steps on the escalator, the

microcontroller calculates the time the previous one come in and accordingly it stops the

escalator when the first one reaches the particular place. The Microcontroller programs

are written in assembly language. This will be very useful in industries, institutions etc.

In future this can be implemented with artificial intelligence.

1.3 Scope of Project

This automatic escalator system is using AT89S52 microcontroller unit and

LM7805voltage regulator IC . The program is designed as per the requirements to fulfil

the aim of project.

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5

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

Fig. 3.1

3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Bridge Rectfier

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit

configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used

in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a

direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-

wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared

to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless

of the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit is also known as the "Graetz circuit" after

its inventor, German physicist Leo Graetz.

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Basic operation

According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers today), current is assumed to flow

through electrical conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free

electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast

majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore,

in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond

is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the

upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to

the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.

Fig 3.2 Bridge Rectifier Case 1

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right

corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red

(positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue (negative)

path

Fig 3.3 Bridge Rectifier Case 2

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In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. Since

this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an

AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is,

it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed

backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and

protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals.

Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from "discrete

components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component

containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial

component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.

Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz

wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize

frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric

resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known

as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are

used in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of

megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for

consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz

crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal

generators, and oscilloscopes.

Fig 3.4 Crystal Oscillator

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Basic Operation

A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a

regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate

transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For example,

steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters

before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of

sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple,

rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically

cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost

ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.

When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric

field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as

piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it

returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal

behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant

frequency.

Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way

that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics

will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its

crystallographic axes).Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its

size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will

remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-

controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to

prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations.

Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage

regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control

loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on

the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where

they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile

alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of

the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a

substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent

of how much power is drawn from the line.

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Fig 3.5 Voltage Regulator

3.3 STEPS FOR MAKING PCB

Prepare the layout of the circuit (positive).

Cut the photo film (slightly bigger) of the size of the layout.

Place the layout in the photo printer machine with the photo film above it. Make sure that

the bromide (dark) side of the film is in contact with the layout.

Switch on the machine by pressing the push button for 5 sec

Dip the film in the solution prepared (developer) by mixing the chemicals A & B in equal

quantities in water.

Now clean the film by placing it in the tray containing water for 1 min.

After this, dip the film in the fixer solution for 1 min. now the negative of the Circuit

is ready.

Now wash it under the flowing water.

Dry the negative in the photo cure machine.

Take the PCB board of the size of the layout and clean it with steel wool to make the

surface smooth.

Now dip the PCB in the liquid photoresist, with the help of dip coat machine.

Now clip the PCB next to the negative in the photo cure machine.

Now place the negative on the top of the PCB in the UV machine, set the timer for about

2.5 minute and switch on the UV light at the top.

Take the LPR developer in a container and rigorously move the PCB in it.

After this, wash it with water very gently.

Then apply LPR dye on it with the help of a dropper.

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Now clamp the PCB in the etching machine that contains ferric chloride solution for

about 10 minutes.

After etching, wash the PCB with water, wipe it a dry cloth softly.

Finally rub the PCB with a steel wool, and the PCB is ready.

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3.4 Pin Diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52

Fig 3.6

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3.5 Block Diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52

Fig 3.7

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3.6 Pin Description

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3.7 Voltage Regulator LM7805-IC

Fig 3.8

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3.8 Schematic Diagram of Voltage Regulator 7805

Fig 3.9

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3.9 Application Information of Voltage Regulator 7805

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3.10 ANNUAL ESCALATOR INSPECTION

The interiors of escalators and their components shall be cleaned to prevent an accumulation

of oil, grease, lint, dirt and refuse. Units will be removed from service and properly

barricaded before any inspection, test, maintenance or repair is performed.

Cleaning and inspection to include but not limited to the following; if equipped:

1. Handrail Inspection

Mark each handrail with chalk and run the unit to inspect its entire length for damage such as cuts, cracks, gouges, pinch points or other conditions that could present a

hazard.

2. Finger Guards

Inspect the condition of the finger guards at each handrail entry point. Look for loss of resilience, cracks, damage or wear that may adversely affect their function. The

guards should be in good working condition and free of damage or foreign materials.

3. Handrail Entry Device

Test the handrail entry device as recommended by the manufacturer. The unit should not start with the key switch until the device is manually reset.

4. Speed of Handrail

Ride the escalator holding each handrail. The handrails must move smoothly without jerks and at substantially the same speed as the unit. Repair as needed.

