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Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea Mark Blyth Brown University and Watson Ins6tute Bernard Schwartz Globaliza6on Ini6a6ve SAIS, Washington DC, April 15 th 2013

Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea...Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea! Mark%Blyth% Brown%University%and% Watson%Ins6tute% % Bernard%Schwartz Globalizaon%Ini6ave%%

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Page 1: Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea...Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea! Mark%Blyth% Brown%University%and% Watson%Ins6tute% % Bernard%Schwartz Globalizaon%Ini6ave%%

Austerity: the History of a Dangerous Idea Mark  Blyth  Brown  University  and  Watson  Ins6tute    Bernard  Schwartz  Globaliza6on  Ini6a6ve    SAIS,  Washington  DC,  April  15th  2013  

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Before  we  get  to  the  Theory  

Its  useful  to  know  why  I’m  interested  in  this  ques6on…  

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Europe is not in Great Fiscal Health

Source:  Standard  &  Poor’s  from  na6onal  sources  

(Central  government  debt  as  percent  of  GDP,  2012)  

0   50   100   150   200   250  

Canada  

France  

Germany  

Greece  

Ireland  

Italy  

Japan  

Portugal  

Spain  

United  Kingdom  

United  States  

Net   Gross  

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So  What  Brought  About  this  “Fine  Mess?”  

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ECB  ‘Credibility’  or  the  Greatest  Moral  Hazard  Trade  in  Human  History?  

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This  is  what  happens  when  you  stuff  your  boots  with  periphery  debts-­‐gone-­‐bad  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

%  GDP

     

 Foreign  banks  combined  consolidated  claims  on  Greece,  Ireland,  

Italy,  Portugal,  Spain  (%  GDP  2011)    

6  

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The  result  is…  

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Assets  held  by  banks  in  Germany,  France,  and  the  UK  are  about  double  the  annual  GDP  of  the  en6re  EU  

0  

5000000  

10000000  

15000000  

20000000  

25000000  

30000000  

35000000  

40000000  

45000000  

50000000  

GDP   Bank  Assets  

Other  

UK  

Germany  

France  

•  Gross  contribu6on  to  GDP  and  Bank  Assets  in  the  EU  (millions  of  EUR)  

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For  Comparison  –  The  “too  Big  to  Fail”  USA  

Bank  Assets  (millions  of  USD)   Bank  Assets  (%  of  GDP)  

0  

2,000,000  

4,000,000  

6,000,000  

8,000,000  

10,000,000  

12,000,000  

14,000,000  

16,000,000  

18,000,000  

20,000,000  

Bank  Assets   GDP  

GDP  

Other  

Wells  Fargo  

Ci6group  

Bank  of  America  

Morgan  Stanley  

JP  Morgan  

Goldman  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

120  

140  

GDP   Top  6  Bank  Assets   Total  Bank  Assets  

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At  least  the  Brits  have  their  own  currency  

Bank  Assets  (millions  of  GBP)   Bank  Assets  (%  of  GDP)  

0.00  

1,000,000.00  

2,000,000.00  

3,000,000.00  

4,000,000.00  

5,000,000.00  

6,000,000.00  

7,000,000.00  

8,000,000.00  

9,000,000.00  

Bank  Assets   GDP  

GDP  

Other  

HSBC  

Lloyds  

RBS  

Barclays  

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

600  

GDP   Top  4  Bank  Assets   Total  Bank  Assets  

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France  is  the  exemplar  of  the  ‘too  Big  to  BAIL’  problem  

Bank  Assets  (millions  of  EUR)   Bank  Assets  (%  of  GDP)  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

350  

400  

450  

500  

GDP   Top  3  Bank  Assets   Total  Bank  Assets  0.00  

1,000,000.00  

2,000,000.00  

3,000,000.00  

4,000,000.00  

5,000,000.00  

6,000,000.00  

7,000,000.00  

8,000,000.00  

9,000,000.00  

10,000,000.00  

Bank  Assets   GDP  

GDP  

Other  

Societe  Generale  

Credit  Agricole  

BNP  Paribas  

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If  that  goes  bad,  its  game  over  for  the  Euro  and  the  core  banks  

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…which is why we have Austerity policies…

Keeping  the  periphery  in  at  all  costs  

•  Stopping  the  Bank  run  round  the  bond  market…  

But…      You  Can’t  Solve  a  Banking  

Problem  with  Budget  Cuts      You  Can’t  run  a  Gold  Standard  in  a  Democracy    You  Can’t  Solve  a  Solvency  Problem  with  a  Liquidity  Instrument      You  can’t  all  cut  at  once  ands  expect  to  grow  

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So  why  did  Anyone  ever  think  that  Austerity  was  a  good  idea?  

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The  “can’t  live  with  it,  can’t  live  without  it,  don’t  want  to  pay  for  it”  problem  of  the  state  

•  John  Locke’s  filh  chapter  

•  Appropria6on,  Markets  and  Money  

•  Aliena6on  and  wages  •  Don’t  trust  the  state  since  it  will  rob  you  blind  

•  But  you  need  it  to  create  the  markets  you  want    

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“Public  Credit  will  Destroy  the  Na6on”  

•  David  Hume   •  Money  and  Merchants  •  The  Ease  of  Debt  Issuance  

•  Crowding  Out  and  Easy  Money  

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“The  Prac6ce  of  Funding  has  gradually  enfeebled  every  state  that  has  adopted  it”  

•  Adam  Smith   •  Parsimony,  Savings,  Investment  and  Growth  

•  Inequality  and  the    Necessity  of  the  State  

•  Taxa6on  to  the  Rescue?  

