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Authority Without Borders: Citing Electronic Materials in the 21 st Century. Ellie Margolis Temple University Beasley School of Law. From Google Scholar:. *319 JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Authority Without Borders Authority Without Borders Citing Electronic Materials Citing Electronic Materials
in the 21in the 21stst Century Century
Ellie MargolisEllie Margolis
Temple University Beasley Temple University Beasley School of LawSchool of Law
From Google ScholarFrom Google Scholar
319 JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court319 JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia The United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted the motion of petitioner Celotex Corporation for granted the motion of petitioner Celotex Corporation for summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been exposed to petitioners asbestos products A divided had been exposed to petitioners asbestos products A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed however holding that petitioners failure to Circuit reversed however holding that petitioners failure to support its motion with evidence tending to support its motion with evidence tending to negatenegate such such exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its favor favor Catrett v Johns-Manville Sales Corp 244 U S App D C 160 756 F 2d 181 (1985) This view This view conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in In re Japanese Electronic Products 723 F 2d 238(1983) revd revd on other grounds on other grounds sub nom sub nom Matsushita Electric Industrial Co v Zenith Radio Corp 475 U S 574 (1986)[1] We granted We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 U S 944 (1985) and certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 U S 944 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the District of Columbia Circuitnow reverse the decision of the District of Columbia Circuit
From WestlawFrom Westlaw
319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia The United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted the motion of petitioner granted the motion of petitioner CelotexCelotex Corporation for Corporation for summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been exposed to petitionerexposed to petitionerrsquorsquos asbestos products A divided panel of the s asbestos products A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed however holding that petitionerhowever holding that petitionerrsquorsquos failure to support its motion s failure to support its motion with evidence tending to with evidence tending to negatenegate such exposure precluded the such exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its favor entry of summary judgment in its favor Catrett v Johns-Manville Sales Corp 244 USAppDC 160 756 F2d 181 (1985) This view conflicted This view conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in with that of the Third Circuit in In re Japanese 25512551 Electronic Products 723 F2d 238 (1983) rev revrsquorsquod on other grounds d on other grounds sub nom Matsushita Electric Industrial Co v Zenith Radio Corp 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the District of Columbia CircuitDistrict of Columbia Circuit
Statistical Report from DOJ Statistical Report from DOJ cited by Supreme Courtcited by Supreme Court
Our review determined that the Immigration and Our review determined that the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration violations prior to the September 11 attacks The violations prior to the September 11 attacks The remaining 738 aliens were arrested between remaining 738 aliens were arrested between September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct result of the FBIresult of the FBIrsquorsquos PENTTBOM investigation All 762 s PENTTBOM investigation All 762 detainees were placed on what became known as an detainees were placed on what became known as an ldquoldquoINS Custody ListINS Custody Listrdquordquo because of the FBI because of the FBIrsquorsquos assessment s assessment that they may have had a connection to the that they may have had a connection to the September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or because the FBI was unable at least initially to because the FBI was unable at least initially to determine whether they were connected to terrorismdetermine whether they were connected to terrorism
19981998 20092009 Total CasesTotal Cases
1st1st 11 2424 135135
3d3d 22 2525 231231
5th5th 44 1414 105105
7th7th 00 5858 384384
9th9th 22 8282 599599
S CtS Ct 11 2828 166166
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
From Google ScholarFrom Google Scholar
319 JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court319 JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia The United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted the motion of petitioner Celotex Corporation for granted the motion of petitioner Celotex Corporation for summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been exposed to petitioners asbestos products A divided had been exposed to petitioners asbestos products A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed however holding that petitioners failure to Circuit reversed however holding that petitioners failure to support its motion with evidence tending to support its motion with evidence tending to negatenegate such such exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its favor favor Catrett v Johns-Manville Sales Corp 244 U S App D C 160 756 F 2d 181 (1985) This view This view conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in In re Japanese Electronic Products 723 F 2d 238(1983) revd revd on other grounds on other grounds sub nom sub nom Matsushita Electric Industrial Co v Zenith Radio Corp 475 U S 574 (1986)[1] We granted We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 U S 944 (1985) and certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 U S 944 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the District of Columbia Circuitnow reverse the decision of the District of Columbia Circuit
From WestlawFrom Westlaw
319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia The United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted the motion of petitioner granted the motion of petitioner CelotexCelotex Corporation for Corporation for summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been exposed to petitionerexposed to petitionerrsquorsquos asbestos products A divided panel of the s asbestos products A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed however holding that petitionerhowever holding that petitionerrsquorsquos failure to support its motion s failure to support its motion with evidence tending to with evidence tending to negatenegate such exposure precluded the such exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its favor entry of summary judgment in its favor Catrett v Johns-Manville Sales Corp 244 USAppDC 160 756 F2d 181 (1985) This view conflicted This view conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in with that of the Third Circuit in In re Japanese 25512551 Electronic Products 723 F2d 238 (1983) rev revrsquorsquod on other grounds d on other grounds sub nom Matsushita Electric Industrial Co v Zenith Radio Corp 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the District of Columbia CircuitDistrict of Columbia Circuit
Statistical Report from DOJ Statistical Report from DOJ cited by Supreme Courtcited by Supreme Court
