Audacity Notes

8/10/2019 Audacity Notes

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AUDACITY

REF: http://audacity.sourceforge.net/onlinehelp-1.2/reference.html

Toolbars

Control Toolbar

Editing Tools

Selection tool - for selecting the range of audio you want to edit or listen to.

Envelope tool - for changing the volume over time.

Draw tool - for modifying individual samples.

Zoom tool - for zooming in and out.

Timeshift tool - for sliding tracks left or right.

Multi tool - lets you access all of these tools at once depending on the location of the

mouse and the keys you are holding down.


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Audio Control Buttons

Skip to Start - moves the cursor to time . !f you press "lay at this point# your

pro$ect will play from the %eginning.

"lay - starts playing audio at the cursor position. !f some audio is selected# only

the selection is played.

&oop - if you hold down the Shift key# the "lay %utton changes to a &oop %utton#

which lets you keep playing the selection over and over again.

'ecord - starts recording audio at the pro$ect sample rate (the sample rate in the

lower-left corner of the window). The new track will %egin at the current cursor

position# so click the *Skip to Start* %utton first if you want the track to %egin at

time .

"ause - temporarily stops play%ack or recording until you press pause again.

Stop - stops recording or playing. +ou must do this %efore applying effects# saving

or e,porting.

Skip to End - moves the cursor to the end of the last track.

Mixer Toolbar
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Meter Toolbar

The Meter Tool%ar is used for monitoring the input and output audio levels. Typically it is

used to make sure that the loudest volume is as loud as possi%le (for ma,imum fidelity)

without clipping or distorting it. The output (play%ack) meter is the green one# on the left

in the picture a%ove# and the input (recording) meter is in red# on the right.

The meters provide a visual indication of the current audio levels going in and out of

audacity.

!f you float the Meter Tool%ar# either %y dragging it out of the tool%ar or %y selecting

*3loat Meter Tool%ar* from the 4iew menu# you can resize it and even orient it vertically.

5ormally the meters are only active when you are playing or recording audio. 0owever#

you can also monitor input when you/re not recording - to do this# either select *Monitor

!nput* from the input meter/s pop-up menu# or else $ust click on the input meter. !f you

have a microphone or other input source attached# you will %e a%le to watch the level of

the audio %efore you start recording.

Menu Bar

Track Pop-Down Menu


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The Track "op-Down Menu appears when you click in a track/s title. This lets you access

a few special commands that apply to individual tracks.

Name...- lets you change the name of the track.

Move Track Up- e,change places with the track a%ove this one.

Move Track Down- e,change places with the track %elow this one.

Waveform- sets the display to 6aveform - this is the default way of visualizing audio.

Waveform (dB)- similar to 6aveform# %ut on a logarithmic scale# measured in deci%els(d7).

Spectrum- display the track as a spectrogram# showing the amount of energy in different

fre8uency %ands.

Pitch (E!)- highlights the contour of the fundamental fre8uency (musical pitch) of the

audio# using the Enhanced utocorrelation (E) algorithm.

Mono- makes this track a mono track# meaning it is played out of $ust one speaker# or

played out of the left and right speakers e8ually.

"eft !hanne#- makes this track come out of only the left speaker.

$i%ht !hanne#- makes this track come out of only the right speaker.


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Make Stereo Track- if there is another track %elow this one# $oins them to make a single

stereo track# with the top track representing the left speaker# and the %ottom track

representing the right speaker. 6hen tracks are $oined into a stereo pair# all edits

automatically apply to %oth the left and right channel.

Sp#it Stereo Track- if the selected track is a stereo track (a pair of left and right tracks

$oined together as a single track)# this operation splits them into two separate tracks that

you can modify and edit independently.

Set Samp#e &ormat- this determines the 8uality of the audio data and the amount of

space it takes up. 9:-%it is the 8uality used %y audio D/s and is the minimum 8uality that

udacity uses internally (;-%it audio files are automatically converted when you open

them).


