AutoCAD2009 for Beginners BY King Kantha

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    AutoCAD 2009

    For

    Beginners

    Er. KANTHARAJ CHINNAPPA. B.E.,

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    Page No

    Preface.. 04

    Chapter I:

    Introduction to AutoCAD

    2009. 05

    Opening AutoCAD

    2009. 06

    Drawing templates........................................................................................ 07

    Work spaces 09

    The mouse as a digitizer 10

    Buttons at the left-hand end and right-hand end of the status bar.. 13

    The AutoCAD coordinate system.. 16

    Entering Points in AutoCAD

    17

    Drawing Limits and extents 17

    Opening, Saving, Closing, and exiting a drawing file. 18

    Creating A drawing Template 19

    Steps before Starting drawing 20

    Chapter II:

    Drawing Entities-Introducing drawing... 23

    Line tool 23

    Angular Measurements 31

    Polygon tool 32

    Rectangle tool 34

    Arc tool . 36

    Circle tool . 42

    Ellipse tool. 45

    Polyline tool 48

    Donut tool 48

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    Chapter III:

    Modify Entities.. 50

    Aim . 50

    Copy tool. 51

    Mirrortool 52

    Offset tool 53

    Arraytool. 54

    Fillettool. 56

    Chamfertool.. 57

    Trimtool.. 59

    Movetool. 60

    Rotatetool.. 61

    Scaletool. 61

    Jointool.. 62

    Stretchtool. 63

    Extendtool. 64

    Hatching 65

    Chapter IV:

    Dimensioning . 68

    Chapter V:

    Orthographic and isometric.. 73

    Orthographic and isometric.. 73

    First angle and third angle........................................................................ 73

    Isometric Drawing.. 77

    References................................................................................................. 78

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    Preface

    The purpose of writing this Book is to produce a text suitable for students

    who are pursuing Higher Technical Education, who are required to learn how to

    use the CAD software package AutoCAD 2009. Students taking examinations

    based on computer-aided design will find the contents of the book of great

    assistance.

    The contents of this book are basically consisting of chapters giving explanations

    and examples of methods of constructions.

    AutoCAD2009 is a complex computer-aided design (CAD) software package.

    A book of this size cannot possibly cover the complexities of all the methods.

    However, it is hoped that by the time the student has worked through the

    contents of the book, he/she will be sufficiently skilled in methods of producing

    drawing with the software to be able to go on to more advanced constructions

    with its use and will have gained an interest in the more advanced possibilities

    available when using AutoCAD.

    Special thanks to all the authors who wrote the books about AutoCAD which

    helped me a lot in bringing this book and I am highly grateful to them.

    Er.Kantharaj Chinnappa .B.E.,AutoCAD Instructor, ICT, Oman

    Member AUGI, USA, INDIA

    Member-CAD society, USA

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    Chapter I

    Introduction to AutoCAD

    CAD An acronym for Computer Aided Design. It is synonymously used forComputer Aided Drafting.

    AutoCAD

    is the CAD software developed by the company USA.

    utoCAD

    is a general purpose computer aided design software which you can use

    to prepare a wide variety of two-dimensional drawings and three dimensional models.AutoCAD brings the sophisticated technology, previously available only on large and

    costly systems, to the desktop, laptop user.

    Virtually there is no limits to the kinds of the drawing that you can prepare using

    AutoCAD

    , if a drawing can be created by hand it also can be generated using

    AutoCAD.

    Here are just a few of the applications for which AutoCAD

    is being used today.

    The AEC industry- Architecture, engineering and construction

    Civil Engineering and Infrastructure

    Water Supply and Hydraulic Engineering

    Storm Drain, Wastewater and Sewer systems

    Factory Layout

    Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)

    Mechanical (MCAD) Engineering

    Automotive ,Machinery

    Electronic design automation (EDA)

    Electronic and Electrical (ECAD) and Digital circuit design and Electrical Engineering .

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    Opening AutoCAD2009

    AutoCAD2009 is designed to work in a Windows operating system. In general, to open

    AutoCAD

    2009, either double-clickon the AutoCAD

    2009, Desktop icon orshortcut in

    the Windows desktop, or right-clickon the icon, followed by a left-clickon Open in the

    menu which then appears.

    Fig 1.1The AutoCAD 2009 Fig 1.2 The menu whichshortcut icon on the Windows appears from the shortcut icondesktop

    When working in education or in industry, computers may be configured to allow other

    methods of opening AutoCAD

    , such as a list appearing on the computer in use when

    the computer is switched on, from which the operator can select the program they wish

    to use.