•  Debt  and  the  perversion  of  parsimony  

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Locke,  Smith  and  Hume:  Producing  Austerity  by  Default  

•  The  “can’t  live  with/without  it  and  don’t  want  to  pay  for  it”  problem  

•  The  state  as  the  an6thesis  and  catalyst  of  the  market  •  Austerity  as  an  absence  (state  not  yet  big  enough  to  cut)  but  also  an  inevitability  that  it  needs  to  be  cut  

•  Result:  Liberalism’s  Neuralgia  and  the  Aspirin  of  Austerity    

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Two  Tracks  through  19th  Century  Liberal  Economics  

•  Can’t  live  with  it  and  don’t  want  to  pay  for  it  

•  Learning  to  live  with  it  and  Accep6ng  the  need  to  pay  for  it  

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Track  1A:  Liquida6onism  

•  Modern  Business  Cycle  Theory  

•  Long  Run  Capital  Structure  (too  much  and  wrong  type)  

•  Misalloca6on  of  capital  •  Austerity  via  Binge  and  Purge  

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Track  1B:  The  Treasury  View  

•  Laissez  Faire  and  crowding  out  

•  “Can  Lloyd  George  Do  It?”  

•  The  “Memoranda  on  Certain  Proposals”  

•  Ricardian  Equivalence  and  Investment  

•  Lack  of  Suitable  Public  Works  

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Track  2A:  The  Keynesian  Moment  (or  Teaching  Birds  how  to  Fly?)  

•  The  CriScal  Cases  •   Simultaneous  contrac6ons  in  the  1930s  

•  USA,  UK,  Germany,  France  and  Japan  

•  And  the  result  is…  

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Keynes  (and  events)  Overturn  Austerity  

•  Fallacies  of  composi6on  and  scalability  in  labor  and  money  markets  

•  Investment  expecta6ons  as  a  social  mul6-­‐person  PD  •  “Consump6on,  repeat  the  obvious,  is  the  sole  end  of  economic  ac6vity”  

•  Lessons  Learned:    •  Democracy  is  asset  insurance  for  the  Rich  •  Redistribu6on  and  Debt  is  reinsurance  for  Democracy  

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Schumpeter  Retreats  

•  Crea6ve  destruc6on  over  “many  centuries”  •  Lord  Keynes’  Ideas  “laughable”  •  Bureaucra6za6on  and  Socialism  as  the  same  

•  Results:  •  The  End  of  the  Entrepreneur  •  The  End  of  Bourgeois  Virtue  •  The  End  of  the  Bourgeois  Family  

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Austerity’s  Long  Winter  

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A  European  Home  for  Austerity  •  Late  Development  and  

Export  Led  Growth  •  Iron  and  Rye  •  Freiburg  and  the  State  •  The  economic  

cons6tu6on  •  Compe66on  not  

consump6on  •  Sound  Money  and  CBI  

•  Result:  Crowding  out  Keynes  Locally  

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And  an  American  Pied-­‐a-­‐Terre    

•  Banks,  leverage  and  credit  extension  

•  Beguiling  the  entrepreneur  

•  The  allure  of  debt  •  Binge  and  purge  (again)  

•  Result:  Do  not  intervene…ever!  

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Austerity’s  Enablers  

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The  Neoliberal  Shil  

•  Monetarism,  Infla6on,  and  the  Natural  Rate  •  Public  Choice  and  Poli6cal  Business  Cycles  •  Democracy  as  a  Problem  -­‐  CBI  as  the  solu6on  •  Ratex,  EMH  and  Ricardian  Equivalance  

•  Result:  Crowding  out  Keynes  Globally  

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Road  Tes6ng  Austerity  •  Washington’s  Consensus  “Stabilize,  Priva6ze,  liberalize…and  cut  the  state”  

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Austerity  Enabled  

•  There  is  a  free  Pranzo  if  you  skip  your  Cena  

•  Einaudi  and  the  Bocconi  School  

•  Europe  as  a  disciplinary  device  on  states  

•  Bocconi  school  as  Austerity’s  aircral  carrier  

•  From  Milan  to  Harvard  

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The  Expansionary  Austerity  Hypothesis  

•  Debt  and  6me  inconsistency  •  Credibility  and  income  

shocks  •  Spending  and  future  taxes  

•  The  New  Cases:  Ireland,  Sweden,  Canada,  Denmark,  Australia  

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Austerity  as  a  Policy  Paradigm  

•  Alesina’s  Ecofin  Brief  •  ECB  June  2010  Report  •  Troika  condi6onality  •  Structure  of  periphery  bailouts  (cuts  not  taxes)  

•  Result:  The  Greatest  Bait  and  Switch  in  Human  History  

 

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But  Reality  Bites?  

•  Bocconi  School  defec6ons  

•  IMF  challenges  to  EFA  hypothesis  

•  October  2012  WEO  and  1.5-­‐1.7  nega6ve  mul6pliers  

•  The  New  Cases  Aren’t  so  New  

•  More  debt  not  less  •  The  REBLL  Alliance  and  the  Debt  Star?  

•  And  yet  it  con+nues…