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Eport W*...- e,ports all of the audio in your pro$ect as a 64 file# an industry-

standard format for uncompressed audio. +ou can change the standard file format used

for e,porting from udacity %y opening the 3ile 3ormat "references .5ote that e,porting

will automatically mi, and resample if you have more than one track# or varying sample

rates. See also 3ile 3ormats.

Eport Se#ection W*...- same as a%ove# %ut only e,ports the current selection.

Eport a MP+...- e,ports all of the audio as an M"> file. M"> files are compressed and

therefore take up much less disk space# %ut they lose some audio 8uality. nother

compressed alternative is 2gg 4or%is (%elow). +ou can set the 8uality of M">

compression in the 3ile 3ormat"references. See alsoM"> E,porting.

Eport a ,%% *or-i...- e,ports all of the audio as an 2gg 4or%is file. 2gg 4or%is files

are compressed and therefore take up much less disk space# %ut they lose some audio

8uality. 2gg 4or%is files tend to take up a little less disk space than M"> for similar

compression 8uality# and 2gg 4or%is is free from patents and licensing restrictions# %ut

2gg 4or%is files are not as widespread. +ou can set the 8uality of 2gg compression in the

3ile 3ormat"references.

Eport "a-e#...- if you have a &a%el Trackin your pro$ect# this lets you e,port the

la%els as a te,t file. +ou can import la%els in the same te,t format using the *!mport

&a%els...* command in the "ro$ect Menu.

Eport Mu#tip#e...- lets you split your pro$ect into multiple files all in one step. +ou can

either split them vertically (one new file per track)# or horizontally (using la%els in a

&a%el Trackto indicate the %reaks %etween e,ported files.

Trim- 'emoves everything to the left and right of the selection.

Si#ence- Erases the audio data currently selected# replacing it with silence instead of

removing it.
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Sp#it- Moves the selected region into its own track or tracks# replacing the affected

portion of the original track with silence. See the figure %elow@

Dup#icate- Makes a copy of all or part of a track or set of tracks into new tracks. See the

figure %elow@

Pro!ect Menu

mport udio...- This command is used to import audio from a standard audio format

into your pro$ect. 1se this command if you already have a couple of tracks and you want

to add another track to the same pro$ect# may%e to mi, them together. +ou cannot use this


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option to import udacity "ro$ects. The only way to com%ine two udacity "ro$ects is to

open them in separate windows# then copy and paste the tracks.

mport "a-e#...- This command takes a te,t file which contains time codes and la%els#

and turns them into a &a%el Track.

mport MD...- This menu command imports M!D! files and puts them into a M!D!

Track. udacity can display M!D! files# %ut cannot play, edit, or save them yet.

mport $aw Data...- This menu command allows you to open a file in virtually any

uncompressed format. 6hen you select the file# udacity will analyze it and try to guess

its format. !t will guess correctly a%out AB of the time# so you can try $ust pressing

*2C* and listening to the result. !f it is not correct# however# you can use the options in

the dialog to try some other possi%le encodings.

t the %eginning of your imported track(s)# you may notice a little %it of noise. This is

pro%a%ly the file/s header# which udacity was not a%le to parse. ust zoom in and select

the noise with the Selection Tool#and then choose Delete from the Edit Menu.

Edit D+ Ta%...- 2pens a dialog allowing you to edit the !D> tags associated with a

pro$ect# for M"> e,porting.

/uick Mi- This command mi,es all of the selected tracks together. !f you are mi,ing

stereo tracks# or mi,ing tracks that are marked as &eft or 'ight channel# the result will %e

a stereo track (two channels)# otherwise the result will %e mono.

+our tracks are implicitly mi,ed whenever you hit the "lay %utton and whenever you

e,port. This command offers a way to do it permanently and save the results to disk#

saving on play%ack resources.