    When AutoCAD2009 is opened a window appears, depending upon whether a

    3D Modeling, Classic AutoCAD

    or a 2D Drafting &Annotation workspace has been

    used previously. In this example the 2DDrafting & Annotation workspace is shown

    and includes the drop-down menu from which a choice of the AutoCAD

    workspace to

    be opened can be made. This 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace shows:

    The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most

    AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components. A

    good understanding of the

    Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD

    .

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    DRAWING TEMPLATES

    Fig 1.3 2D drafting & Annotation workspaceFrom the menu browser ,click file -close

    Fig 1.4 Closing file

    A screen like below will appear

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    Fig 1.5 AutoCAD screen

    From Menu Browser click FileNew,

    Fig 1.6 Drawing template

    Drawing template pop up window will appear

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    Fig 1.7 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

    Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the current

    filename is.

    Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which you

    can access almost all commands.

    Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the

    most common AutoCAD commands.

    Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's

    properties, such as layer and line type.

    Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or

    'docked' as the main toolbar is.

    Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to

    draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.

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    Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the

    PAN command to move around your drawing.

    WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive Y

    go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be changed to

    a User Co-ordinate System.)

    Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference

    files program updates and print status.

    Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses

    this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and

    tell you where you are in the command.

    Mouse as a digitizer

    Many operators working In AutoCAD will use a two button mouse as a digitizer. there are other

    digitizers are also used-picks with tablets, a three mouse button,etc,.

    Fig shows a mouse with two buttons and a wheel. Here the pick button is left-click. Return button is

    right click(same as enter key in the key board).When the wheel is pressed drawings are panned by

    moving mouse.

    Moving wheel forward enlarges the drawing(zoom in),and backward movement of wheel will reduce

    the size of the drawing(zoom out)

    Fig 1.8 MOUSE DETAILS

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    Fig 1.9 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

    Fig 1.10 Workspace control toolbar

    Workspace control toolbar to the left of Standard Annotation

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    Fig 1.11 Workspace Settings

    The Workspace Settings dialog appearing when the Workspace Settings... icon

    of the Workspaces toolbar is clicked( Choose AutoCAD Classic)

    Fig 1.12 The AutoCAD 2009 Classic workspace with its various parts

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    Command palette can be draggedfrom its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD

    window into the AutoCAD drawing area, when it can be seen as a palette (Fig. 1.7). As

    with all palettes, an Auto Hide icon and a right click menu is included.

    Fig 1.13 The command palette when draggedfrom its position at the bottom of the

    AutoCAD window

    Menu bar and menus: The menu bar is situated under the title bar and contains

    names of menus from which commands can be selected.

    Buttons in the status bar

    A number of buttons in the status bar can be used for toggling (turning on/off) various

    functions when operating within AutoCAD 2009 (Fig. 1.17).

    A clickon a button turns that function on, if it is off, a clickon a button when it is off turns

    the function back on. Similar results can be obtained by using function keys of the

    computer keyboard (keys F1 to F10).

    Fig 1.14 The buttons at the left hand end of the status bar

    SNAP: also toggled using the F9key. When snap on, the cursor under mouse

    control can only be moved in jumps from one snap point to another.

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    GRID: also toggled using the F7 key. When set on, a series of grid points appears

    in the drawing area.

    ORTHO: also toggled using the F8key. When on, lines, etc. can only be drawn

    vertically or horizontally.

    POLAR: also toggled using the F10key. When set on, a small tip appears showing

    the direction and length of lines, etc. in degrees and units.

    OSNAP: also toggled using theF3 key. When set on, an osnap icon appears at the

    cursor pick box..

    DYN: Dynamic Input. F12When set on, the x, y coordinates and prompts show when

    the cursor hairs are moved.

    LWT: when set on, line weights show on screen. When set off, Line weights only show in

    plotted/printed drawings

    OTRACK: when set on, lines, etc. can be drawn at exact coordinate points and precise

    angles.

    Fig 1.15 The buttons at the Right hand end of the status bar

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    Fig 1.16 Most Commonly Used Buttons in status Bar

    Fig 1.17 Application Status Bar Menu

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    The AutoCAD coordinate system

    Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. In the AutoCAD 2D coordinate system,

    units are measured horizontally in terms of X and vertically in terms of Y. A 2D point can

    be determined in terms of X, Y (in this book referred to as x, y). x,y_ 0,0 is the origin of

    the system. The coordinate point x, y_ 100,50 is 100 units to the right of the origin and

    50 units above the origin. The point x, y_ _100,_50 is 100 units to the left of the origin

    and 50 points below the origin.

