aula1_ingles_petrobas_14742.pdf

8/11/2019 aula1_ingles_petrobas_14742.pdf

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L E O N A R D O G E R A L D O M A R Q U E S M A T T O S , C P F : 0 4 0 7 7 7 3 0 6 1 9

O c o n t e d o d e s t e c u r s o d e u s o e x c l u s i v o d e L E O N A R D O G E R A L D O M A R Q U E S M A T T O S , C P F : 0 4 0 7 7 7 3 0 6 1 9 , v e d a d a , p o r

q u a i s q u e r m e i o s e a q u a l q u e r t t u l o , a s u a r e p r o d u o , c p i a , d i v u l g a o e d i s t r i b u i o , s u j e i t a n d o - s e o s

i n f r a t o r e s r e s p o n s a b i l i z a o c i v i l e c r i m i n a l .

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br

CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS PETROBRAS 2011 PAGE -1-PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

AULA 1

Text 1: World Oil Reserves at Tipping Point

The world's capacity to meet projected future oil demand is at a tippingpoint, according to research by the Smith School of Enterprise and theEnvironment at Oxford University.

There is a need to accelerate the development of alternative energy fuelresources in order to ensure energy security and reduce emissions, says a5paper just published in the Journal Energy Policy.

The age of cheap oil has now ended as demand starts to outstrip supply

as we head towards the middle of the decade, says the report. It goes onto suggest that the current oil reserve estimates should be downgradedfrom between 1150-1350 billion barrels to between 850-900 billion10barrels, based on recent is research. But how can potential oil shortagesbe mitigated?

Dr Oliver Inderwildi, Head of the Low Carbon Mobility centre at theSmith School, said: The common belief that alternative fuels such asbiofuels could mitigate oil supply shortages and eventually replace fossil15fuels is pie in the sky. There is not sufficient land to cater for both foodand fuel demand. Instead of relying on those silver bullet solutions, we

have to make better use of the remaining resources by improving 2$energy efficiency. Alternatives such as a hydrogen economy and electrictransportation are not mature and will only play a major role in the20medium to long term.

Nick Owen, from the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment,added: 'Significant oil supply challenges will be compounded in the nearfuture by rising demand and strengthening environmental policy.Mitigating the oil crunch without using lower grade resources such as tar25sands is the key to maintaining energy stability and a low carbon future.'

The Smith School paper also highlights that in the past, political and

financial objectives have led to misreporting of oil reserves, which has ledto contradictory estimates of oil reserve data available in the publicdomain.30

Sir David King, Director of the Smith School, commented: 'We have toface up to a future of oil uncertainty much like the global economicuncertainty we have faced during the past two years. This challenge willhave a longer term effect on our economies unless swift action is taken bygovernments and business. We all recognise that oil is a finite resource.35We need to look at other low carbon alternatives and make the necessaryfunding available for research, development and deployment today if weare to mitigate the tipping point.'


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The report also raises the worrying issue that additional demand for oilcould be met by non-conventional methods, such as the extraction of oil40from Canada's tar sands. However, these methods have a far highercarbon output than conventional drilling, and have been described ashaving a double impact on emissions owing to the emissions producedduring extraction as well as during usage. [CESGRANRIO, ANALISTAAMBIENTAL JR., 2010]45(Available in: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/10032422551.htmAccess on April 6, 2010) - Science Daily (Mar. 26, 2010)

11. The author reports that world oil reserves are at a 'tipping point'because oilA.is already being replaced by alternative fuels in most uses of the fuel.B.is now in shortage and will not supply global needs in the near future.C. has already been substituted by alternative energy fuel resourcesworldwide.D.has been misreported as non-abundant to satisfy political interests ofnon-producing nations.E.has reached a peak in off-shore wells and is now abundantly extractedfrom tar sand reserves.

12.Based on the meanings of the words in the text, it can be said thatA."...ensure..." (L-5)and guarantee are antonyms.B."...outstrip..." (L-7)and exceed are synonyms.C."...downgraded..." (L-9)and subsidized express similar ideas.D."...highlights..." (L-26)and underlines express contradictory ideas.E."...owing to..." (L-42)and as a result of have opposite meanings.

13. The word in parentheses describes the idea expressed by the word inboldtypeinA. "...a need to accelerate the development of alternative energy fuelresources in order toensure energy security and reduce emissions," (L-5/6)(contrast)B. "The common belief that alternative fuels such as biofuels..." (L-13/14)(result)C. "Instead of relying on those silver bullet solutions,"- (L-16/17)(consequence)D. "However, these methods have a far higher carbon output thanconventional drilling," (L-40/41)(reason)E."...the emissions produced during extraction as well asduring usage." (L-42/43)(addition)


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14. Dr. Oliver Inderwildi supports all of the following statements EXCEPTA. Alternative energy sources, like hydrogen, are still not foreseen asproductive in the immediate future.B.It is illusory to believe that the production of alternative fuels will makeup for the decline in oil supply.C. There is enough soil available in the world for the production ofagricultural products to meet the needs of both food and energy.D. It is more advisable to start using energy more efficiently than todepend on alternative solutions that are not yet entirely developed.E.Using electricity for transportation and reducing the dependence on oil

are unripe strategies that still have a minor impact in the currentscenario.

