Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism

Definitions AuthoritarianAuthoritarian – regime in which a small group of

individuals exercises power over the state with no constitutional responsibility to the public

TotalitarianTotalitarian – centralized regime that possesses some strong form of ideology that seeks to transform and absorb ALL fundamental aspects of the state, society, and economy to suit its ideology or maintain its power base

Sources of Nondemocratic Rule Economic

Wealthier society = greater desire to assert individual political rights

Well distributed wealth, large middle class would undermine nondemocratic regimes.

High level of poverty, inequality Two possibilities

Few in power resort to tyranny to defend their wealth-RIGHT- Argentina under Pinochet, Cuba under Batista

Regime emerges to forcibly redistribute wealth-LEFT

Cuba under Castro, Venezuela under Chavez

Sources of Nondemocratic Rule Societal

Political Culture Religion

Some religions are more prone to nondemocratic tendencies than others in the modern post Enlightenment world

Ex., Islam and “Islamism” Religious codes are handed down from Allah Not designed to protect/advance individual rights View Western liberal democracy as egocentric, atomized,

ungodly, destructive, etc. Mussolini had Vatican support

Authoritarian Means of Control Coercion – public obedience is forced through

violence and surveillance Co-Optation – public is brought into a beneficial

relationship with the state or government Corporatism – labor, businesses, other interest groups

bargain with the state over economic policy This occurs in democracies, too, but in authoritarian states,

only state sanctionedstate sanctioned groups may participate Clientelism – state provides specific benefits to a person

or group to elicit their support [the elite (right) or the masses (left)]

Authoritarian Means of Control Personality CultPersonality Cult – promotion of the image

of a leader as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation. Godlike. Propaganda. Think Putin, Mao, Fidel, Saddam Living Colour - Cult Of Personality – YouTube euronews

cinema - Documentary lays bare Mussolini personality cult – YouTube

Triumph des Willens (1935) - Triumph of the Will - YouTube

Types of Authoritarian Rule Personal and Monarchical Rule

Rule by a single leader, no clear regime or rules to constrain the ruler

Tools of control Patrimonialism – supporters benefit from alliance with the

ruler (corruption, clientelism) Examples

Saudi Arabian Royal Family Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire (now DRC) from 1965 to 1997

Used nation’s diamond and copper wealth to enrich followers

Types of Authoritarian Rule Military Rule-JUNTA

Rule by one or more military officials, brought to power through a coup d’etat

Tools of control Control of armed forces Bureaucratic authoritarianism - alliances with business and

state elites Examples

Augusto Pinochet in Chile, 1973 to 1990 Nigeria, 1966 to 1999 (many successive coups) Burma/Myanmar since 1990s

Types of Authoritarian Rule One-Party RuleOne-Party Rule

Rule by one political party, other groups banned or excluded from power (usually Communist Party)

Tools of control Large party membership mobilizes and maintains control in

return for benefits Examples

Mexico’s PRI Party, 1929 -1999 Chinese Communist Party, 1949 - Present

Types of Authoritarian Rule TheocracyTheocracy

“Rule by God,” with religious texts as the foundation of the regime and politics

Tools of control Religious leadership is fused with political leadership into one sovereign

authority Examples

Iran, 1979 – Present Afghanistan, 1996 – 2001 Elements of Saudi Arabian government, e.g., judicial matters must conform

to Islamic Sharia law, conversion from Islam is punishable by death Iranian Revolution 1979 – YouTube Iran hostage crisis – YouTube History of Modern Iran: Rogue State | BBC Documentary - YouTube

Kite Runner - Taliban Speech - Stoning Scene - YouTube Inside the Saudi Kingdom (BBC Documentary) - YouTube

Types of Authoritarian Rule Illiberal RegimesIlliberal Regimes

Rule by elected leadership, though procedures are of though procedures are of questionable democratic legitimacyquestionable democratic legitimacy

Tools of control Vote rigging, harassment of opposition, propagandized

control of the media Examples

Nigeria in recent elections Zimbabwe under Mugabe Russia since Vladimir Putin’s election in 2000 Philippines Malaysia

Authoritarianism

How are government actions that ignore the will of the people justified?