    Fig 1.18 Coordinate system

    In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with this system.

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    Fig 1.19 Drawing sheet size

    Entering Points in AutoCAD

    ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES- Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to

    the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y.

    RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point

    you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X, Y.

    This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units

    over and Y units up relative to the previous point.

    POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to

    draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D

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    Open Existing Drawings

    Choose File, OPEN.

    Click the OPEN icon.

    Fig 1.21Opening a Existing drawing

    Saving Existing Drawings

    Choose File, Save.

    Click the Save icon.

    Give suitable file name

    Closing Existing Drawings

    Choose File, Close.

    Exiting Drawings

    Choose File, Exit.

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    Creating a Drawing Template File

    When you need to create several drawings that use the same conventions and default

    settings, you can save time by creating or customizing a template file instead of

    specifying the conventions and default settings each time you start. Conventions and

    settings commonly stored in template files include

    Unit type and precision

    Title blocks, borders, and logos

    Layer names

    Snap, Grid, and Ortho settings

    Grid limits

    Dimension styles

    Text styles

    Line types

    Choose File, New

    Click the New icon

    or

    Fig 1.22 Opening New Drawing

    By default, drawing template files are stored in the templatefolder, where they are easily

    accessible.

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    Fig 1.23 Template

    Steps to be followed before starting the drawing

    1. Format- Drawing limits- 0,0(enter)

    X,Y(put the values for x and y, and enter)

    2. Zoom-Window- 0,0(enter)

    X,Y(enter)

    (you have to enter the same values)

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    3. Format Units

    Select your choice of unit

    Select Millimeters

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    Set the Format of drawing Units

    After you decide what drawing units to use ,you can set the format of the drawing units,

    The format settings available for linear units are as below

    Architectural

    Decimal

    Engineering

    Fractional

    Scientific

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    Chapter II

    Drawing Entities

    Aims of this chapter

    1. The construction of 2D drawing

    2. The drawing of simple outlines using the Line , Polygon , Rectangle ,

    Arc Circle , Ellipse and Poly line tools from the Draw toolbar or the

    2D Draw control panel.

    3. Drawing to snap points.

    4. Drawing to absolute coordinate points.

    5. Drawing to relative coordinate points.

    6. The use of the Erase, Undo and Redo tools.

    Drawing with the Line tool

    First example Line tool

    1. Open AutoCAD. The drawing area will show the settings of the acadiso.dwt template

    Limits set to 420,297, Grid set to 10, Snap set to 5

    2. Left-clickon the Line tool in the 2D Draw control panel (Fig. 2.1).

    Fig. 2.1 The Line tool from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Draw toolbar

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    3. Make sure Snap is on by either pressing the F9 key or the SNAP button in the status

    bar._Snap on_will show in the command palette.

    4. Move the mouse around the drawing area. The cursors pick box will jump from point

    to point at 5 unit intervals. The position of the pick box will show as coordinate numbers

    in the status bar (left-hand end).

    5. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and press the Pick

    button of the mouse (left-click).

    6. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,240,0 and left-click.

    7. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,110,0 and left-click.

    8. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,110,0 and left click.

    9. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and left click.Then press the Return button of the mouse (right-click).

    Fig. 2.3 appears in the drawing area.

    Fig. 2.2 First example Line tool

    Second example Line tool

    1. Clear the drawing from the screen with a clickon the Close drawing button (Fig. 2.4).

    Make sure it is not the AutoCAD 2008 window button.

    2. The warning window (Fig. 2.5) appears in the centre of the screen. Clickits No button.

    3. Left-clickon New... in the File drop-down menu and from the Select template dialog

    which appears double-clickon acadiso.dwt.

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    4. Left-clickon the Line tool icon and enterfigures as follows at each prompt of the

    command line sequence:

    Command:_line Specify first point: enter80,235 right-click

    Specify next point or [Undo]: enter275,235 right-click

    Specify next point or [Undo]: enter295,210 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter295,100 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter230,100 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter230,70 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter120,70 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter120,100 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter55,100 right-clickSpecify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter55,210 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enterc (Close) right-click

    Fig. 2.3 Second example Line

    Third example Line tool)

    1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.

    2. Left-clickon the Line tool icon and enterfigures as follows at each

    prompt of the command line sequence:

    Command:_line Specify first point: enter60,210 right-click

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    Specify next point or [Undo]: enter@50,0 right-click

    Specify next point or [Undo]: enter@0,20 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@130,0 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@0,_20 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@50,0 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@0,_105 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@_50,0 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@0,_20 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@_130,0 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@0,20 right-click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter@_50,0 right-clickSpecify next point or [Close/Undo]: enterc (Close) right-click

    Fig. 2.4 Third example Line

    Fourth example Line tool

    1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.