15. Nick Owen believes thatA. stricter environmental regulations will impose even more restrictions onthe already heavy challenges in oil supply.B.more demand for oil will certainly not interfere with the current supportfor ecological! programs to reduce carbon emissions.C. further investments in newly found oil reserves will be the onlyalternative to help maintain future energy stability in the world.

D.shifting to fuel production from tar sands can reduce the oil problems,since tar sands are more abundant and less expensive to drill.E.the exploration of lower grade resources seems to be the best solutionto conform to the environmental policies in favor of low carbon emissions.

16. In the text, 'contradictory estimates of oil reserve data available inthe public domain.' (L-29/30)refers to the fact thatA.the figures on the probable amount of remaining oil in reserves knownhave been inaccurately announced.B. researchers in the Smith School have reached conclusions on the

use of energy alternatives that confirm the opinion of political leaders.C. oil reserves estimates should be readjusted to indicate that aroundtwelve hundred billion barrels are available for consumption.D. political and financial concerns have led to the announcement ofprecise data on oil production available to the public.E. only 850-900 billion barrels will be produced by the middle of thecurrent decade.


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17. In paragraph 7(L-31/38),Sir David King's main comment is thatA.other low carbon alternatives are not available to replace the finite oilresources.B. the tipping point in oil production will not affect the underdevelopedeconomies of the world.C.business and governments are not expected to take quick measures toface the world economic problems.D.more money has to be spent on financing new fuel technologies thatproduce low carbon emissions.E.research, development and deployment of low carbon alternatives are

the sole responsibility of university researchers.

18. "This challenge" in "This challenge will have a longer term effect on oureconomies..." (L-32/33)refers to theA.uncertainty about the future of the global economy.B.unclear estimation of oil reserves reported by the government.C.low carbon emissions resulting from conventional oil extraction.D.political and financial interests of the world's economic leaders.E. confrontation of the unpleasant situation of oil shortage in the nearfuture.

19. In "...additional demand for oil could be met by non-conventionalmethods," (L-39/40)the verb form could expressesA.certainty.B.necessity.C.possibility.D.obligation.E.permission.

20. According to the text, extracting oil from the Canadian tar sands

A.can be harmful to the environment because it generates an additionaldemand for oil.B. requires unconventional drilling methods that cause lower impact onthe nation's carbon footprint.C.is not feasible since it will require non-conventional financing to makeup for the lower output rates.D. produces higher carbon emissions resulting from both the extractionand the deployment of fuel from this source.E.has not been authorized since Canada's governmental authorities havepassed strict laws against the exploration of such reserves.


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14. C O autor no afirma que h terreno suficiente disponvel no mundo

para o cultivo de produtos agrcolas para atender s necessidades tantoalimentcias quanto energticas; afirma nas demais opes que: em a),fontes de energia alternativas, como o hidrognio, ainda no so vistascomo produtivas num futuro imediato; em b), ilusrio crer que aproduo de combustveis alternativos compensar o declnio nofornecimento de petrleo; em d), mais aconselhvel comear a usarmais eficientemente do que depender de solues alternativas que aindano esto completamente desenvolvidas; em e), usar eletricidade para otransporte e reduzir a dependncia do petrleo so estratgias ainda noamadurecidas que ainda tem um impacto pequeno no cenrio atual.

15. A - Nick Owen, quando diz que oil challenges will be compounded(= desafios no tocante ao fornecimento do petrleo aumentaro) &strengthening environmental policy (= fortalecimento de polticasambientalistas), se refere exatamente a isso: normas mais severas sobre omeio ambiente imporo maiores restries aos j significativos desafios nofornecimento de petrleo. L-se nas demais opes: em b), maior demandapor petrleo certamente no interferir no crescente apoio aos atuaisprogramas de proteo ao meio ambiente para reduo das emisses decarbono; em c), investimentos adicionais em reservas de petrleo recm

encontradas sero a nica alternativa para auxiliar a manter a estabilidadeenergtica global no futuro; em d), mudar para a produo decombustvel originrio de areias petrolferas pode reduzir os problemasquanto ao petrleo j que estas areias so mais abundantes e menosonerosas para explorar; em e), a explorao de recursos de nvel inferiorparece ser a melhor soluo para se adaptar s polticas ambientalistasem favor de baixas emisses de carbono.

16. A O autor ao dizer 'contradictory estimates of oil reserve dataavailable in the public domain.' (= estimativas contraditrias dos dados

sobre as reserves de petrleo disponveis ao domnio pblico)se refere aosnmeros quanto ao montante provvel das reservas conhecidas de petrleoremanescentes terem sido anunciadas imprecisamente. Nas demais opes:em b),os pesquisadores na Smith Schooltiraram concluses sobre ouso de energias alternativas que confirmam a opinio dos liderespolticos; em c), as estimativas para as reservas de petrleo deveriamser ajustadas para indicar que cerca de 12 bilhes de barris estodisponveis para consumo; em d), preocupaes polticas e financeiraslevaram divulgao de dados precisos sobre a produo de petrleodisponvel ao pblico; em e), somente 850-900 bilhes de barris seroproduzidos at o meio da dcada atual.