Authoritarian Political Systems Authoritarianism: A form of government that

vests authority in an elite group that may or may not rule in the interests of the people. Such governments are often an expression of

collectivism over individualism.

Many such governments feel they are serving the best interests of the people.

Oligarchies OligarchyOligarchy: A form of government in which

political power rests with a small elite segment of society.

Iron Law of OligarchyIron Law of Oligarchy: Any political system will eventually evolve into an oligarchy. USA: Third party candidates have virtually no chance of

winning (Bush, Clinton, Kennedy) Canada? Regan, McKay, Trudeau, Savage, Ghiz: These

same names keep coming up…

Military Dictatorships-Juntas A military dictatorship is a

form of government in which political power resides with the military leadership. Often come to power through a

coup d'état.

Often portray themselves as interim governments during turmoil.

Bananas (1971) - Trailer (english) - YouTube

Techniques of Authoritarian Governments

Vision Propaganda Directing Public Discontent Terror

Propaganda: The use of a set of messages designed to influence the opinions or behaviours of large numbers of people. Nazi and Soviet

propaganda. WW2 propaganda.

Controlled Participation The population is allowed to fell that it is

participating in the economy in some way in order to convince them to buy into the accepted ideology. Example: Rallies, spies for the Party etc…

Red Guard: Youth recruited in China to carry the message of communism around the county (ands to undermine old ways of thought)

Directing Public Discontent The people are provided with an enemy on

which they can safely unleash their frustrations. Show trials, foreign threat, or internal threat.

Hitler: Anti-Semitism. Stalin: Trials against dissidents.

Terror Brutal and arbitrary violence in order to control the population.

Disappearances, beatings, property damage… Enforce state will and negate individual freedoms. SECRET POLICE, KGB, BROWNSHIRTS, STORMTROOPERS, DEATH

SQUADS CIA and Chilean dictator Pinochet – YouTube Crime and Punishment Pinochet and international war criminals U2 - Mothers of the Disappeared - Live Popmart Santiago 1998 – YouTube Sting - They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo) – YouTube LA MUERTE DE PINOCHET - Trailer Eng Subt. – YouTube

The Killing Fields Trailer – YouTube Former Khmer Rouge soldier faces up to past – YouTube

Coercion and Surveillance

Observation of, violence against people Targeted harassment, torture, killings,

disappearing, PUBLIC EXECUTIONS Kite Runner - Taliban Speech - Stoning Scene

- YouTubeWidespread purges (Stalin, Mugabe)

indiscriminate terror (disappearances)Creation of fear necessary. Secret police as tool

to enforce

Nondemocratic Rule Beyond the West

Non-Western cultures less receptive to democracy?

Islam: tight connection between religion and state

“Asian Values:” Confucian emphasis on community over individual

Western democracy may appear anarchic, selfish in comparison

Personality Cults

Promotion of image of leader above mortal qualities Extraordinary wisdom and power Quasi-religious qualities Use of media to portray this image All failings ascribed to “lesser” people below him or

her Terror: no one willing to state that leader is fallible

Military Rule

Relatively recent development Military seizes control of state: coup d’etat-JUNTA Often justified as a temporary move Often lacks a specific ideology Bureaucratic authoritarianism: state bureaucracy and

military support “rational” authoritarian rule as opposed to “emotional” democracy Many of these nondemocratic regimes transitioned to

democracy, but not all.

Augusto Pinochet-Fascist Dictator of Chile

SALVADOR ALLENDE: LEFT LEANING DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED. USA DISLIKED. C.I.A. HELPED INSTALL PINOCHET- CHILE’S-AUGUSTO PINOCHET 48 MIN-1:16

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeHzc1h8k7o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuFMoWV1cns https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS_bN5ECJTI

Illiberal/Hybrid Regimes-EXAMPLES? Russia, Venezuela, ZimbabwePossess democratic mechanisms, but weakly

institutionalizedExecutives typically hold tremendous powerDemocratic processes not respectedSudden changes, arbitrary withdrawalMedia under state controlState institutions under direct control of government

(politicized)“Halfway house”—will become more democratic over

time?

Is Nondemocratic Rule in Retreat?