    2. Left-clickon the Line tool icon and enterfigures as follows at each

    prompt of the command line sequence:

    Command:_line Specify first point: 70,230

    Specify next point: @220,0

    Specify next point: @0, 70

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    Specify next point or [Undo]: @115_225

    Specify next point or [Undo]: @_60,0

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @115_135

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,70

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)

    Fig. 2.5 Fourth example Line

    Fifth example Line tool

    1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.

    2. Left-clickon the Line tool icon and enterfigures as follows at each prompt of the

    command line sequence:

    Command:_ line Specify first point: Enter 65,220 Right click

    Specify next point: Drag to right enter 240 Right click

    Specify next point: Drag down enter 145Right click

    Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag left enter 65 Right click

    Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 120 Right click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click

    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 55 Right click

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    Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)

    Fig. 2.6 Sixth example Line tool

    Fig. 2.7 Straight line example

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    Steps Involved in the drawing

    After opening the drawing template file

    Press function Key F12 in the key board to switch on Dynamic In put

    1. Format-Drawing Limits- 0,0 enter

    50,40 enter

    2. View- Zoom Window- 0,0

    50,403. Format Units set to Millimeters4. Switch grid and snap on and Grid set to 5, Snap set to 5

    (In the Status Bar place the mouse icon on snap, or grid icon and right click and click on

    settings a pop up window as below will come)

    orFig. 2.8 Draft settings Fig. 2.9 line creating

    5.Click the line Icon in the draw tool bar or from

    6..Left Click (mouse)at the top middle of the working area , and this is your starting point7. Press the function keyF8( ortho on),and drag downwards and enter the value in the

    box as 10 and enter or right click of mouse

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    Drag left and enter value 15 right click

    Drag down ,enter 5 right click

    Drag right ,enter 15, right click

    Drag down, enter 20, right click

    Drag right, enter 10, right click

    Drag up , enter 20, right click

    Drag right enter,15 right click

    Drag up enter 5, right click

    Drag left enter 15, right click

    Drag up enter 10, right click

    Drag left enter 10, right click

    Press enter(right click in the mouse ) or press esc in the key board

    Seventh example Line tool

    Fig. 2.10 Creating Angular Line

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    Before starting the drawing solve for the unknown angles .

    Angular Measurement

    Fig. 2.11 Angular Measurement

    AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below and then placeyour mouse on it to see how this is done.

    When drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which

    is at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up. The

    example above (when you move your mouse over it) shows a line drawn at +300 degrees

    (270+30), or -60 degrees.

    You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example

    below and place your mouse on the image to find out angle in question.

    Fig. 2.12 Finding Angle

    In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle AutoCAD needs

    to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is (a) the knowledge that 0is at the 3 o'clock position (b) the knowledge that 180 is at the 9 o'clock position and (c) the

    angle between 180 and the line you want to draw is 150. With this information, you can

    figure out what angle you need. Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need:

    1.) Start at the 0 position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180.

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    2.) From 180, measure clockwise 150.

    3.) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation:

    +180-150=30

    If you solved the angles check your angles with drawing below

    Fig. 2.13 After Solving Angles

    Polygon Tool

    To draw an inscribed polygon

    Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the

    Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

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    Fig. 2.14 Polygon Icon In draw bar and pull down menu bar

    Enter the no of sides as 5 Right Click

    Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

    orin the command prompt press I EnterEnter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] :I Enter

    Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

    Fig. 2.15 Polygon Construction Fig. 2.16 Polygon Inscribed

    To draw a circumscribed polygon

    Fig. 2.17 Polygon Circumscribed Fig. 2.18 Different Polygon

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    Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the

    Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

    Enter the no of sides as 6 Right Click

    Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

    orin the command prompt press c Enter

    Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] : c Enter

    Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

    Rectangle Tool

    To draw a rectangle

    Call The Rectangle tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or fromthe Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

    or

    Fig. 2.19 Rectangle

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    1. Specify the first corner of the rectangle. Click on any point in the drawing area

    2. Specify the other corner of the rectangle.

    3. Press Shift+@ button and enter the other value

    Fig. 2.20 Rectangle by 2points

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    Arc Tool

    Arc is a Segment of an continuous curve.