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17. D O comentrio deSir David King, no pargrafo 7, diz respeito maior

quantidade de dinheiro que tem de ser gasta no financiamento de novastecnologias dos combustveis que produzam baixas emisses de carbono. Nasoutras opes: em a), outras alternativas de baixa emisso de carbonono esto disponveis para substituir os recursos petrolferos finitos; emb), o ponto de virada da produo de petrleo no afetar as economiassubdesenvolvidas do mundo; em c), no se espera que empresas egoverno tomem medidas de imediato para enfrentar os problemaseconmicos mundiais; eme)pesquisa, desenvolvimento e aplicao dasalternativas de baixa emisso de carbono so de responsabilidadeexclusiva dos pesquisadores nas universidades.

18. E O desafio a que o autor se refere diz respeito ao enfrentamento dasituao desagradvel da escassez do petrleo no futuro prximo. Nas demaisopes tem-se: em a) incerteza quanto ao futuro da economia mundial;emb), uma estimativa imprecisa das reserves de petrleo relatadas pelogoverno; emc), as baixas emissesde carbono resultantes da extraoconvencional do petrleo; em d), aos interesses polticos e financeirosdos lderes das economias mundiais.

19. C O modal verb couldem "additional demand for oil could be met

by non-conventional methods," (= a demanda adicional por petrleopoderia ser atendida atravs de mtodos no convencionais) expressa umapossibilidade. Em a), certainty (= certeza); em b), necessity (=necessidade); em d), obligation (= obrigao); em e)permission (=permisso)

20. D De acordo com o texto, o petrleo extrado das areias petrolferas doCanad produz maiores emisses de carbono resultantes tanto da extraoquanto da aplicao do combustvel proveniente desta fonte. Nas demaisopes est dito que tal explorao: em a), pode ser danosa ao meio

ambiente pois gera uma demanda adicional por petrleo; em b), requermtodos no convencionais de perfurao que causam menor impacto naquantidade total das emisses de carbono do pas; em c), no viveluma vez que ir requerer financiamento no convencional paracompensar os nveis mais baixos de produo;eme), no foi autorizadodesde que as autoridades governamentais canadenses aprovaram leismais rgidas contra a explorao de tais reservas.


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VOCABULARY BUILD UP RISE & FALL VERBS

From text 1:Significant oil supply challenges will be compounded in the near futureby risingdemand and strengthening environmental policy. Mitigating theoil crunch without using lowergrade resources (L-22/24)Significativos desafios na oferta de petrleo sero agravados no futuroprximo por causa da demanda crescente e pelo fortalecimento da polticaambiental. Para atenuar a escassez do petrleo sem usar recursos denvel inferior

The report also raisesthe worrying issue that additional demand for oilcould be met by non-conventional methods (L-39/40)O relatrio tambm levanta a perturbadora questo que a demandaadicional por petrleo possa ser atendida atravs de mtodos noconvencionais.

Os verbos to raise, regular e transitivo, & to rise, irregular eintransitivo, so os mais comuns significandoelevar, aumentar. Os verbosto fall, irregular e intransitivo & to lower so dois dos mais comuns

significando abaixar, reduzirusados para expressar subidas e descidas delucros, aes, taxas, coeficientes, ...

O estudo dos verbos seguintes fundamental para quem vai fazer umconcurso pblico como este para ingresso na PETROBRAS.

Classify the verbs according to whether they mean RISE or FALL:

advance tumble dip drift drop climbease hike jump leap plummet decline

rally rebound recover revive plunge shrinksink slip slump surge soar (sky)rocket

Meaning rise: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meaning fall: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meaning to rise after falling: _______________________________


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NOTES: Remember that rise and fall are irregular verbs: rise - rose -risen; fall - fell - fallen.Remember to distinguish between fall - fell fallen (= cair),and feel -felt felt (= sentir)

As well as the verb rise, English also has the verbs raise and arise.Riseis an irregular intransitive verb: rise - rose - risenAttention! Things can rise, but you cannot rise something.

Raise is a regular, transitive verb; raise - raised - raised. People

raisethings. Raise has lots of other meanings:

to collect capital.We are helping them to raise fundsfor a charitable institution.Nos os estamos auxiliando a a n g a r i a r f u n d o s para uma instituio decaridade.

to bring up childrenI was born in Par, but raised in Rio de Janeiro.Nasci no Par mas fui c r i a d o no Rio de Janeiro.

Arise is an irregular, intransitive verb: arise - arose - arisen. It meansto happen or occur or to come into existence.Problems arose soon after the new chairman took office.Problemas ocorreram logo depois que o novo presidente tomou posse.

(Adapted from F in a n c i a l En g l i s h , by Ian Mackenzie)

HEADLINES

Translate the fragments below:1. STOCKS JUMP ON BANK PLAN, RISE IN HOME SALESBy Tim Paradis, Associated Press 23.03.09

Investors have reigniteda two-week rallyMonday after hearing thegovernment's plan to help banks remove as much as $1 trillion in badassets from their books. Home sales also showed a surprise increase.stocks jump - ________________________________________reigniteda two-week rally - _____________________________a surprise increase - ___________________________________


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2. OIL DIPS ON SIGNS OF GROWING INVENTORIESBy Pablo Gorondi, Associated Press - 25.03.09

Oil prices dropped Wednesday, following a pull-back in global stockmarkets and signs of expanding crude inventories.oil dips - ____________________________________________oil prices dropped - ___________________________________a pull-back - ________________________________________