Expectation over much of past century that democracy had failed

Opposite has taken placeDramatic expansion of democracy, especially in past two decades

Figure 6-2 AUTHORITARIANISM IN DECLINE, 1977–2007

The End of Nondemocratic Rule?

Is nondemocratic rule on its way out?Will democracy eventually spread around

the world?Will new ideologies or ideas come to

revitalize authoritarianism?CHINA? RUSSIA? ECONOMIC

FREEDOM…HUMAN RIGHTS?

Authoritarian Government Major Epic Colossal Assessment Piece Name: pp 156-230 Part One: Define the following. Give an example if possible

Junta Totalitarian Fascism Oligarchy Despot Coup d’etat Authoritarian Personality Soviet Bolsheviks Crisis Theory Great Man Theory Tsar Duma Poltiburo National Socialists Blackshirts/squadristi Il Duce

DeStalinization Five Year Plan Collective Farm The Great Purges Glasnost Perestroika Weimar Republic Dictatorship and its Roman Origin Pharaoh Shi Huang Ti Plato’s ideal leadership Autocracy/autocrats March To Rome

KGB SS SA Pinochet/Allende in Chile Crisis Theory Charismatic Leadership Iran’s Theocracy Fascists’ “worldview” Neo-Fascists Divine Right of Kings Guerrilla War Puppet Dictatorship Propaganda Mein Kampf Reichstag Enabling Act Nuremburg Laws

Part Two: Name four traits common to successful coup d’etats and give three examples where they have happened.

Part three: In point form, trace the evolution of Russia from Tsar Nicholas II to the current era. Be sure to mention the government structures and their degree of authoritarianism or democracy. Why did the U.S.S.R. and Soviet Bloc fail in the late 1980s?

Part Four: Which societal crises existed in Germany after the 1920s that led Hitler gain to power? What government structures did he use to maintain power? What was the use of symbolism, mass rallies, education (prayers), youth and propaganda (Joseph Goebbels and Leni Riefenstahl) and who led this for Hitler?

Part Five: Create study notes on Mao’s rise and time in power. Be sure to mention the role of the peasantry in Maoism, the Great Leap Forward and its failures, the Hundred Flowers Campaign and its hypocrisy, the Civil War with the Kuomintang, the Great Cultural Revolution and the role of young people and the “Little Red Book” and the Long March. On the Internet, look up Dr. Norman Bethune.

Part six: Discuss why Mussolini was able to seize power. How did he evolve philosophically and why did he change so much?

Part seven: What is a country’s “Founding Myth” and “Sustaining Myth?”

Part eight: Copy the figure on p177. Then copy figure on p178 to show the reforms that Gorbachev made. Look at p 181’s chart and describe what changed again.

Part nine: Look at the map on p183 and explain why to call the Soviet Union “Russia” is not really correct.

Part ten: Describe the “coup” on p184.

Part eleven: Describe the changes after the Fall of Communism using the map on p185.

Part twelve: Do case study on p188.

Part thirteen: do #1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14 on p189, #*-10 on p190, #2,3 on p191.

Part fourteen: explain map on p194s and p214

Part fifteen: Sum up Mao’s instructions on p200.

Part sixteen: Sum up the main points of the Cuban Revolution including the leaders, what was replaced and the key events.

Part seventeen: Sum up Hitler’s views and law on pp218-9

Apple 1984 Super Bowl Commercial Introducing Macintosh Computer (HD) - YouTube

Winston Smith is a low-ranking member of the ruling Party in London, in the nation of Oceania. Everywhere Winston goes, even his own home, the Party watches him through telescreens; everywhere he looks he sees the face of the Party’s seemingly omniscient leader, a figure known only as Big Brother. The Party controls everything in Oceania, even the people’s history and language. Currently, the Party is forcing the implementation of an invented language called Newspeak, which attempts to prevent political rebellion by eliminating all words related to it. Even thinking rebellious thoughts is illegal. Such thoughtcrime is, in fact, the worst of all crimes.