    Fig. 2.21 Arc tool

    Before starting this Arc let us learn about O snap(In the Status Bar place the mouse icon

    on O snap, and right click and click on settings a pop up window as below will come)

    Click select all and click OK

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    Fig. 2.22 Draft Settings

    Draw Arcs by Specifying Three PointsYou can draw an arc by specifying three points. In the following example, the start point

    of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The second point of the arc snaps to the

    middle circle in the illustration.

    Fig. 2.23 Arc By 3 Point

    Draw the lines according to the dimensions

    After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc ,3points

    Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

    Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End

    When you know the start point, center point, and endpoint, you can draw an arc by

    specifying either the start point or the center point first. The center point is the center of a

    circle that the arc is part of.

    Fig 2.24 a Arc by Start,Center,End

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    Fig 2.24 Arc by Start,Center,End

    After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

    Center, End. Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

    Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Angle

    When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to and you know the

    included angle, use the Start, Center, Angle or the Center, Start, Angle option.

    Fig 2.25 Arc by Start,Center,Angle

    After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

    Center, Angle. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the angle t to get

    arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc. Use the Start, End, Angle

    method when you know both endpoints but cannot snap to a center point.

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    Fig 2.26 Arc by different methods using angles

    Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Length

    When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to; when you know the

    chord length, use the Start, Center, Length or the Center, Start, Length option.

    Fig 2.27 a Arc by Start,Center,Length

    Fig 2.27 b Arc by Start,Center,Length

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    After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

    Center, Length. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the chord length to

    get arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc.

    Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Direction/Radius

    When you have a start point and an endpoint, use the Start, End, Direction or the Start,

    End, Radius option.

    The illustration on the left shows an arc drawn by specifying a start point, endpoint, and

    radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the pointing device

    clockwise or counterclockwise and clicking to specify a distance.

    Fig 2.28 Arc by Start, end ,Radius and direction

    After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

    End, Radius. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the Radius to get arc

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    The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a

    start point and an endpoint and a direction. Moving the cursor up from the start point and

    endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the cursor down

    draws the arc convex to the object.

    Draw Continuous Arcs and Lines

    Immediately after you complete an arc, you can start a line tangent to the arc at an

    endpoint by starting the LINE command and pressing ENTER at the Specify First Point

    prompt. You need to specify only the line length.

    Fig. 2.29 Continuous Arc

    Conversely, after you complete a line, you can start an arc tangent to the line at an

    endpoint by starting the ARC command and pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point

    prompt. You need to specify only the endpoint of the arc

    Fig. 2.30 Arc By Start, center, Angle Method Fig. 2.31 Arc By Start, End, Direction Method

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    Arc Fig. 2.32 By Start, End , Radius Method

    Circle Tool

    or

    Fig 2.33 Circle tool

    1.Open the acadiso.dwt template

    2.Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel

    To create a circle, you can also specify the diameter, center point, points on the

    circumference, and tangents.

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    Center Point

    Draws a circle based on a center point and a diameter or a radius.

    Radius

    Defines the radius of the circle. Enter a value, or specify a point (2). The distance

    between this point and the center point determines the radius of the circle.

    Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel

    Click any point in the in the drawing area

    Specify radius as 2 units

    Diameter

    Draws a circle using the center point and a specified distance for the diameter.

    Specify diameter of circle : Specify a point (2), enter a value, or

    pressENTER

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    Specify Diameter as 4 units

    2P (Two Points)

    Draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.

    Specify first endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (1)

    Specify second endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (2)

    Fig 2.34 Circle by 2 points

    3P (Three Points)

    Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference.

    Specify first point on circle: Specify a point (1)

    Specify second point on circle: Specify a point (2)

    Specify third point on circle: Specify a point (3)

    T Fig 2.35 Circle by 3 points

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    TR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)

    Fig 2.36 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

    Draws a circle with a specified radius tangent to two objects.

    Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line

    Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line

    Specify radius of circle :

    Fig 2.37 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

    Ellipse Tool

    The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The

    longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis. Ellipse Can be

    regarded as what is seen when a circle is viewed in an angle

    Ellipses are measured in terms of two axes-a major axis and a minor axis

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    Major axis is the diameter of the circle and minor axis is being the height of the ellipse

    after the circle has been rotated through an angle

    Fig 2.38 Ellipse

    Fig 2.39 Ellipse tool

    To Call the Ellipse tool, click on its tool Icon in the Home/Draw panel

    Fig 2.40 Ellipse by axis and distance

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    Fig 2.41 Different methods of drawing Ellipse

    Ellipse by Center Method

    Click on the center point

    Specify the end point of axis

    Specify the other end point of axis

    Ellipse by Axis, End Method

    Defines the first axis by its two endpoints. The angle of the first axis determines the

    angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the

    ellipse.