During the ride also observe any noise or vibrations and investigate further as needed. There should be no excess looseness when weight is shifted.

5. Entrance and Egress

Inspect the building floor surface adjacent to the landing plate for abrupt vertical changes and report any problems to The University of Michigan Elevator Shop.

6. Caution Signs

Verify that the required signage is in place and legible.

7. Combplates

Inspect combplates and replace any broken or damaged plates.

8. Mesh of Combplate with Steps

Verify the combplate teeth mesh with each step so that the points of the teeth are below the upper surface of the tread.

9. Steps and Treadways

Remove all steps in the order recommended by the manufacture, inspect for damage. Clean all steps.

10. Clearance Between Skirt Panel and Step

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Verify the clearance between the escalator step and the skirt panel complies with current code.

11. Lighting

Inspect the green fluorescent demarcation lamps at both ends of the escalator for condition and cleanliness. Verify they are in good working condition and firmly

mounted.

Inspect the combplate lights at the entrance and exit of the unit for condition and cleanliness. Verify they are in good working condition and firmly mounted.

12. Driving Machine Motor and Reduction Gear

Inspect the driving machine motor, reduction gear and brake for secure fastening, cleanliness, lubrication and oil leakage. Clean, or inform University of Michigan of

need for repair or replace.

13. Connection Between Machine and Main Drive Shaft

Inspect for condition and lubrication as recommended by the manufacture.

Inspect broken drive chain for condition and operation. Verify that the device will cause the main drive shaft brake to apply and stop the drive machine if the chain

breaks and the unit will not operate until the device is manually reset.

14. Brake on Drive Machine

Inspect the drive machine brake for signs of over-heating or contamination with grease, oil or other liquids. Clean, or inform University of Michigan of need for

repair or replace.

15. Speed Governor

Verify that it will prevent traveling at no more than 40% above the rated speed. Correct any deficiencies to ensure proper operation.

16. Reversal Stop Device

Inspect the reversal stop device for condition and mounting. Verify operation.

17. Restart Key Switch

After the unit stops, attempt to restart it with the key switch. Units installed since A17.1-1990 must not restart until the device is manually reset.

18. Broken Step Chain Device

Visually inspect broken step chain devices to verify that they are secure and in position to operate if either step chain breaks or excessive sag occurs.

19. Escalator Step Up thrust Device

While steps are removed, visually inspect the step upthrust device switch, wiring and linkage while manually moving the mechanism. Correct any deficiencies.

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20. Oilers and greasers

Contractor shall install new oilers and greasers (existing are permanently mounted) with University supplied material at the entrance and exit of each unit; and shall

ensure their proper operation upon completion of the project.

21. Visual Inspection

Drip pans, wiring conduits, trusses, roller tracks, rollers, chains, handrails, interior of balustrades, skirts, and newels. Clean all areas, replacing all broken or damaged parts

as necessary and verify that they are secure and free of accumulated oil, combustible

materials and debris.

22. Safety Components

Test all safety components and verify their proper operation.

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3.11 FABRICATION OF ESCALATOR

An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people

between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual,

linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where

elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping

malls, airports, transit systems, convention centres, hotels, and public buildings.

An escalator is similar to a conveyor belt, but differs in that it is on an incline and

has a surface of stairs rather than a flat belt. Most escalators also include a handrail that

moves in conjunction with the stairs. To move from one end of an escalator to the other, a

person may simply stand on one step until one reaches the end, or one may climb or descend

the escalator like conventional stairs. Many escalators in busy areas are wide enough to

accommodate two columns of people, and those who wish to stand conventionally remain on

one side of the escalator.

There is a great demand of escalator by the society in todays world of growing

technology. It offers many advantages like

1. It is very useful in the multi Storage building.

2. Escalator are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be

impractical

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REFERENCES

Note: this article is based on a very similar one that has been published in the Proceedings of the 7

th International Conference on Accelerator and

Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, held in Trieste, Italy, 4 - 8 Oct. 1999.

[1] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Technology Survey Summary of Study

Report", IT-CO/98-08-09, CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.

[2] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selection and Evaluation of Commercial

SCADA Systems for the Controls of the CERN LHC Experiments",

Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Accelerator and

Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.353.

[3] G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use of Fieldbuses at

CERN in the LHC Era", Proceedings of the 1997 International

Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control

Systems, Beijing, 1997, p.285.

[4] R.Barillere et al., "Results of the OPC Evaluation done within the

JCOP for the Control of the LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999

International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics

Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.511.