As the novel opens, Winston feels frustrated by the oppression and rigid control of the Party, which prohibits free thought, sex, and any expression of individuality. Winston dislikes the party and has illegally purchased a diary in which to write his criminal thoughts. He has also become fixated on a powerful Party member named O’Brien, whom Winston believes is a secret member of the Brotherhood—the mysterious, legendary group that works to overthrow the Party.

Winston works in the Ministry of Truth, where he alters historical records to fit the needs of the Party. He notices a coworker, a beautiful dark-haired girl, staring at him, and worries that she is an informant who will turn him in for his thoughtcrime. He is troubled by the Party’s control of history: the Party claims that Oceania has always been allied with Eastasia in a war against Eurasia, but Winston seems to recall a time when this was not true. The Party also claims that Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged leader of the Brotherhood, is the most dangerous man alive, but this does not seem plausible to Winston. Winston spends his evenings wandering through the poorest neighborhoods in London, where the proletarians, or proles, live squalid lives, relatively free of Party monitoring.

One day, Winston receives a note from the dark-haired girl that reads “I love you.” She tells him her name, Julia, and they begin a covert affair, always on the lookout for signs of Party monitoring. Eventually they rent a room above the secondhand store in the prole district where Winston bought the diary. This relationship lasts for some time. Winston is sure that they will be caught and punished sooner or later (the fatalistic Winston knows that he has been doomed since he wrote his first diary entry), while Julia is more pragmatic and optimistic. As Winston’s affair with Julia progresses, his hatred for the Party grows more and more intense. At last, he receives the message that he has been waiting for: O’Brien wants to see him.

Winston and Julia travel to O’Brien’s luxurious apartment. As a member of the powerful Inner Party (Winston belongs to the Outer Party), O’Brien leads a life of luxury that Winston can only imagine. O’Brien confirms to Winston and Julia that, like them, he hates the Party, and says that he works against it as a member of the Brotherhood. He indoctrinates Winston and Julia into the Brotherhood, and gives Winston a copy of Emmanuel Goldstein’s book, the manifesto of the Brotherhood. Winston reads the book—an amalgam of several forms of class-based twentieth-century social theory—to Julia in the room above the store. Suddenly, soldiers barge in and seize them. Mr. Charrington, the proprietor of the store, is revealed as having been a member of the Thought Police all along.

Torn away from Julia and taken to a place called the Ministry of Love, Winston finds that O’Brien, too, is a Party spy who simply pretended to be a member of the Brotherhood in order to trap Winston into committing an open act of rebellion against the Party. O’Brien spends months torturing and brainwashing Winston, who struggles to resist. At last, O’Brien sends him to the dreaded Room 101, the final destination for anyone who opposes the Party. Here, O’Brien tells Winston that he will be forced to confront his worst fear. Throughout the novel, Winston has had recurring nightmares about rats; O’Brien now straps a cage full of rats onto Winston’s head and prepares to allow the rats to eat his face. Winston snaps, pleading with O’Brien to do it to Julia, not to him.

Giving up Julia is what O’Brien wanted from Winston all along. His spirit broken, Winston is released to the outside world. He meets Julia but no longer feels anything for her. He has accepted the Party entirely and has learned to love Big Brother.

George Orwell- “1984” (John Hurt) - Official Trailer – YouTube

Pink Floyd-THE WALL Pink Floyd - The Wall Movie - In The Flesh – You

Tube run like hell- the wall - YouTube Roger Waters - In The Flesh, Pt. 2 [HD+HQ] Live

8 4 2011 Gelredome Arnhem Netherlands - YouTube

GEORGE Orwell’s Classic 19841984 “Orwellian" is an adjective describing the situation, idea, or

societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free and open society. It connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth, and manipulation of the past, including the "unperson" — a person whose past existence is expunged from the public record and memory, practiced by modern repressive governments. Often, this includes the circumstances depicted in his novels, particularly Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nineteen Eighty-Four uses themes from life in the Soviet Union and wartime life in Great Britain as sources for many of its motifs.

Its hero Winston Smith lives a solitary life questioning Big Brother’s control and longing for freedom and a return to a forgotten free past that no longer officially exists.