    Click on the 1point

    Specify the other end point (2point) of axis

    Click on the 3point (Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]:)

    Ellipse by Arc Method

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    The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis.

    The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the

    endpoint of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the start and end angles.

    Construct a Polygon inscribed in Circle of radius 10

    Click draw tool bar and in that select ellipse-arc

    Specify the 1st and 2nd axis end points

    Specify distance to the other axis as 9

    Again click the 1st and second axis end points once again.

    Fig 2.42 Ellipse by arc

    Poly Line Tool

    When Drawing Lines with Line tool, each line is in its own right. A rectangle drawn with

    line tool is four objects, but if the same rectangle drawn by poly line is a single object.

    Fig 2.43 Poly Line tool

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    Donut

    To create a donut

    Donuts are filled rings or solid-filled circles that actually are closed polylines with width.

    From The drop down menu bar pick do nut

    Specify inside diameter

    Specify out side diameter

    Specify centre of donut

    Fig 2.44 Do Nut

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    Chapter III

    The Modify EntitiesAims of this chapter

    The Aim of this Chapter is to describe the uses of tools for modifying parts of drawings

    The drawing of simple outlines using the Erase , Copy , Mirror ,

    Off Set , Array , Move ,Rotate ,Scale ,Trim ,

    Extend , Join Stretch ,Break ,Chamfer ,and Fillet tools from

    the Modify toolbar,

    FIG 3.1 The Modify Tool Bar

    Erase

    Construct the drawing as shown in fig

    Fig 3.2 Erase

    Call the Erase too l-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel

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    Pick Erase from the modify tool bar

    Click the first line and second line and right click

    The Copy Tool

    Fig 3.3 Copy

    1. Construct the following drawing using Poly Line.

    2. Call the copy tool-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel

    3. Pick copy from the modify tool bar

    Fig 3.4 Copying Circle

    Pick the circle Right click

    Specify the base point 1

    Specify the other points where you want to cop

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    Mirror Tool

    Fig 3.5 Mirror

    Draw The following Drawing as per dimension

    Fig 3.6 Before and after mirror

    Call the Mirror tool Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel. Pick the mirror

    tool icon from the modify tool bar, Pick Mirror from the modify drop down menu.

    Pick the First corner and second corner

    Pick n click the first and second point of mirror line

    erase or keep the source object by pressing yor n in the command prompt

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    Off Set Tool

    Fig 3.7 Offset

    1.Construct the four outlines as shown

    2.Call the off set tool-left click its tool icon in the home/modify panel,pick the tool from

    modify drop down menu.

    specify off set distance as 5 units right click

    Select the Rectangle and

    click in side the rectangle

    Repeat the step.

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    Array

    You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an

    array. Arrays can be either in Rectangular form or in Polar form

    For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance

    between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and

    whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is

    faster than copying.

    Rectangular Array

    Fig 3.8 Array-Rectangle

    Draw the above sketch

    Call The Array tool-by either clicking Array in the Modify drop down menu bar, from the

    home /modify panel, pick the array tool icon from the modify tool bar

    Make settings in the dialog

    Rectangular Array Radio Button set on

    Row field Enter 5Column field-Enter 6

    Row off set field-enter -50(minus sign)

    Column offset field-enter 50

    Click the select objects button

    Click preview button

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    Accept and click ok

    Fig 3.9 Array-Rectangle Method

    Polar Array

    Fig 3.10 Array-Polar MethodConstruct the drawing shown below

    Call Array. Array Dialog appears

    Make settings

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    Fig 3.11 Array-Polar Method fig 3.12 Array-Polar Method

    Click radio button polar array

    Select the objects

    Select the small circle

    Specify the center point of array as shown

    Specify total no of items as 12

    Then click preview

    Click ok

    Fillet Tool

    The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Changing the fillet

    radius affects subsequent fillets. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are

    trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created.

    Fig 3.13 Fillet

    Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool

    Call Fillet-Click the fillet tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick fillet from modify drop down

    menu

    Type R in the command prompt

    Set the radius as 15 units

    Pick the first object to fillet

    Pick the second object to fillet

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    Fig 3.14 Filleting Poly line

    Chamfer Tool

    Specifies the first of two edges required to define a 2D chamfer, or the edge of a 3D

    solid to chamfer.

    Distance

    Sets the distance of the chamfer from the endpoint of the selected edge.