5ote that if you try to mi, two very loud tracks together# you may get clipping (it will

sound like pops# clicks# and noise). To avoid this# drag the gain slider on the tracks down

to reduce their volume %efore mi,ing.

New udio Track- This creates a new empty udio Track. This command is rarely

needed#since importing# recording# and mi,ing automatically create new tracks as needed.
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7ut you can use this to cut or copy data from an e,isting track and paste it into a %lank

track. !f that track was at a non-default rate then you may need to use Set 'ate from the

Track "op-Downmenu to set the correct sample rate.

New Stereo Track- same as a%ove# %ut creates a stereo track. +ou can also create a

stereo track %y $oining two tracks using the track pop-downmenu.

New "a-e# Track- This creates a new &a%el Track# which can %e very useful for te,tual

annotation.

New Time Track- This creates a new Time Track# which is used to vary the speed of

play%ack over time.

$emove Track- This command removes the selected track or tracks from the pro$ect.

Even if only part of a track is selected# the entire track is removed. +ou can also delete a

track %y clicking the in its upper-left corner. To cut out only part of the audio in a track#

use Delete or Silence.

#i%n Track...- ll the lign functions work on whole tracks or groups of tracks# not on

selections# even if they span across multiple tracks. They all operate %y time-shifting

tracks (moving them left or right)# making it easier to synchronize tracks or get rid of

silence at the %eginning. The cursor or selection stays in the same place unless you use

*lign and move cursor...*# %elow@

#i%n and move curor...- same as the functions a%ove# e,cept that the cursor or

selection is moved along with the tracks. That allows you to shift the tracks without

losing your relative place.

dd "a-e# at Se#ection- This menu item lets you create a new la%el at the current

selection. +ou can title the la%el %y typing with the key%oard and then hitting *Enter*

when you/re done.

dd "a-e# at P#a0-ack Poition- This menu item lets you create a new la%el at the

current location where you are playing or recording. Do this if you want to mark a certain
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passage while you/re listening to it. +ou can title the la%el %y typing with the key%oard

and then hitting *Enter* or *'eturn* when you/re done. 2nly availa%le whilst audacity is

playing.

"enerate Menu

!f you choose an item from the Fenerate menu when there are no tracks in a pro$ect# a

new track is created. 2therwise# the current track is used.

!f a track is selected and the cursor is placed in a single place in the track audio is inserted

at the cursor position. The default duration is > seconds.

The audio created will replace the any selection? otherwise it is inserted into the track#

shifting up later parts of the track.

Si#ence- inserts silence

Tone...- you can create a Sine wave# S8uare wave# or Sawtooth wave.

White Noie- inserts random audio samples# which sounds like pure static.

ny items which appear after these three %uilt-ins are 4ST# &adspa# or 5y8uist plug-ins.

!t is possi%le for a poorly written plug-in to crash udacity# so always save your work

%efore using a plug-in. 5ote that any effect that doesn/t take any audio as input will

automatically %e placed in the Fenerate menu.

E##ect Menu

The items in this menu only work when you have audio selected. udacity does not have

any real-time effects? you must select the audio# apply the effect# and then listen to the

results.

Most effects have a "review %utton. licking on this %utton plays up to three seconds of


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audio# allowing you to hear what it will sound like after the effect is applied. This is

useful for fine-tuning the effect parameters.

$epeat "at Effect- selecting this command is a shortcut to applying the most recent

effect with the same settings. This is a convenient way to 8uickly apply the same effect to

many different parts of a file.

mp#if0- changes the volume of the selected audio. !f you click the *llow clipping*

check%o,# it will let you amplify so much that the audio ends up %eyond the range of the

waveform# and is clipped (distorted). The default value when you open the effect is to

amplifiy so that the loudest part of the selection is as loud as possi%le without distortion.

Ba Boot- enhances the %ass fre8uencies in the audio.

