Authority vs Power Notes

8/12/2019 Authority vs Power Notes

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Topic 2a: Authority vs Power as applied to SC & PR Perspectives

• Authority

o According to Henri Fayol, "Authority is the right to give orders and power to

exact (get) obedience."

o Authority is the right given to a manager to achieve the objectives of the

organisation. It is a right to get the things done through others. It is a right to takedecisions. It is a right to give orders to the subordinates and to get obedience

from them. A manager cannot do his work without authority.

o Authority always flows downwards. It is delegated from the top to the bottom.

A manager gets his authority from his position or post. He gets his authority

from the higher authorities. The lower and middle-level managers get their

authority from the top-level managers. The top-level managers get their

authority from the shareholders.

o Delegated authority - Process of transferring authority and creation ofresponsibility between superior and subordinates to accomplish a certain task.

o Must be delegated with responsibilities (work tasks)

Delegatees must be responsible for their responsibilities

“responsible” – obliged to fin the job & deliver the result to the best of

your ability

“responsibilities” – assigned tasks/jobs

o Delegatee must be accountable for results of tasks – To be answerable for your

action. To be justify for every actions.

o Managers have right to direct / command

Resulting behaviour? (compliance / obedience)

• Power (define fully then explain characteristics)

o the ability of a person or a group to influence the beliefs and actions of other

people. It is the ability to influence events. Power can be personal power. A

person gets his personal power from his personality or from his expert knowledge.

Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Programmers, etc. get their power from their

expertise and professional knowledge. Power can also be legitimate or official

power. This power comes from a higher authority.

o Inherited with the position

o Cannot be delegatedo Instead of directing or commanding behaviour – behaviour is influenced (why is

this better in PR perspective?)

Instead of compliance/obedience, buy-in and sharing of leaders vision is

achieved

Followers then belief in what they do. (empowerment)

Tasks are then carried out more willingly – reflects in the quality of work

performance



Both authority and power are aimed at behavioural control of employees

The PR perspective tends to

control behaviour by addressing

the causes of behaviour by

influencing employees thought

and emotional processes [which

requires a deep understanding of

that person(s)] This approach is more lasting as

individuals involved have altered

their thought and emotional

processes and are able to control

it by themselves

Use of influence usually leads to

belief

The SC perspective traditionally

controlled behaviour by

rewarding appropriate / desired

behaviour and punishing

inappropriate / undesirable

behaviour.

This approach is temporary as thecontrol factor is external (i.e. it is

not internalised and therefore

there is little belief in what they do)

An overuse of punishment may

lead to resentment

Behaviour

(effect) / (ends)

Physical &

Others

Thoughts

Emotions

All the above are means

or affects / causes



• Organizational politics (related to PR perspective)

o Define what it is all about

Imbalance or uneven distribution of power

Informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or

luck

o Explain why it happens

o Struggle for power either directly or indirectly, e.g., by being promoted, receiving a larger budget or other resources, or

gaining desirable assignments.o Subjective standards of performance:

People often resort to organizational politics because they do not believe that the

organization has an objective and fair way of judging their performance and suit-

ability for promotion. Similarly, when managers have no objective way of differ-

entiating effective people from the less effective, they will resort to favoritism.

o What are the negative impacts

o Representative of the dark side of human conduct. Organizational politics has been considered almost synonymous with

manipulation, coercive influence tactics, and other subversive and semi-

legal actions

led to the assumption that organizational politics contradicts the common

good of the organization and may damage performance at any level (i.e.,

individual, team,unit, or system)

o Divisiveness,

they can result in a lack of harmony and cooperation in the workplace.

The result can be employees who don't work well together simply because

they hold incompatible political viewpoints.

o How to handle organizational politics?

Strict chain of command

Build r’ships to empower followers

Build r’ships based on trust

Leader must be seen as fair and equitable (no favoritism)



Strategies and Tactics Aimed at Building Relationships. Much of organizational politics involves

building positive relationships with network members who can be helpful now or later. This network

includes superiors, subordinates, other lower-ranking people, coworkers, external customers, andsuppliers. The following are several representative strategies and tactics:

6. Provide Favors and Develop Ingratiation. A skillful leader always has a positive balance of

favors given, and can draw on that balance when something is needed in return.

7. Display Loyalty. A loyal worker is valued because organizations prosper more with loyal thanwith disloyal employees. Blind loyalty--the belief that the organization cannot make a mistake--is

not called for; most rational organizations welcome constructive criticism. An obvious form of

loyalty to the organization is longevity, although its value varies.

8. Develop a Reputation as a Subject Matter Expert. Expertise is one of the major sources of

power. Others come to and ask help from an expert.

9. Rational Persuasion. Using this form of influence helps create an impression that you are

reasonable and fair, and also avoids creating resentment that can result from heavy-handed

influence tactics.

10. Manage Impressions of You. Impression management includes behaviors directed atenhancing one's image by drawing positive attention to oneself. Although this can deal with

clothing and grooming, it also deals with deeper aspects of behavior, such as speaking well and

presenting one's ideas coherently. Another part of impression management is to tell people aboutyour success or imply that you are an "insider."

11. Bring in Outside Experts for Support. To help legitimate their positions, executives will often hirea consultant to conduct a study or cast an opinion. One possible problem to avoid is that,

consciously or unconsciously, some consultants may slant things to support the executive's posi-

tion. This tactic would be considered unethical if the executive is intentionally seeking a non-

objective opinion.

12. Consult With and Ask Advice of Others. Consulting with others, even when not required, helps

build support for a decision or action. Consulting and asking advice on work-related topics builds

relationships with other employees. Asking another person for advice--someone whose job doesnot require giving it--will usually be perceived as a compliment, and asking advice transmits a

message of trust in the other person's judgment.

13. Ask Satisfied Customers to Contact your Boss. A favorable comment by a customer receives

considerable weight because customer satisfaction is a top corporate priority. If a customer says

something nice, the comment will carry more weight than one from a coworker or subordinate.

14. Be Courteous, Pleasant, and Positive. It has been argued that courteous, pleasant, and

positive people are the first to be hired and the last to be fired (assuming they also have otherimportant qualifications).

15. Send Thank-you Notes to Large Numbers of People. One of the most basic political tactics,

sending thank-you notes profusely, is simply an application of sound human relations. Many

successful people take the time to send handwritten notes to employees and customers to help

create a bond with those people.

16. Flatter Others Sensibly. Flattery in the form of sincere, specific praise can be an effective

relationship builder. By being generous in your positive feedback and comments, you can buildrelationships with work associates and make them more receptive to your ideas.

17. Develop Coalitions. Sometimes coalitions are initiated by less powerful actors who seek thesupport of others. At other times they may be developed by the powerful to consolidate their

power. Whether formal or informal, confined to the organization or extended to include key

interests outside, coalitions and interest groups often provide important means of securing desired

ends.

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Authority vs Power Notes