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Australian AboriginesIn the 20th Century
60,000 years ago
PopulationPre-contact population Australia: Upwards of 300,000
Victoria: 50,000
New South Whales: 40,000
Social StructureVictoria10 different language groups30 different dialects/sub-language groupsEach dialect group consisted of 6 -7 tribes
Kulin Federation Group of dialect group banded togetherWoiworungBunurangWathaurungDjadjawurungTaungurong
Kulin Federation Group of dialect group banded togetherWoiworungBunurangWathaurungDjadjawurungTaungurong
Banded together to:TradeMarryExchange rituals
LanguageDifferent from tribe to tribe why you will see things spelt differently
Place names still used today
MurrumbeenaNeerim RdHillLand of the Frog
Neerim Rd, MurrumbeenaThe Hill in the Land of the Frogs
Canberra = Meeting PlaceJerilderie = Reedy PlaceMildura = Sore EyesWagga Wagga = Many CrowsBong Bong = Mosquitoes BuzzingBeerburrum = Sound of the Wings of King ParrotCooloolabin = Place of Koalas
SocietySemi-nomadic hunter gatherersWomen: gathered nuts, berries, grubs etc.Men: hunted - fish and eel, ducks and birdsKangaroos and emus when in enough numbers
Religion and BeliefsLand, people and all living things as living in unityYou take from nature, you give back to natureSymbiotic relationship They did not see the land as theirsThey were protectors of the land No concept of ownership of land
The DreamingA period of creation storiesNo written language to pass on storiesTooth avulsion ScarificationMarked passage through life
Burial RightsSimple burialCremation Bones buried after body exposed to elementsPlaced in Hollow Trees
Avoid the names of the dead
MarngrookPossum skin and kangaroo sinew ball
William Thomas there is a general excitement who shall catch it. It is sent up with great force. they will play this game for hours and fine experience it is for adults and youths
First Contact Victoria In Victoria: felt their presence before they even knew they were there
Smallpox epidemics in 1789 and 1829Killed half the population
First Contact New South WhalesNo reason to fear them in the beginningAided themProvided for them
Didnt realise until too late what was going on
DefenseStarted to fight backGuerilla warfare on outlying isolated settlements
183430,000 European settlers in Victoria
Now outnumbered the Aborigines
Different ResponseSome tried to incorporate Europeans into their cultureTreated them as they would another tribeAlso meant that they were punished the same as their own peopleIf you hit a man with a spear, you have the right to spear him backIf you kill a man, your family has the right to kill them
Faithful Massacre, Benalla, 1838White men camping on aboriginal hunting groundsWhen asked to move off they resisted Aborigines lashed out killing 8 settlersReprisals led to over 100 aborigines being killed
New LifePopulation massively decreasedHunting grounds now used for grazing, no longer accessible Aborigines had to adapt to surviveBegan working on the farms Guided settlers through the bushBlack Trackers1840s less than 2000 aborigines in Victoria
Tasmanian AboriginesWhere are they now?
DifferencesTasmania cut of from Australia 15,000 years ago Population: 5,000 -6,000 Much the same as mainland Aborigines with a few differences
Same ProblemsGave flour poisoned with arsenic
Abducted children to use as forced labour (slaves)
1828 Governor ArthurDeclared Martial LawPermission to arrest/kill any indigenous person found in settled districts
The Black LineEvery able-bodied man formed a line across the state pushing them all out of the area
George Augustus RobertsonCollected what remained of the Tasmanian Aborigines and moved them to Flinders Island135 survivors Many died of disease
184747 survivors of Flinders Island were moved to Oyster Cove Deaths continued
Truganini believed to be the last Tasmanian Aborigine died in 1876
Bass Strait IslandsCommunities of Tasmanians that escaped the settlers set up communities on the other Bass Strait Islands
Not the end after all?