!han%e Pitch- changes the pitchGfre8uency of the selected audio without changing the

tempo. 6hen you open the dialog# the starting fre8uency is set to udacity/s %est guess as

to the fre8uency of the selection. This works well for recordings of singing or musical

instruments without %ackground noise. +ou can specify the pitch change in one of four

different ways@ musical note# semitones# fre8uency# or percent change.

!han%e Speed- changes the speed of the audio %y resampling. Making the speed higher

will also increase the pitch# and vice versa. This will change the length of the selection.

!han%e Tempo- changes the tempo (speed) of the audio without changing the pitch.

This will change the length of the selection.

!ompreor- compresses the dynamic range of the selection so that the loud parts are

softer while keeping the volume of the soft parts the same. +ou can optionally normalise

the recording afterwards# resulting in the entire piece having higher perceived volume.

Echo- very simple effect that repeats the selection with a decay# sounding like a series of

echos. This effect does not change the length of the selection# so you may want to add

silence to the end of the track %efore applying it (using the Fenerate Menu).
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E1ua#i2ation- 7oost or reduce ar%itrary fre8uencies. +ou can select one of a num%er of

different curves designed to e8ualize the sound of some popular record manufacturers# or

draw your own curve.

&ade n- fades the selection in linearly

&ade ,ut- fades the selection out linearly

nvert- 3lips the waveform vertically# the same as a phase inversion in the analogue

domain.

Noie $emova#- This effect lets you clean up noise from a recording. 3irst# select a

small piece of audio that is silent e,cept for the noise# select *5oise 'emoval*# and clickon the *Fet 5oise "rofile* %utton. Then select all of the audio you want filtered select

*5oise 'emoval* again# and click the *'emove 5oise* %utton. +ou can e,periment with

the slider to try to remove more or less noise. !t is normal for 5oise 'emoval to result in

some distortion. !t works %est when the audio signal is much louder than the noise.

$epeat- repeats the selection a certain num%er of times. This operation is 8uite fast and

space-efficient# so it is practical to use it to create nearly-infinite loops.

$evere- This effect reverses the selected audio temporally? after the effect the end of

the audio will %e heard first and the %eginning last.

Tracks

Audio Track


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$a%e#or& displa'

This is the waveform display part of the track# although it is also possi%le to display a

spectrogram instead of a waveform here.

This image shows a stereo track# which is a group of two tracks - the top one is for the

left channel# and the %ottom one is for the right channel. !f you need to edit the two

channels as separate tracks# you can split them using the Track "op-Down Menu.

Controls
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The track ontrol "anel appears directly to the left of every track. licking in the panel

outside of one of its %uttons or controls selects the entire track. Shift-clicking a track la%el

adds or removes that track from the selection. lso# clicking and dragging a track la%el is

one way to rearrange the order of tracks.

t the top-left of the la%el is the close %o,. lick here to delete the track (though you can

1ndo this operation).

To the rightof the close %o, is the track/s title. licking on the title %rings up theTrack

"op-Down Menu# allowing you to rearrange tracks and change various track options@

The ne,t linein the la%el tells you the channel of the track (left# right# mono# or stereo)

and the sample rate (e.g. ==9 0z is the audio D rate). 7eneath that is the 8uality - > d7# %ut if you hold down shift you can choose any

level. 7e careful not to set it too high# or you can e,ceed the ma,imum volume of a track#

which results in clipping.

The %ottom slider is the pan control - it affects the %alance %etween the left and right

speakers.

(abel Track
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&a%el Tracks can %e used to annotate an audio file. They can %e used for lyrics# markers#

or notes and they can even %e used to save selections.

To create a &a%el Track# select 5ew &a%el Track from the "ro$ect Menu. lternatively#

simply click or select where you would like to place a la%el# and choose dd &a%el at

Selection from the "ro$ect Menu# and a &a%el Track will %e created automatically if one

doesn/t already e,ist.

