Auto Braking

8/19/2019 Auto Braking

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The Braking System is the most critical system on your vehicle. Its maintenance and proper

functioning are vital to you, your family and other motorists. You should not attempt to effectuate

maintenance or repair work on brakes.

Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces pressed together to convert the kinetic

energy of the moving object into heat, though other methods of energy conversion may be

employed.

Brakes are generally applied to rotating ales or wheels, but may also take other forms such as the

surface of a moving fluid !flaps deployed into water or air". #ome vehicles use a combination of

braking mechanisms, such as drag racing cars with both wheel brakes and a parachute, or airplanes

with both wheel brakes and drag flaps raised into the air during landing.

TY$%#

• Frictional brakes are most common and can be divided broadly into &shoe& or &pad& brakes,

using an eplicit wear surface, and hydrodynamic brakes, such as parachutes, which use friction

in a working fluid and do not eplicitly wear. Typically the term &friction brake& is used to mean

pad'shoe brakes and ecludes hydrodynamic brakes, even though hydrodynamic brakes use

friction.

(riction !pad'shoe" brakes are often rotating devices with a stationary pad and a rotating wear

surface. )ommon configurations include shoes that contract to rub on the outside of a rotating

drum, such as a band brake* a rotating drum with shoes that epand to rub the inside of a drum,

commonly called a &drum brake&, although other drum configurations are possible* and pads that

pinch a rotating disc, commonly called a &disc brake&. +ther brake configurations are used, but

less often. (or eample, $)) trolley brakes include a flat shoe which is clamped to the rail with

an electromagnet* the Murphy brake pinches a rotating drum, and the usco -ambert disc

brake uses a hollow disc !two parallel discs with a structural bridge" with shoes that sit between

the disc surfaces and epand laterally.

drum brake is a vehicle brake in which the friction is caused by a set of brake shoes that press

against the inner surface of a rotating drum. The drum is connected to the rotating roadwheel

hub.

The disc brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a road wheel. brake disc !or

rotor in .#. %nglish", usually made of cast iron or ceramic, is connected to the wheel or the

ale. To stop the wheel, frictionmaterial in the form of brake pads !mounted in a device called

a brake caliper " is

forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of the

disc. (riction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCC_trolleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCC_trolleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausco_Lambert_disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausco_Lambert_disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausco_Lambert_disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_shoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_shoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_padhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCC_trolleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausco_Lambert_disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausco_Lambert_disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_shoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_padhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_caliperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction


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• Pumping brakes are often used where a pump is already part of the machinery. (or

eample, an internal/combustion piston motor can have the fuel supply stopped, and then

internal pumping losses of the engine create some braking. #ome engines use a valve override

called a 0ake brake to greatly increase pumping losses. $umping brakes can dump energy as

heat, or can be regenerative brakes that recharge a pressure reservoir called a hydraulicaccumulator .

• Electromagnetic brakes are likewise often used where an electric motor is already part of

the machinery. (or eample, many hybrid gasoline'electric vehicles use the electric motor as a

generator to charge electric batteries and also as a regenerative brake. #ome diesel'electric

railroad locomotives use the electric motors to generate electricity which is then sent to a

resistor bank and dumped as heat. #ome vehicles, such as some transit buses, do not already

have an electric motor but use a secondary &retarder& brake that is effectively a generator with

an internal short/circuit. 1elated types of such a brake are eddy current brakes, and electro/

mechanical brakes !which actually are magnetically driven friction brakes, but nowadays are

often just called 2electromagnetic brakes3 as well".

%lectromagnetic brakes slow an object through electromagnetic induction, which

creates resistance and in turn either heat or electricity. (riction brakes apply pressure on two

separate objects to slow the vehicle in a controlled manner.

AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM

principle

Automatic braking is a technology for automobiles to sense an imminent collision with anothervehicle, person or obstacle* or a danger such as a high brakes or by applying the brakes to slow the

vehicle without any driver input. #ensors to detect other vehicles or obstacles can include radar,

video, infrared, ultrasonic or other technologies. 4$# sensors can detect fied dangers such as

approaching the stop signs through a location database.

)+M$+5%5T#

Disc Brakes

6isc Brakes are comprised of a disc or rotor, a caliper assembly, disc brake pads and the wheel bearings and

hardware necessary to mount the components on the vehicle. The caliper is connected to the master cylinder

through tubes, hoses and valves that conduct brake fluid through the system.

Drum Brakes

6rum Brakes are comprised of a drum 7 backing plate, a hub or ale assembly, brake shoes , wheel cylinder,

wheel bearings and hardware necessary to mount these components on the vehicle. The wheel cylinder is

connected to the master cylinder through tubes, hoses and valves that conduct brake fluid through the system.

ABSTRACT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS


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The auto-brakin !"!te# $a! %e!ine% b" &'() an% *abricate% to keep a %i!tance

bet$een t$o car!+ It pro,i%e! pre-cra!h !a*et" !"!te# *or intellient car+ Thi!

#o%ule can %etect the %i!tance bet$een *ront ,ehicle an% %ri,er! ,ehicle to keep a

con!tant %i!tance u!in a !en!or an% operate the brake !"!te# *orcibl" i* the %ri,er

%oe! not %ecrea!e the !pee% o* car+ The !"!te# %i!pla"! the %i!tance bet$een the

t$o ,ehicle! an% the !pee% o* "our ,ehicle+ The per*or#ance o* the !"!te# $a!oo%+

DESIGN

The *abricate% auto-brakin !"!te# ha! the !en!or part an% !inal proce!!in part

to pre,ent an acci%ent a! !ho$n in .iure /+ It per*or#e% #onitorin the

en,iron#ent an% !en!or !inal proce!!in+ The !en!or e#be%%e% in ,ehicle $ill

%etect the roa% en,iron#ent0 !uch a! !el*-,elocit"0 %i!tance *ro# *ront ,ehicle0 an%

!urroun%in! ,ehicle!0 u!in in*rare% !en!or an% ultra!onic !en!or+ The!e !en!or!

$ere operate% all the ti#e %urin %ri,in+ The proce!!in part accepte% the !inal

*ro# !en!or! an% proce!!e% the !inal! an% enerate% the in!truction! an%

tran!*erre% the enerate% in!truction to control unit o* tran!#i!!ion an% brake o*

,ehicle+ There are three ca!e! occurre% in real !ituation!+ One ca!e i! that the

%i!tance bet$een the *ront car an% %ri,er! car i! *ar enouh to %e*en% cra!hin an%

!el*-,elocit" i! the !a#e ,elocit" o* *ront car or !lo$er than that o* *ront car+ In thi!

ca!e0 the %ri,er! car i! continuou!l" runnin $ithout chanin it! ,elocit"+ Another

ca!e i! that the %i!tance bet$een the *ront car an% %ri,er! car i! near an% !el*-

,elocit" i! !lo$er than that o* *ront car+ In thi! ca!e0 the %ri,er! car i! al!o

continuou!l" runnin $ithout chanin it! ,elocit"+ Another ca!e i! that the %i!tance

bet$een the *ront car an% %ri,er! car i! near an% !el*-,elocit" i! *a!ter than that o*

*ront car+ In thi! ca!e0 the %ri,er! car i! continuou!l" runnin onl" $hen the %ri,er

re%uce !pee%+ But i* the %ri,er %oe! not re%uce !pee%0 the auto-brakin !"!te# #a"

*orcibl" re%uce the !pee% o* %ri,er! car to protect an acci%ent+ The rea!on i! that i*

the %ri,er %oe! not re%uce !pee%0 the acci%ent $ill be occurre% an% the %ri,er $ill

be hurt+

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Auto Braking