Our review determined that the Immigration and Our review determined that the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration violations prior to the September 11 attacks The violations prior to the September 11 attacks The remaining 738 aliens were arrested between remaining 738 aliens were arrested between September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct result of the FBIresult of the FBIrsquorsquos PENTTBOM investigation All 762 s PENTTBOM investigation All 762 detainees were placed on what became known as an detainees were placed on what became known as an ldquoldquoINS Custody ListINS Custody Listrdquordquo because of the FBI because of the FBIrsquorsquos assessment s assessment that they may have had a connection to the that they may have had a connection to the September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or because the FBI was unable at least initially to because the FBI was unable at least initially to determine whether they were connected to terrorismdetermine whether they were connected to terrorism
19981998 20092009 Total CasesTotal Cases
1st1st 11 2424 135135
3d3d 22 2525 231231
5th5th 44 1414 105105
7th7th 00 5858 384384
9th9th 22 8282 599599
S CtS Ct 11 2828 166166
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
From WestlawFrom Westlaw
319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court319 Justice REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia The United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted the motion of petitioner granted the motion of petitioner CelotexCelotex Corporation for Corporation for summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter summary judgment against respondent Catrett because the latter was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in was unable to produce evidence in support of her allegation in her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been her wrongful-death complaint that the decedent had been exposed to petitionerexposed to petitionerrsquorsquos asbestos products A divided panel of the s asbestos products A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed however holding that petitionerhowever holding that petitionerrsquorsquos failure to support its motion s failure to support its motion with evidence tending to with evidence tending to negatenegate such exposure precluded the such exposure precluded the entry of summary judgment in its favor entry of summary judgment in its favor Catrett v Johns-Manville Sales Corp 244 USAppDC 160 756 F2d 181 (1985) This view conflicted This view conflicted with that of the Third Circuit in with that of the Third Circuit in In re Japanese 25512551 Electronic Products 723 F2d 238 (1983) rev revrsquorsquod on other grounds d on other grounds sub nom Matsushita Electric Industrial Co v Zenith Radio Corp 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We 475 US 574 106 SCt 1348 89 LEd2d 538 (1986)1 We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt granted certiorari to resolve the conflict 474 US 944 106 SCt 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the 342 88 LEd2d 285 (1985) and now reverse the decision of the District of Columbia CircuitDistrict of Columbia Circuit
Statistical Report from DOJ Statistical Report from DOJ cited by Supreme Courtcited by Supreme Court
Our review determined that the Immigration and Our review determined that the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration violations prior to the September 11 attacks The violations prior to the September 11 attacks The remaining 738 aliens were arrested between remaining 738 aliens were arrested between September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct result of the FBIresult of the FBIrsquorsquos PENTTBOM investigation All 762 s PENTTBOM investigation All 762 detainees were placed on what became known as an detainees were placed on what became known as an ldquoldquoINS Custody ListINS Custody Listrdquordquo because of the FBI because of the FBIrsquorsquos assessment s assessment that they may have had a connection to the that they may have had a connection to the September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or because the FBI was unable at least initially to because the FBI was unable at least initially to determine whether they were connected to terrorismdetermine whether they were connected to terrorism
19981998 20092009 Total CasesTotal Cases
1st1st 11 2424 135135
3d3d 22 2525 231231
5th5th 44 1414 105105
7th7th 00 5858 384384
9th9th 22 8282 599599
S CtS Ct 11 2828 166166
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Statistical Report from DOJ Statistical Report from DOJ cited by Supreme Courtcited by Supreme Court
Our review determined that the Immigration and Our review determined that the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a Naturalization Service (INS) detained 762 aliens as a result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 result of the PENTTBOM investigation Of these 762 aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration aliens 24 were in INS custody on immigration violations prior to the September 11 attacks The violations prior to the September 11 attacks The remaining 738 aliens were arrested between remaining 738 aliens were arrested between September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct September 11 2001 and August 6 2002 as a direct result of the FBIresult of the FBIrsquorsquos PENTTBOM investigation All 762 s PENTTBOM investigation All 762 detainees were placed on what became known as an detainees were placed on what became known as an ldquoldquoINS Custody ListINS Custody Listrdquordquo because of the FBI because of the FBIrsquorsquos assessment s assessment that they may have had a connection to the that they may have had a connection to the September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or September 11 attacks or terrorism in general or because the FBI was unable at least initially to because the FBI was unable at least initially to determine whether they were connected to terrorismdetermine whether they were connected to terrorism
19981998 20092009 Total CasesTotal Cases
1st1st 11 2424 135135
3d3d 22 2525 231231
5th5th 44 1414 105105
7th7th 00 5858 384384
9th9th 22 8282 599599
S CtS Ct 11 2828 166166
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
19981998 20092009 Total CasesTotal Cases
1st1st 11 2424 135135
3d3d 22 2525 231231
5th5th 44 1414 105105
7th7th 00 5858 384384
9th9th 22 8282 599599
S CtS Ct 11 2828 166166
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
What is being What is being citedcited
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
S Ct OT 2009 ndash 28 cases 61 citations
20 in Majority 18 in Concurrence 23 in Dissent 3 refer to facts of case 6 refer to traditional primary or secondary 14 refer to educational nonprofit or
commercial websites 38 refer to government websites mostly
statistics or other factual assertions
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Reasons to Use Electronic Reasons to Use Electronic MaterialsMaterials
Best Source of InformationBest Source of Information Easy AccessEasy Access LegitimacyLegitimacy No reason why notNo reason why not
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Adjudicative FactsAdjudicative Facts
Judicial Notice Due Process Concerns Ethical Concerns
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
AuthorityAuthority
Legislative FactsBlogsQuasi-Legal Authority
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Citation Issues--ConcernsCitation Issues--Concerns
Integrity of ContentPermanenceBroken Links
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Citation IssuesCitation Issues
Bluebook Rule 1822
ldquoInternet citation should include information designed to facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited referencerdquo
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Judicial Conference Guidelines
Evaluate accuracy reliability and stability of source before citing
Use Bluebook Rule 182 Carefully reproduce URLs Preserve and attach source as part of
opinionfile Avoid hyperlinks to commercial
vendors
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully
Bottom Line
Donrsquot shy away from internet sources but use them wisely and thoughtfully