3. WORLD BANK SLASHES GROWTH FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS

(AFP- 22.06.09) The World Bank slashed its outlook for developingnations' economies, estimating growth at a meagre (*) 1.2 percent thisyear while warning more measures were needed for a recovery to takehold. (*) Spelling difference: meageris the spelling in the US.slashed its outlook- ___________________________________

4. INDIA'S TATA MOTORS Q1 PROFIT LEAPSBy Salil Panchal - (AFP- 27.07.09)

India's leading vehicle maker Tata Motors reported on Monday a

surprise leapof nearly 60% in first-quarter net profit, driven by lowerraw material costs, new models and an accounting change.a surprise leap - _____________________________________driven by lower raw material costs

5. EXXONMOBIL PROFIT SLUMPS 66%

(AFP- 30.07.09) Exxon Mobil said Thursday its second-quarter profitslid 66%from a year ago to 3.95 billion dollars, reflecting a tumble inenergy prices from last year's record highs.

slid 66% - ____________________________________________reflecting a tumble - ____________________________________


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JUST FOR FUN

Uma coisa que nenhum candidato ou candidata pode esquecer : youare not a machine. Portanto, de vez em quando, take it easy, relax.Do something just for fun.

A PICTURE IS WORTH 1000 WORDS

Womans mouse

VERB TENSES A SUMMARY

fundamental ter uma boa noo dos tempos verbais em ingls. Afterall,no h frase sem verbo. Quanto mais familiarizado voc estiver comeste tpico mais fluentemente conseguir ler os textos caractersticos dasprovas elaboradas pela CESGRANRIO.

Em breve, estudaremos os modal verbs, ou seja, os verbos auxiliaresdefectivos, como can, may must, will, should, ... porm, for the timebeing,d uma boa revisada nestes tempos verbais essenciais.


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1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE

a) Used to express habitual or usual actions.Usado para expressar aes habituais, rotineiras.

I goto work every week day Monday thru Friday.V o upara o trabalho todos os dias teis de segunda sexta.

My teacher usually speaksEnglish in class.Meu professor geralmente f a l a ingls em aula.

Do you knowGeorge?No, I dont knowhim. Vo c co n h ece o George? No.Eu n o o co n h eo .

b) Used to express permanent or general truths.Usado para expressar verdades permanentes ou universais.

The sun does not risein the west, it risesin the east.

O sol n o n as ceno oeste; ele nasce no leste.

Does the earthgoround the sun?Yes, it does. A t e r r a g i r a em torno do sol? Sim, e la g i r a .

c) Used after when, whenever, while, before, after, as soon as,until,... in time clauses. (In Portuguese a future tense is used.)Usado aps: quando, sempre que, enquanto, aps, assim que/ to logo

que, at, em oraes temporais.You can go as soon as the director arrives.Voc pode ir a ss im q u e o d i r e t o r c h e g a r .

Lets wait until my wife comesback home.Vamos esperar a ta m i n h a m u l h e r v o l t a r para casa.


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d) Used to refer to future, scheduled things.U s a d o p a r a r e f e r i r - s e a c o i s a s fu t u r a s , p l a n e j a d a s .

What time does your class begintomorrow?A que horas co m ea ( co m ea r)a sua aula amanh?

My plane leaves at 8 p.m. tonight.Meu avio p a r t e ( p a r t i r ) s oito da noite hoje.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

a) Used mainly to describe an action happening at the moment ofspeaking.Usado para descrever aes acontecendo no momento em que se fala.

The sun is shiningnow.O sol es t b r i l h a n doagora.

Is Jane studyingGerman at present?A Jane e s t e s t u d a n d o alemo no presente momento?

Weare speakingEnglish now. We arent speakingPortuguese.Es t am o s f a l a n d o ingls agora. No estamos falando portugus.

b) The present continuous can be used to refer to future actions, too.T am bm o p r e s e n t e c o n tn u o p o d e s e r u s a d o c om aes f u t u r a s .

Regina is visitingus next week.Regina n os v i s i t a r na semana que vem.

Im seeingmy eye doctor tomorrow afternoon.C o n s u l t a r e i meu oftalmologista amanh tarde.

3. PAST SIMPLE

Used to express an action that happened at a definite time in the past.Oftentimes, adverbs or phrases such as yesterday, two weeks ago,last year,..., are present.Usado para expressar uma ao que aconteceu num tempo definido nopassado. Freqentemente, advrbios ou expresses como ontem, duassemanas atrs, ano passado ... esto presentes.

I mether two years ago.Eu a e n c o n t r e i h dois anos.


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My brother didnt geta job last month.Meu irmo n o co n s eg u i u um emprego no ms passado.

Did you seeSpielbergs latest film last Sunday?Voc viuo ultimo filmo do Spielberg no sbado passado?

Jack arrivedten minutes late today.O Jack c h e g o u dez minutos atrasado hoje.

Milton worked atKNY for thirty five years. He retiredlast year.

Milton t r a b a l h o u na KNY por 35 anos. A p o s e n t o u - s e no ano passado.

4. PAST CONTINUOUS

a) To describe a past action in progress connected to another past action.Expressa uma ao contnua no passado ligada a outra ao passada.

Iwas goingto school when I met Susan.Es t a v a i n d o para a escola quando encontrei a Susan.

The phone was ringingwhen Mrs. Dawson arrivedhome.O telefone e s t a v a t o c a n d o quando a Sra Dawson chegou em casa.