To add a new la%el# click or select where you want the new la%el to appear# then select

dd &a%el at Selection from the "ro$ect Menu#then type the name of the la%el# and

finally press Enter or click outside of the la%el.

Ti&e Track
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The Time Track is a new feature that lets you change the rate of play%ack over time. Start

%y choosing 5ew Time Track from the "ro$ect Menu. Then change the range of time

warping %y clicking on the Track "op-Down Menu and choosing Set 'ange (an option

which only appears for Time Tracks).

2lder computers may %e incapa%le of playing audio in real-time that makes use of a Time

Track? however you can always E,port the file as a 64 and then play%ack the 64 file

later.

To edit the time warping# choose the envelope tool from the ontrol Tool%ar - the same

tool you use to edit amplitude envelopes in udio Tracks. lick to create and edit control

points. Drag points off-screen to delete them.The Time Track has a ruler. s you edit the warping# the ruler will warp to show you at

what time play%ack will reach each place in the audio.

MIDI Track )inco&plete*
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udacity currently supports displaying M!D! files if you import them using !mport M!D!

in the "ro$ect menu.

udacity does not support playing# recording# or editing M!D! files. !t does not even

support saving M!D! Tracks in a pro$ect file.

The current functionality is useful to only a small group of people who are studying

algorithms that relate M!D! data to audio data and simply wish to see the visual

representation of the M!D! data and how it lines up with the audio data.

+ound ile or&ats


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Audacit' Pro!ect #or&at )AUP*

-udacity pro$ects are stored in an 1" file# which is a format that has %een highly

optimized for udacity so that it can open and save pro$ects 8uickly.

-!n order to achieve this speed# udacity %reaks larger audio files into several smaller

pieces and stores these pieces in a directory with a similar name as the pro$ect.

-3or e,ample# if you name a pro$ect *chanson*# then udacity will create a pro$ect file

called chanson.aupto store the general information a%out your pro$ect# and it will

store your audio in several files inside a directory called chanson_data.

$A, )$indows $a%e #or&at*

-This is the default uncompressed audio format on 6indows# and is supported on almost

all computer systems.

-udacity can read and write this format.

-"eople working with multichannel audio at very high 8uality settings# or with very long

recordings# should note that the ma,imum size of a wav file is


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- !t can compress audio %y a factor of 9@9 with very little degradation in 8uality.

-udacity can %oth import and e,port this format. 3or more information on how to e,port

M"> files from within udacity# see E,porting M"> 3iles.

0gg ,orbis

-This compressed audio format was designed to %e a free alternative to M">.

- 2gg 4or%is files are not as common# %ut they are a%out the same size as M"> with

%etter 8uality to rival or 6M. udacity can import and e,port this format.

MP. Exporting
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udacity cannot encode M"> files %y itself# %ecause the M"> encoding algorithm is

patented and cannot legally %e used in free programs. 0owever# udacity has %een

programmed to recognize other e,isting M"> encoders that you can download separately.

ll you have to do is o%tain the appropriate M"> encoder for your computer and then

show udacity where it is located.

f 0ou ue... 3ou need to...

6indows Download "MEand look for the file called #ame4enc.d##

&inu,G1ni,Download "MEand compile it as a shared o%$ect# then look for the file

called #i-mp+#ame.o

Macintosh Download "ME"i-(see our we%site for more info).

3or links to these M"> encoders# go to the udacity we% page

([email protected])and go to the page for your operating system.

The first time you try to e,port an M"> file# udacity will ask you to locate your M">

encoder. &ocate the file indicated a%ove. 3rom then on# udacity will not need to ask you

again and you will %e a%le to e,port M"> files easily.

&ocating your &ME encoder@

- 2pen udacity

- lick Edit H "reference

- udacity "reference %o, will appear

- lick on ta% 3ile 3ormats

- lick 3ind &i%rary

- 7rowse for your &ME encoder that you have downloaded

- lick 2C to set your settings

Documents

Audacity Notes