    Specify first chamfer distance :

    Specify second chamfer distance :

    Fig 3.15 Chamfer

    Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool

    Call Chamfer tool-Click the Chamfer tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick Chamfer from

    modify drop down menu

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    Fig 3.16 Chamfer polylines Fig 3.17 Chamfer polylines

    Type D in the command prompt

    Specify the first distance as 10 units

    Specify the second distance as 10 units

    Pick the first object to Chamfer

    Pick the second object to Chamfer

    Polyline

    Chamfers an entire 2D polyline.

    Select 2D polyline:

    The intersecting polyline segments are chamfered at each vertex of the polyline.Chamfers become new segments of the polyline.

    If the polyline includes segments that are too short to accommodate the chamferdistance, those segments are not chamfered.

    Fig 3.18 Polyline

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    Angle

    Sets the chamfer distances using a chamfer distance for the first line and an angle for

    the second line.

    Specify chamfer length on the first line :

    Specify chamfer angle from the first line :

    Fig 3.19

    Trim Tool

    This tool is frequently used in AutoCAD

    Fig 3.20 Trim

    Draw the Drawing as shown below in the figure

    Call Trim tool Left click its tool icon in the Home? Modify panel, pick its tool icon from

    the modify tool bar, pick Trim from the drop down menu bar

    Select the cutting edge (left side) Right click

    Select the objects to trim

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    Fig 3.21 Trimming method

    Move

    Fig 3..22 Move

    Construct the drawing as shown below

    Call Move-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool

    bar, click Move in the modify drop down menu

    Select the objects--right click

    Specify the base point

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    Specify the second point

    Rotate When using the rotate tool remember the default rotation of objects is counter clockwise

    (anti clockwise)

    Construct the drawing as shown below

    Fig 3..23 Rotate

    Call Rotate-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify

    tool bar, click Rotate in the modify drop down menu

    Select objects-right click

    Specify base point

    Specify rotation angle as 45

    Scale

    Using the Rectangle and Polyline , construct drawings .

    The rectangle fillets are R 10. The line width is 1

    Call Scale-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool

    bar, click Scale in the modify drop down menu

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    Fig 3..24 Scale

    Join

    The Join tool can be used to join two plines provided their ends are touching

    To join lines which are in line with each other, to join arcs and convert arcs to circles

    Call Join-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool

    bar, click Join in the modify drop down menu

    Fig 3..25 Join

    Select objects to join to source-pick a pline

    Pick another, and pick all what you want then right click

    Join select objects to join the source

    Pick the linesRight click

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    Stretch

    Stretch tool is for stretching drawings or parts of drawings.Construct the drawings as shown below

    Call Stretch-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify

    tool bar, click Stretch in the modify drop down menu

    Select the objects right click

    Specify the base point

    Specify the second point

    Fig 3..26 Strecth

    Break

    You can create a gap between two specified points on an object by breaking it in to two

    objects.

    Construct the rectangle ,arc and circle

    Call Break-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modifytool bar, click Break in the modify drop down menu

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    Fig 3..27 Break

    Select the object pick at the point

    Specify second break point or first point type f in command prompt right click

    Pick First point

    Pick second point

    Extend

    Construct plines and a circle as shown

    Fig 3..28 Extend

    Call Extend-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify

    tool bar, click Extend in the modify drop down menu

    Select boundary edges-right click

    Select the objects to extend right click

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    Fig 3..29 Extend before and after

    Hatch

    You can choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch.

    Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

    Select objects that enclose an area.

    Fig 3..30 Hatch

    Construct a simple rectangle of size 100x50

    Call Hatch-click its tool icon in the home /Draw panel, pick its tool icon in the modify toolbar, click Hatch the Draw drop down menu

    Click in the swatch field. The patterns of hatch will appears

    Click the ANSI tab chose ANSI31

    Pick points

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    Click in the drawing area where you want the hatch (Click inside Rectangular Area)

    Change Scale to 20

    Click ok

    Fig 3..31 Hatch window

    Fig 3..32 Before and after Hatch

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    Fig 3..33 Different types of hatch pre loaded

    Fig 3..34 Hatch Method

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    Chapter IV

    Dimensioning Tool

    The dimensioning style is already set in the acadiso.dwt template

    Linear Dimension

    Creates a linear dimension with a horizontal, vertical, or rotated dimension line.

    Fig 4.1 Dimensioning

    Different types of dimensioning

    1.Linear

    2.Angular

    3.Aligned

    4.Radius

    5.Diameter

    And etc

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    Fig 4.1 Dimensioning tool

    Fig 4.2 Dimensioning

    Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. With aligned dimensions, the

    dimension line is parallel to the line (imaginary or real) between the extension lineorigins. Baseline (or parallel) and continued (or chain) dimensions are series of

    consecutive dimensions that are based on a linear dimension.

