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Austin Crowder
Bio SL
Mr. Harned
Fly Lab
A dominant allele – Lobe eye shape (L) Female Wild Eye shape x Male Lobe Eye shape
Parent: ll x LL
Cross 1 F1 generation: ll x LL
L L
l Ll Ll
l Ll Ll
This punnett grid shows a cross between a female wild eye shape fly with a male lobe
eye shape fly.
Table 1: Summary of Results Cross 1
(Female Wild x Male Lobe)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female L 479 0.4824 1.000
Male L 514 0.5176 1.073
Total 993
Table 1: The results show that all the phenotype is lobed eye shape. By
displaying the sex, one can tell that it is not a sex linked trait.
Table 2: Chi Square Hypothesis using Cross 1
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square
Term
Female L 497 470 476.2347 0.0161
Male L 514 510 516.7653 0.0148
Total 993 980 993.0000 0.0309 Table 2: Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.0309
Degrees of Freedom = 1
Level of Significance = 0.8606
Cross 2: F2 generation: Ll x Ll
Punnet square 2 shows the cross between two heterozygous lobe eyed flies. The
genetic ration is 1 LL: 2 Ll: 1. The phenotypic ratio is 3 lobe eyed flies: 1 wild type
eye fly.
Table 3: Summary of Results Cross 2
(Ignoring Sex)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
l 253 0.2574 1.000
L 730 0.7426 2.885
Total 983 Table 3: The results show that the ratio is 3 lobe eyed flies: 1 wild type eye fly. The sex is not
displayed because one can already tell that this is not a sex linked trait.
Table 4: Chi Square Hypothesis Using Cross 2
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-
Square
Term
Female l 125 120 122.8750 0.0367
Male l 128 120 122.8750 0.2138
Female L 368 360 368.6250 0.1191
Male L 362 360 368.6250 0.1191
Total 983 960 983.0000 0.3706 Table 4: Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.3706
Degrees of Freedom = 3
Level of Significance = 0.9462
Conclusion
Cross 1 was made with the parents being female wild eye shaped fly and a
male lobed eye shaped fly. The offspring all turned out to be heterozygous lobed eye.
So there was a 100% lobe eyed trait. The second cross 75% of the offspring came out
to be lobe eyed. Thus proving the predicted results.
L l
L LL Ll
l Ll ll
A recessive allele – Ebony body color (e) Female Wild body color x Male Ebony body color
Parent: EE x ee
Cross 3 F1 Generation: EE x ee
E E
e Ee Ee
e Ee Ee
Punnet Grid 3 shows a cross between a female wild body color fly and a male ebony body color
fly.
The genotypic ratio is 1 Ee.
The phenotype is all heterozygous wild body color.
Table 5: Summary of Results Cross 3
(Female Wild x Male Ebony)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female E 506 0.4922 1.000
Male E 522 0.5078 1.032
Total 1028 Table 1: The results show that all the phenotype is wild body color. By displaying the sex, one
can tell that it is not a sex linked trait.
Table 6: Chi Square Hypothesis using Cross 3
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square
Term
Female E 505 510 503.9126 0.0086
Male E 523 510 524.0784 0.0082
Total 1028 1020 1028 0.0168 Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.0168
Degrees of Freedom = 1
Level of Significance = 0.8968
Cross 4 F2 generation: Ee x Ee
E e
E EE Ee
e Ee ee
Punnet Grid 4 shows a cross between a female wild body color fly and a male ebony body color
fly.
The genotypic ratio is 1 EE: 2 Ee: 1 ee.
The phenotype is 3 wild body colors: 1 ebony body color.
Table 7: Summary of Results Cross 4
(Ignore Sex)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
E 737 0.7575 3.123
e 236 0.2425 1.000
Total 937 Table 7: The results show that the ratio is 3 wild color: 1 ebony. The sex is not displayed because one
can already tell that this is not a sex linked trait.
Table 8: Chi Square Hypothesis using Cross 4
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square
Term
Female E 361 360 364.8750 0.0412
Male E 376 370 375.0104 0.0026
Female e 121 120 121.6250 0.0032
Male e 115 110 111.0000 0.1105
Total 973 960 973 0.1575 Table 8: Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.1575
Degrees of Freedom = 3
Level of Significance = 0.9841
Recommendation: Do not reject your hypothesis
Conclusion
Cross 3 was made with the parent being a female wild body fly and a male
ebony body fly. The offspring ended up all turning out to be heterozygous wild
colors. The Chi table results were very accurate with only a 2-3 number error.
Cross 4 was made with the offspring of the F1 generation: two heterozygous wild
color flies. The offspring had a phenotypic ratio of 3 wild body colors: 1 ebony body
color. The chi square analysis was very accurate.
Dominant Lethal Allele
P1 Generation: Curly Wing (CY+) x Curly Wing (CY+)
Crossing: CY+ x CY+
Predicted Phenotypes: 2:1
-CYCY: Lethal, therefore Deceased.
-CY+: Curly Wing Shape
-++: Wild Wing Shape
Predicted Genotypes: 2:1
-66.66% Heterozygous Curly Wing Shape
-33.33% Homozygous Dominant Wild Wing Shape
Punnet Square:
This punnet square shows that the predicted result of crossing a heterozygous Curly
Wing with another Curly Wing is a phenotype ratio of 2:1.