The most common sense of Orwellian is that of the all-controlling "Big Brother" state, used to negatively describe a situation in which a Big Brother authority figure — in concert with "thought police" — constantly monitors the population to detect betrayal via "improper" thoughts. Orwellian also describes oppressive political ideas and the use of euphemistic (PATRIOT ACT), seemingly harmless political language in public discourse to camouflage morally outrageous ideas and actions. In this latter sense, the term is often used as a means of attacking an opponent in political debate, by branding his or her policies as Orwellian. When used like this in political rhetoric if it is not sincere, it is interesting to note as it can be a case of a hypocritical Orwellian strategist denouncing Orwellian strategies.

He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the

past.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—for ever.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“If you want to keep a secret, you must also hide it from yourself.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Until they became conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Now I will tell you the answer to my question. It is this. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power, pure power. What pure power means you will understand presently. We are different from the oligarchies of the past in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were cowards and hypocrites. The German Nazis and the Russian Communists came very close to us in their methods, but they never had the courage to recognize their own motives. They pretended, perhaps they even believed, that they had seized power unwillingly and for a limited time, and that just around the corner there lay a paradise where human beings would be free and equal. We are not like that. We know what no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means; it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power. Now you begin to understand me.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your own choosing.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“The choice for mankind lies between freedom and happiness and for the great bulk of mankind, happiness is better.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Being in a minority, even in a minority of one, did not make you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“You are a slow learner, Winston.""How can I help it? How can I help but see what is in front of my eyes? Two and two are four.""Sometimes, Winston. Sometimes they are five. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once. You must try harder. It is not easy to become sane.” ― George Orwell, 1984

We do not merely destroy our enemies; we change them.” ― George Orwell, 1984

Your worst enemy, he reflected, was your nervous system. At any moment the tension inside you was liable to translate itself into some visible symptom.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“What can you do, thought Winston, against the lunatic who is more intelligent than yourself, who gives your arguments a fair hearing and then simply persists in his lunacy?” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Nothing was your own except the few cubic centimetres inside your skull. ” ― George Orwell, 1984

“We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“If you can feel that staying human is worth while, even when it can't have any result whatever, you've beaten them.” ― George Orwell, 1984

In philosophy, or religion, or ethics, or politics, two and two might make five, but when one was designing a gun or an aeroplane they had to make four.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“But it was alright, everything was alright, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental , nor do they result from from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink” ― George Orwell, 1984

“So long as they (the Proles) continued to work and breed, their other activities were without importance. Left to themselves, like cattle turned loose upon the plains of Argentina, they had reverted to a style of life that appeared to be natural to them, a sort of ancestral pattern...Heavy physical work, the care of home and children, petty quarrels with neighbors, films, football, beer and above all, gambling filled up the horizon of their minds. To keep them in control was not difficult.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“The masses never revolt of their own accord, and they never revolt merely because they are oppressed. Indeed, so long as they are not permitted to have standards of comparison, they never even become aware that they are oppressed.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Don't you see the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the language of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible because there will be no words in which to express it” ― George Orwell, 1984

“And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed—if all records told the same tale—then the lie passed into history and became truth. 'Who controls the past' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“In a way, the world−view of the Party imposed itself most successfully on people incapable of understanding it. They could be made to accept the most flagrant violations of reality, because they never fully grasped the enormity of what was demanded of them, and were not sufficiently interested in public events to notice what was happening. By lack of understanding they remained sane. They simply swallowed everything, and what they swallowed did them no harm, because it left no residue behind, just as a grain of corn will pass undigested through the body of a bird.” ― George Orwell, 1984

“To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone— to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink — greetings! ” ― George Orwell, 1984

“Winston sank his arms to his sides and slowly refilled his lungs with air. His mind slid away into the labyrinthine world of doublethink. To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the party was the guardian of democracy, to forget, whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again, and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself—that was the ultimate subtlety: consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word “doublethink” involved the use of doublethink.” ― George Orwell, 1984

Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich – YouTube

“To thine own self, be true!”

IN LIFE…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnpTWKKWQ1o

https://https://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHbzRYjjKtowatch?v=VHbzRYjjKto

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtimSbHMppY

Vladimir Putin-Modern Autocrat http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/episodes/2014-

2015/putins-long-shadow

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/putins-way/