    In all four illustrations, the extension line origins are designated explicitly at 1 and 2,

    respectively. The dimension line location is specified at 3.

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    Fig 4.3 Linear Dimensioning

    Creates a linear dimension that is aligned with the origin points of the extension

    lines.

    You can create dimensions that are parallel to the locations or objects that you specify.

    In aligned dimensions, the dimension line is parallel to the extension line origins. The

    illustration shows two examples of aligned dimensioning. The object is selected (1), and

    the location of the aligned dimension is specified (2). The extension lines are drawn

    automatically.

    Fig 4.4 Aligned Dimensioning

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    Fig 4.5 Dimensioning Linear And Aligned

    Dimension Circles and Arcs

    If you use an arc or a circle or three points to specify an angle, the program

    draws the dimension line arc between the extension lines. The extension

    lines are drawn from the angle endpoints to the intersection of the dimension

    line arc.

    Fig 4.6 Dimensioning Circles and Arcs

    The location that you specify for the dimension line arc determines the

    quadrant of the dimensioned angle.

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    Radial dimensions measure the radii and diameters of arcs and circles with

    optional centerlines or a center mark.

    There are two types of radial dimensions:

    RADIUS measures the radius of an arc or circle, and displays the

    dimension text with the letter R in front of it.

    Fig 4.7 Dimensioning Arcs

    Fig 4.8 Dimensioning Circles

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    Chapter V

    Orthographic and Isometric

    The aims of this chapter are to introduce methods of constructing views in orthographic

    Projection and the construction of isometric drawings.

    Fig 5.1Solid model Fig 5.2 First angle Projection Fig 5.3 Third angle Projection

    projection

    Orthographic projection involves viewing an article being described in a technical

    drawing from different directions from the front, from a side, from above, from below or

    from any other viewing position. Orthographic projection often involves:

    the drawing of details which are hidden, using hidden detail lines

    sectional views in which the article being drawn is imagined as being cut through and

    the cut surface drawn

    centre lines through arcs, circles spheres and cylindrical shapes.

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    Setting The AutoCAD window for Isometric Drawing

    Right click on the snap tool in the status bar

    Fig 5.4 Draft Settings For isometric

    Change to Isometric snapChange snap and grid spacing

    Click ok

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    Fig 5.5 Isometric Screen View

    An Isometric View

    Fig 5.6 IsoPlanes

    There are three isometric angles

    Iso plane Top

    Iso plane Left

    Iso plane Right

    These can be set by pressing the F5 key

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    Fig 5.7 an Example

    Working to the shapes and sizes given in the orthographic projection

    Set the snap onF9 key set it to 10

    Grid on F3 key set it to 10

    Set to the iso plane top using F5

    Ortho on F8

    With the line construct the out line of model

    Fig 5.8 Construction of Isometric

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    Call the ellipse tool from the draw tool bar, press I in the command prompt

    Add the iso circle of radius of 20 centered in its correct position in the outline of the top

    Set the iso plane to Iso plane right and with copy tool; copy the top with its ellipse

    vertically downwards three times

    Add lines

    Use trim to remove unwanted parts of lines and ellipses to produce the fig

    Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion

    Dimensioning in the Isometric drawing

    After finishing the sketch call dimension-aligned

    Pick the points for dimension

    Again call dimension and choose oblique

    Select objects

    Select any dimension

    Enter oblique angle choose angles 30,-30,90and -90

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    Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion with oblique dimensioning

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    References

    01. AutoCAD

    2009 manual by Ing .Antonio Lope`z Astete

    02. AutoCAD

    2009 Tutorial by Randy H Shih

    03. AutoCAD

    2006/2007/2008/2009 Bible by Ellen Finkelstein

    04. Introduction to AutoCAD

    2008/2009 by Alf Yarwood

    05. Tips by Lynn Allen CAD Blogist

    06. AutoCAD

    Notes by Uhrskov

    07. AutoCAD

    help files by Autodesk

    08. Introducing AutoCAD

    2009 by George Omura

    09. AutoCAD

    2009 getting started tutorial by Autodesk

    10. AutoCAD

    2007 by Dr.Kamil

    11. AutoCAD

    by Cheryl R Shrock

    12. AutoCAD

    notes by Dr.D Fox

    Websites

    www.google.com

    www.autodesk.com

    www.aaue.dk