CY +
F1 Generation: Results
Crossing: CY+ x CY+
Parents: (Female: CY+) x (Female: CY+)
Offspring: Ignoring Sex
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
+ 318 0.3272 1.000
CY 655 0.6728 2.056
Total 975 ------ -------
Chi Square Hypothesis (Ignoring Sex)
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square Term
+ 319 1.0000 325.0000 0.1108
CY 656 2.0000 650.0000 0.0554
Total 975 3.0000 975.000 0.1662
Chi-Squared Test Statistic: 0.1662
Degrees of Freedom: 1
Level of Significance: 0.6836
Dominant Lethal Allele Conclusion: The results show the trait for curly wings is a
dominant lethal allele. With a Chi-Square value of 0.1662, it shows that the observed
results agree with the predicted results.. Any fly that is born with two dominant genes
for Curly Shaped Wing will stop developing and die off, where as a that inherits one
gene for curly wing shape, and another gene for wild wing shape, will ultimately
develop like a normal and have curly shaped wings.
CY CYCY CY+
+ CY+ ++
A dominant sex-linked allele (XB)
Female Wild eye shape x Male Bar eye shape
Parent: Xb X
b x
X
BY
Cross 5 F1 generation: Xb X
b x
X
BY
XB Y
Xb X
B X
b Xb Y
Xb X
B X
b Xb Y
Punnet Grid 5 shows a cross between a female wild eye shape and a male bar eye shape.
The genotypic ratio is 2 XB X
b: 2 X
b Y.
The phenotype is 2 female bar eye: 2 male wild eye.
Table 9: Summary of Results Cross 5
(Female Wild eye x Male Bar eye)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female XB
(bar eye) 493 0.4891 1.000
Male Xb
(wild eye) 515 0.5109 1.045
Total 1008 Table 9: The results show that all the female have bar eyes whereas the males are all wild. The
ratio is 1 female bar eye : 1 male normal. By displaying the sex, one can tell that this is a sex
linked trait.
Table 10: Chi Square Hypothesis using Cross 5
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square
Term
Female XB
(bar eye) 493 490.0000 493.9200 0.0017
Male Xb
(wild eye) 515 510 514.0800 0.0016
Total 1008 1000 1008.0000 0.0034 Table 10: Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.0034
Degrees of Freedom = 1
Level of Significance = 0.9538
Cross 6 F2 generation: XBX
b x
X
bY
Xb Y
XB X
BX
b XBY
X
b
XbX
b XbY
Punnet Grid 6 shows a cross between a female bar eye shape fly and a male wild eye shape fly.
The genotypic ratio is 1 XB X
b: 1 X
bX
b: 1 X
BY: 1 X
b Y.
The phenotype is 1 female bar eye: 1 female wild eye: 1 male bar eye: 1 male wild eye.
Table 11: Summary of Results Cross 6
(Female Bar eye x male wild eye)
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female Xb
(wild eye) 259 0.2580 1.066
Male Xb
(wild eye) 249 0.2480 1.205
Female XB
(bar eye) 253 0.2520 1.041
Male XB
(bar eye) 243 0.2420 1.000
Total 1004 Table 11: The results show that the ratio is 1 wild eye female: 1 wild eye male: 1 bar eye female:
1 bar eye male. The sex is displayed to show that this is a sex linked trait.
Table 12: Chi Square Hypothesis using Cross 6
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square
Term
Female Xb
(wild eye) 259 250 256.1224 0.0323
Male Xb
(wild eye) 249 240 245.8776 0.0397
Female XB
(bar eye) 253 250 256.1224 0.0381
Male XB
(bar eye) 243 240 245.8776 0.0337
Total 1004 980 245.8766 0.0337 Table 12: Chi-Squared Test Statistic = 0.1437
Degrees of Freedom = 3
Level of Significance = 0.9861
Recommendation: Do not reject your hypothesis
Conclusion
The crossings above show that the cross was between a female wild eye shape
and a male bar eye shape. The chi square shows that the predicted and observed
answers add up and they did not exceed the degrees of freedom.
Sex-Linked Recessive Allele: P1 Generation:
- Male: Miniature Size Wing (XM
Y)
- Female: Wild Size Wing (X+X
+)
Crossing:
Miniature Wing Size (XM
XM
) x Wild Wing Size (X
+Y)
Punnet Square:
The punnet square is showing the prediction of the crossing of miniature size wings
and wild size wings. The prediction comes out to ultimately produce 100%
phenotypic ratio of wild wing sized. 50% make and 50% female
F1
Generation: Crossing:
X+X
+ x
XM
Y
Parents: (Male: M) x (Female: +)
Offspring:
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female + 519 0.5103 1.042
Male + 498 0.4897 1.000
Total 1017 ------ -------
Crossing: X+Y x X
MX
+
Prediction of Phenotype: 3:1
-XM
X+/X
+X
+: Female Wild Wing Size
-XM
Y – Male Miniature Wing Size
-X+Y – Male Wild Wing Size
Punnet Square:
The punnet square shows that the predicted result of crossing a female Miniature
Wing Size carrier with a Wild Wing Size male produces a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of
Wild:
X+ X
+
XM
XM
X+ X
MX
+
Y X+Y X
+Y
XM
XM
Result of 2nd
Cross
Parents: (Male +) x (Female +)
Offspring:
Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio
Female: + 516 0.5069 2.141
Male: + 241 0.2367 1.000
Male: M 261 0.2564 1.083
Total 1018 ------ -------
Chi-Square Hypothesis:
Phenotype Observed Hypothesis Expected Chi-Square Term
Female: + 516 2.0000 509.0000 0.0963
Male: + 241 1.0000 254.5000 0.7161
Male: M 261 1.0000 254.5000 0.1660
Total 975 4.0000 1018.000 0.9784
Chi-Squared Test Statistic: 0.9784
Degrees of Freedom: 2
Level of Significance: 0.6131
Sex Linked Recessive Allele Conclusion: These results show that the trait for
Miniature Sized Wings (XM
), is sex-linked and recessive. The Chi square test had a
value of .98 with 2 degrees of freedom. It shows that my predicted results add up with
the observed.
X+ X
MX
+ X
MX
+
Y XM
Y XM
Y