Were you studyinglast night when I called you up?Vo c e s t a v a e s t u d a n d o ontem noite quando eu telefonei para voc?

She wasnt playing tennisthis afternoon. She was dancing.E l a no e s t a v a j o g an d o t n i s esta tarde. E s t a v a da n an d o .

b) It may also be used to describe an action that was happening at the

same time another action was in progress.Pode ser tambm usado para descrever que uma ao passada estava emprogresso ao mesmo tempo que outra.

While his wife was doingthe housework, Bill was writingletters.Enquanto sua esposa e s t a v a f a z e n d o suas tarefas, o Bill estavaescrevendo cartas.

All the time the movie star was bathingat the beach, her securityagents were keeping an eye on anyone who came close to her.Todo o tempo que a estrela estava se banhando no mar, seus agentes desegurana estavam vigiando qualquer um que dela se aproximasse.


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5. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The present perfect tense is mainly used:O tempo presente perfeito usado principalmente para:

a) to say that an action has just taken place or has repeatedly happenedalready but the definite time is not specified.Para dizer que uma ao acaba de acontecer ou aconteceu repetidasvezes sem que um tempo definido seja especificado.

Mr. Hart has just left.O Sr. Hart a c a b o u d e s a i r .

Im not going to the movies with you. I have already seenthat movietwice.No vou ao cinema com voc. J v i esse filme duas vezes.

Jennifer has not readJs latest book.Jennifer no leuo ltimo livro do J.

b)To express actions which begin in the past and are connected with thepresent and are likely to go on in the future. For and since arecommonly used.Para expressar aes que comearam no passado, tm conexo com opresente e possivelmente continuaro no futuro. As preposies for esince so comumente usadas.]

Mr. Dunlop has workedat C& C for more than 20 years. (He began 20years ago and is still working there.)O Sr. Dunlop trabalha na C & C h mais de vinte anos. Comeou h vinteanos e ainda trabalha l.

Denise has studied English since her childhood. ( and she keeps onstudying the language till now)Denise es t u d a i n g lsdesde a sua infncia. [continua a estudar at hoje.

c) Brazilian students should pay close attention to the use of the presentperfect after the expressionIts the first time (that) ...Os alunos brasileiros devem prestar ateno ao uso do presente perfeitoaps a expresso a primeira vez (que)


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Its the first time I have been to the Maracan Stadium. (I had neverbeen here before) a primeira vez que venho ao estdio do Maracan. (no tinha estado lantes)

Its the first time that Laura has seenCasablanca. (She hadnt seen themovie before) a primeira vez que Laura v i u Casablanca. (No tinha visto o filmeantes)

6. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Used to show how long an action has been in progress.Usado para demonstrar por quanto tempo uma ao est em curso.

He has been workingon his project the whole afternoon.O Tom e s t t r a b a l h a n d o no seu projeto a tarde toda.]

Has Janet been practicingher piano lessons lately?A Janete t e m p r a t i c ad o suas lies de piano?

Note: Its possible to use the present perfect simple and the presentperfect continuous interchangeably in certain cases. possvel utilizar o presente perfeito simples e o contnuoindiferentemente em alguns casos.

I have studied / have been studyingEnglish all my life.T en h o e s t u d a d o ingls a minha vida inteira.

7. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

a) Used to describe a past action that took place before another pastaction.Descreve uma ao passada que ocorre antes de outra ao passada.

When Igotto the airport, Jenny had already left.Quando cheguei ao aeroporto, a Jennyj h a v i a p a r t i d o.

Had she learnedany English before you met?Ela havia aprendidoi n g ls a n t e s d e v o cs s e e n c o n t r a r em ?


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b) In indirect speech, when the past simple was used in direct statementsor questions.

Em discurso indireto quando o passado simples foi usado nasafirmativas diretas.

I sawVera, John confirmed. (Eu vi a Vera, confirmouo Joo.)John c o n f i r m e d that he h a d s e e n her. Joo confirmou que t i n h a v i s t o aVera.

The witness didnt talkto the criminal. the inspector said.

A testemunha no f a lo ucom o criminoso - declarou o inspetor.

The inspector saidthat the witness hadnt talkedto the criminal.O inspetor d i s s e que a testemunha n o h av i a f a l a d ocom o criminoso.

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

It describes an action that had been in progress before another actionhappened.Descreve uma ao que tinha estado em curso antes de outra ao

passada.

The secretary had been usingthe computer for some time when therewas a power cut.A secretria t i n h a e s t a d o ( e s t i v e r a ) u t i l iz a n d o o computador poralgum tempo quando ocorreu o corte de energia.

How long had she been waiting at the bus stop before the bus came?Quanto tempo e l a h a v i a e s t a d o e s p e r a n d o no ponto do nibus antesde ele chegar?

9. FUTURE SIMPLE

9.1 With willa) To express simple futurity or determination.

Para expressar ao futura simples ou determinao.

I will bein Paris next year.Estarei em Paris no ano que vem.(Phone ringing) Ill getit. (Ill answer it)(O telefone toca) Eu atendo!


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b) To express promises, offers or predictions:

Para expressar promessas, ofertas e previses

Can I borrow $ 20 from you? I will payyou next week. (I promise)Pode me emprestar $20? P a g a r e i a voc na semana que vem.(Promessa)

It will behard to cope with inflation. (So I predict)Se r d i f c i l enfrentar a inflao. (Assim prevejo)

We will helpyou with those heavy suitcases. (offer)

Ns a j u d a r e m o s voc com suas malas pesadas. (oferta)

9.2 With be going to (future substitute)

Joseph is going to studyEnglish this afternoon. (He intends to do so)Joseph v a i es t u d a r ingls tarde. (Ele pretende, est decidido a faz-lo)

Im going to dosome shoppingtomorrow morning. (I decided so)V o u f a z e r compras amanh de manh. (Assim o decidi)

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Used to say you will be carrying out something at a certain time in thefuture.Usado para dizer que voc estar realizando algo num tempo futuro.

Dont worry. You can call me back later. I will be watchingthe news.No se preocupe por ligar mais tarde. Es t a r e i v e n d o as notcias na TV.

It will be easy to recognize me. Ill be wearingwhite.

Ser fcil me reconhecer. Es t a r e i u s a n d o branco.Look up in Jills diary. See what she will be doingtomorrow at 10 a.m.Olhe na agenda da Jill. Veja o que e l a e s t a r f a z e n d oamanh s dez demanh?

11. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

a) It tells us about an action that will be finished by a certain future date.Diz-nos a respeito de uma ao que estar terminada numa data

futura.


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By the end of this year Mr. Hill will have livedin Brazil for 35 years.No final do ano o Sr. Hill t e r v i v i d ono Brasil por 35 anos.

b) Shows that a future action will have happened before some otherfuture action happens.Mostra que uma ao futura ter acontecido antes de outra ao futura.

If you dont hurry up, everybody will have leftby the time we get there.Se no se apressar, todos j t e ro p a r t i d o quando chegarmos l.

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

It conveys the same idea as the future perfectin (a)above.Expressa a mesma idia do futuro perfeito em (a) acima.

Mr. Hill will have been living in Brazil for 40 years by the end of thisyear.O Sr. Hill t e r v i v i d ono Brasil por 40 anos no fim do ano.

I have an appointment with my lawyer. Will she have been waitingfora long time by the time I get thereto her office?Tinha um compromisso com minha advogada. Es t a r e l a m e e s p e r a n d o h muito tempo quando eu chegar no escritrio dela?


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EXERCISES

I. IRREGULAR VERBS Complete the sentences with theappropriate past form of the verbs in brackets.

1.So far finance authorities have _______ [KEEP]inflation rates low._______________________________________________________

2. New legislation in Brazil has _______ [GIVE] central bank legalindependence._______________________________________________________

3.All the company employees _______ [KNOW]how to obtain the bestresults under the circumstances._______________________________________________________

4.A seagull on the beach _____ [SPREAD]its wings and began its flight._______________________________________________________

5. Recent surveys in Brazil have _______ [SHOW] that most Braziliancompanies approved the government measures.

_______________________________________________________

II. The verb Ive chosen this time is the irregular verb KEEP. Usethe particles from the box so as to form a phrasal verb with it.

ON UP DOWN AWAY FROM

1.Keep_______ from that snake. Its poisonous._________________________________________________________

2.Its good to hear your boss say to you, Keep_______ the good work._________________________________________________________

3.When I saw Tony wearing that old wig, I just couldnt keep_______laughing._________________________________________________________

4.Ive been teaching young children for a long time and I intend to keep_______ doing it.

_________________________________________________________

5.Steve should learn how to keep_______ his anger._________________________________________________________


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III. ADD AN APPROPRIATE SUFFIX TO THE WORD INPARENTHESES:

1. The lady came up to me and began to talk ____________. (nervous)_______________________________________________________

2. As Paul did not speak Chinese, he needed an _________. (interpret)_______________________________________________________

3. We expect many _____________ to come over the weekend. (visit)

_______________________________________________________

4. Mr. Howard is not our professor; hes just an ____________. (assist)_______________________________________________________

5. A notorious drug trafficker was arrested yesterday, but I dont knowthe exact time of his ____________ (to arrest)

_______________________________________________________

6. As a matter of fact, Joanne sang __________ at the concert.

(beautiful)_______________________________________________________

7. Talk to that gas station _____________ over there. (attend)_______________________________________________________

8. Daring __________ arrived in the new world after a long trip.(explore)

_______________________________________________________

9. Its good to see so many ______ faces after such a long absence.(friend)_______________________________________________________

10. How many ____________ is the company taking on this year?(train)

_______________________________________________________


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IV. Say whether the word in bold is Right (R) or Wrong (W); andthen translate the sentences.

1.We eventually visit our parents on weekends. ( )_________________________________________________________

2.Stan couldnt believe he had defeated such a formidableopponent. ( )_________________________________________________________

3.Doris speaks Spanish fluently. Actuallyshe is gifted for languages. ( )

_________________________________________________________

4.Gloria has some exquisitetastes indeed. In fact she has always been awoman of refined tastes. ( )_________________________________________________________

5.I would like all of you to be very sincere. I need your candid opinionon this matter. ( )_________________________________________________________

V. Say if the words / phrases in bold from news headlines and/orexcerpts indicate a RISE or FALL. [AP stands for Associated Press]

1.Oil prices spike on OPEC speculation [AP 19.02.08]_________________________________________________________

2.Credit Suisse strips$1B from 1q profits [AP 19.02.08]_________________________________________________________

3.Best Buy bets on a rebound [AP 16.02.08]

_________________________________________________________4.Shares plunged6.1 % in Zurich [AP 14.02.08]_________________________________________________________

5.Air France profit skids on fuel costs [AP 14.02.08]_________________________________________________________

6. Shoppers put aside worries about the slumping economy [AP 13.02.08]_________________________________________________________


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7.Coca Cola profit surgeson sales pop [AP 13.02.08]

_________________________________________________________

8.Stocks rally on Buffet, GM news [AP 12.02.08]_________________________________________________________

9.FEDEX 3Q earnings tumbleon weak global economy [AP 19.03.09]_________________________________________________________

10.Stock Rally fadesas investors assess FED moves (AP - 19.03.09)_________________________________________________________

VI. KEY WORDS PRACTICE USE WHATEVER, HOWEVER,WHOEVER, WHEREVER, WHICHEVER, WHENEVER.

1. __________wants to go camping must give his name at the office._______________________________________________________

2. Let me read____________magazine in English you have._______________________________________________________

3. _______ you say now its too late to convince her to go out with you._______________________________________________________

4. They can answer the questions____________they want._______________________________________________________

5. That stupid dog follows me____________I go._______________________________________________________

6. ________my brother comes to visit me we have a heated argument._______________________________________________________

7. _________interesting this game may be you have to go to bed now._______________________________________________________

8. _________smashed the neighbors window pane must tell me now._______________________________________________________

9. ______way you choose, you wont get there in time for the wedding._______________________________________________________

10. __________she smiles at me the world becomes paradise._______________________________________________________


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ANSWERS

RISE & FALL VERBS

Meaning rise: advance, (sky)rocket, jump, leap, surge, climb, hike,soarMeaning fall: tumble, dip, drift, drop, ease, plummet, decline, plunge,shrink, sink, slip, slumpMeaning to rise after falling: rally, rebound, recover, revive

HEADLINES

1. STOCKS JUMP ON BANK PLAN, RISE IN HOME SALESAes sobem devido ao plano bancrio, alta nas vendas de residncias

stocks jump aes sobemreigniteda 2-week rally reaqueceu uma recuperao de 2 semanasa surprise increase um aumento surpreendente

2. OIL DIPS ON SIGNS OF GROWING INVENTORIESPetrleo cai com os sinais de estoques crescentes

oil dips petrleo cai

oil prices dropped os preos do petrleo carama pull-back um recuo

3. WORLD BANK SLASHES GROWTH FOR DEVELOPING NATIONSBanco Mundial corta (previso de) crescimento para naes emdesenvolvimentoslashed its outlook reduz a previso

4. INDIA'S TATA MOTORS Q1 PROFIT LEAPSLucro da Indiana Tata Motors salta no 1 trimestre

a surprise leap um surpreendente saltodriven by lower raw material costs impulsionada por custos dematrias primas mais baratas

5. EXXONMOBIL PROFIT SLUMPS 66%Lucro da ExxonMobil (Esso) despenca em 66 %slid 66% - caiu 66%reflecting a tumble refletindo uma derrocada

6. GERMAN INDUSTRIAL ORDERS POST SURPRISE DROPDemanda Industrial na Alemanha registra queda surpreendenteposted the first drop registrou a primeira quedathe pace slackened o ritmo diminuiu


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EXERCISES / ANSWERS

I. IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

1. [KEPT] At agora as autoridades financeiras mantiveram a taxa deinflao baixa.

2. [GIVEN] Nova legislao deu ao BACEN independncia jurdica (dedireito).

3.[KNEW]Todos os empregados da companhia sabiam como obter osmelhores resultados naquelas circunstncias.

4.[SPREAD]Na praia, a gaivota abriu suas asas e alou seu vo.

5. [SHOWN] Recentes estudos no Brasil demonstraram que a maioriadas empresas apia as medidas tomadas pelo governo.

II. PHRASAL VERBS WITH KEEP.

1.KeepAWAYfrom that snake. Its poisonous.Afaste-se daquela cobra. Ela venenosa.

2.Its good to hear your boss say to you, KeepUPthe good work. bom ouvir se chefe dizer: - Continue como o bom trabalho.

3. When I saw Tony wearing that old wig, I just couldnt keep FROMlaughing.Quando vi o Tony aquela velha peruca, no consegui controlar o riso.

4.Ive been teaching young children and I intend to KeepONdoing it.Venho ensinando criancinhas e pretendo continuar com isso.

5.Steve should learn how to keepDOWNhis anger.Steve devia aprender a controlar sua raiva.


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III. APPROPRIATE SUFFIXES:

1. The lady came up to me and began to talk nervously.A Sra se aproximou de mim e comeou a falar n e r v o s a m e n t e .

2. As Paul did not speak Chinese, he needed an interpreter.Como Paulo no falava chins, precisava de um i n tr p r e t e .

3. We expect many visitorsto come over the weekend.Esperamos que muitos v i s i t a n t e s venham no fim de semana.

4. Mr. Howard is not our professor; hes just an assistant.O Sr. Howard no nosso professor; s um a s s i s t e n t e .

5. A notorious drug trafficker was arrested yesterday, but I dont knowthe exact time of his arrest.A polcia prendeu os dois a s s a l t a n t e s minutos aps o roubo do banco.

6. As a matter of fact, Joanne sang beautifullyat the concert.Na verdade a Joana cantou l i n d a m e n t e no concerto.

7. Talk to that gas station attendantover there.Fale com o f r e n t i s t a ali.

8. Daring explorersarrived in the new world after a long trip.E x p l o r a d o r e s corajosos chegaram ao novo mundo aps uma longaviagem.

9. Its good to see so many friendlyfaces after such a long absence. bom ver tantos rostos a m i g o s depois de to longa ausncia.

10. How many traineesis the company taking on this year?Quantos es t ag ir i o sa firma est contratando este ano?


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IV. RIGHT (R) OR WRONG (W)?

1.We occasionally visit our parents on weekends.De vez em quando visitamos nossos pais nos fins de semana.N.B:Remember eventually(= finally, at last)

2.Stan couldnt believe he had defeated such a formidableopponent.Stan no podia acreditar que havia derrotado um adversrio to difcil.

3.Doris speaks Spanish fluently. Actuallyshe is gifted for languages.A Doris fala espanhol fluentemente. Na verdade ela tem talento para

idiomas.

4.Gloria has some exquisitetastes indeed. In fact she has always been awoman of refined tastes.Glria verdadeiramente tem gostos refinados. De fato ela sempre foi umamulher de gostos sofisticados.

5.I would like all of you to be very sincere. I need your candid opinionon this matter.Gostaria que todos fossem sinceros. Preciso de sua opinio franca sobre

esta questo.

V. RISE OR FALL - FROM NEWS HEADLINES AND/OR EXCERPTS

1.Oil prices spike on OPEC speculationOs preos do petrleo a u m e n t a m por conta da especulao da OPEP

2.Credit Suisse strips$1B from 1Q profitsO Credit Suisse r e d u z $ 1B dos lucros do 1 trimestre

3.Best Buy bets on a reboundA Best Buy aposta na r e t o m a d a

4. Shares plunged6.1 % in ZurichAes d e s p e n c am 6,1% em Zurique

5.Air France profit skids on fuel costsO lucro da Air France cai por causa dos custos dos combustveis(literalmente: escorrega nos custos)


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6. Shoppers put aside worries about the slumping economyCompradores pem de lado suas preocupaes com a economia emqueda (em desacelerao)

7.Coca Cola profit surgeson sales popO lucro da Coca-Cola aumenta por causa do estouro das vendas

8. Stocksrally on Buffet, GM newsAs aes se recuperam depois do pronunciamento de Buffet e das notciasreferentes General Motors.

9.FEDEX 3Q Earnings TumbleOn Weak Global EconomyOs ganhos da FEDEX no 3 trimestre despencam em funo da fracaeconomia mundial

10.Stock Rally fadesas Investors Assess Fed MovesA Recuperao das aes diminui medida que investidores avaliam asmedidas do FED

VI. USING WHATEVER, HOWEVER, WHOEVER, WHEREVER,

WHICHEVER, WHENEVER.

1. Whoever wants to go camping must give his name at the office.Quem quiser ir ao acampamento tem de dar seu nome na secretaria.

2. Let me read whichevermagazine in English you have.Deixe-me ler uma revista em ingls; qualquer uma que voc tenha.

3. Whatever you say now its too late to convince her to go out with you.O que quer que voc diga agora muito tarde para convenc-la a sair

com voc.4. They can answer the questions howeverthey want.Eles podem responder as questes do jeito que quiserem.

5. That stupid dog follows me whereverI go.Esse co estpido me segue aonde quer que eu v.

6. Whenevermy brother comes to visit me we have a heated argument.Sempre que meu irmo vem me visitar temos uma discusso acalorada.


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7. Howeverinteresting this game may be you have to go to bed now.No importa o quo interessante este joga seja voc tem de ir para camaagora.

8. Whoeversmashed the neighbors window pane must tell me now.Quem que tenha quebrado a vidraa da janela do vizinho tem de me dizeragora.

9. Whichever way you choose, you wont get there in time for thewedding.

Qualquer que seja o caminho que voc escolha no chegar a tempo parao casamento.

10. Whenevershe smiles at me the world becomes paradise.Sempre que ela sorri para mim o mundo se torna um paraso.


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Avalie se os seguintes objetivos da AULA 1foram alcanados.

OBJECTIVESOBJETIVOS

Help you get familiar with CESGRANRIO questionsAjudar voc a se familiarizar com as questes estilo CESGRANRIO

I. Text 1: World Oil Reserves at Tipping Point [ CESGRANR I O ,A N A L I ST A AMB I EN T A L JR ., 2 0 1 0 ]

Texto 1: Reservas mundiais de Petrleo num Ponto Crucial-CESGRANRIO / ANALISTA AMBIENTAL JR / 2010

II. Reading Comprehension Questions Answers & CommentsQuestes sobre interpretao do texto Respostas & Comentrios

III. Vocabulary Build Up Rise & Fall VerbsConstruo do Vocabulrio Verbos indicativos de Alta e Queda

IV. Just for Fun A womans mouseS para divertir O mouse feminino

V. Verb Tenses - SummaryResumo dos Tempos Verbais

VI. Exercise SectionSeo de Exerccios

VII. Answers & CommentsRespostas e Comentrios


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Documents

aula1_ingles_petrobas_14742.pdf