Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
State of the Art of Tall and Super‐tall Building Structures in China
Ying Zhou
Auckland Structural Group, New Zealand, May 2, 2017
Vice Director, International Joint Research Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering
Chair, Research Institute of Structural Engineering & Disaster Reduction, Tongji University
2
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji Univ.
Prof. Yaoru LU Prof. Zuyan SHENProf. Jun SUN Prof. Haifan XIANG
Faculty and Facility
4 Academician + 300 Faculty+100 Staff
Shaking table array Wind TunnelHeavy compressor
3
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji Univ.
Faculty and Facility
Department of Geotechnical Engineering
Department of Hydraulic Engineering
Department of Building Engineering
Department of Bridge Engineering
College
Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction (42 faculty+18 Staff)
• State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering
• International Joint Research Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering (ILEE)
4
1. Background of Tall Buildings
5
1. Background of Tall Buildings
Ping An Finance Center (660 m)
Wuhan Greenland Center (606 m)
Shanghai Center Tower (632 m)
Z15 Tower (528 m)
Goldin Finance 117 (597 m)
PGA10%/50y=0.1g PGA10%/50y=0.1g PGA10%/50y=0.05g PGA10%/50y=0.1g PGA10%/50y=0.2g
Super-tall Buildings in China
Shenzhen Shanghai Wuhan Tianjin Beijing
6
1. Background of Tall Buildings
Before 1976 Tangshan earthquake
7
1. Background of Tall Buildings
After 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M=7.6)
Death: 242769
8
1. Background of Tall Buildings
9
Height relative to context
Proportion
Tall building technologies
Definition of tall buildings in different countries
Countries Height stories
China >28m for residential buildings>24m for other civil buildings
10 floors
Japan >31m for civil buildings >8 floors
USA >24.6m for civil buildings >7 floors
UK >24.3m for civil buildings —
1. Background of Tall Buildings
1.1 Definition of Tall BuildingsTall buildings exhibit some characteristics as below :
• Height relative to context• Proportion• Tall building technologies
10Average Height of the 100 Tallest
Buildings in the World
World’s 20 Tallest in 2020
44%
26%
16%
14% China
Middle East
US
Other area
Distribution of 100 Tallest Completed Buildings around the World
1.2 Development of Tall Buildings
• The average height of the tallest buildings increases rapidly
• China holds the largest proportion of the world’s top 100 tall buildings
1. Background of Super‐tall Buildings
300m
600m
11
1. Background of Tall Buildings
XYZ
Wind
Earthquake
Force/displacement vs. Height
1.2 Development of Tall Buildings
Forc
e/D
ispl
acem
ent
12
A balance of the height, material and system
FramePlenary Frame
TubeShear wall
• Frame• Shear wall• Frame-shear wall
structure• Frame-tube structure• Tube-in-tube structure• Bundled tube
structure• etc.
2. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
13
Frame system
Shear wall system
Dual system
Multiple system
Control system
2. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
Earthquake Damage
Seismic Technology
14
Multiple system + Control systemFrame system
1947
Bund No.14
37m
Shanghai
Shear wall system
1976
Baiyun Hotel
122m
Guangzhou
Dual system
2015
Shanghai Center
632m
Shanghai
1990
Bank of China
315m
Hong Kong
2004
Taipei 101 Tower
509m
Taipei
2. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
15
2. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
Structural Walls1
Eddy-current Tuned Mass Dampers3
Ground Motion Selection4
Dynamic Testing5
Damped Outriggers2
16
3. Structural Walls
3.1 Reinforce Concrete Shear Walls (1990s, Prof. X. Lu)
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25-100-80-60-40-20
020406080
100
load
(kN
)
displacement(mm)
Experiment Analysis
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-140-120-100-80-60-40-20
020406080
100120140
load
(kN
)
displacement(mm)
Experiment Analysis
Shear Walls
Tubes
17
3. Structural Walls
3.1 Reinforce Concrete Shear Walls (2000s, Prof. W. Cao)
Shear walls with diagonal reinforcement
18
3. Structural Walls
3.2 Composite Shear Walls (2000s)2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
荷载
(kN)
位移(mm)
-50 -40 - 30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
位移(mm)
Shear walls with embedded steelYing Zhou, et al. Seismic behavior of composite shear walls with multi-embedded steel sections. STRUCT DES TALL SPEC. 19(6): 618-636, 2010.
19
3. Structural Walls
3.3 Shear Wall Database from Tongji University (2010, Prof. Y. Zhou and X. Lu)http://nees.org/resources/869 (83 shear walls)
20
3. Structural Walls
After 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M=8)
Death: 69227
21
3. Structural Walls
3.4 Viscous Wall Dampers(2008, Prof. X. Lu and Y. Lu)
18.5 . . . .
400 . . .
Performance test
Mechanical model
Xilin Lu, Ying Zhou, Feng Yan. Shaking table test and numerical analysis of RCframes with viscous wall dampers. J STRUCT ENG-ASCE. 134(1): 64-76. 2008
Shaking table test
22
3. Structural Walls
A
A
20070 7020
040
0
6027
070
20
2
10
372A-A (Units: mm)
sign⁄
4.457.
0.1968
0.7845 . 0.0590 1.0
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Forc
e, F
/ kN
Displacement, u / mm
CalcTest
vmax = 40.0 mm/s
3.4 Viscous Wall Dampers (2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)
II. Generalized Maxwell model:
I. Performance Test
23
3. Structural Walls
-30-20-10
01020
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Inte
r-st
ory
disp
lace
men
t, Δu
/ mm
Time, t / s
Calc F1 Test F1
0.7g El Centro
-5
-2.5
0
2.55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Inte
r-st
ory
disp
lace
men
t, Δu
/ mm
Time, t / s
Calc F1 Test F1
0.2g El Centro
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6
Hei
ght,
H/ m
Acceleration amplification factor, k
M1 PGA = 0.1 g
ElTaftAW09-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6
Hei
ght,
H/ m
Acceleration amplification factor, k
M2 PGA = 0.1 g
ElTaftAW09-1 0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.01 0.02
Hei
ght,
H/ m
Inter-story drift angles, θ
0.1g El Centro
M1M2
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.01 0.02
Hei
ght,
H/ m
Inter-story drift angles, θ
0.1g Taft
M1M2
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.01 0.02
Hei
ght,
H/ m
Inter-story drift angles, θ
0.1g AW09-1
M1M2
3.4 Viscous Wall Dampers (2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)III. Shaking table test & dynamic elasto-plastic analysis
Ying Zhou, Peng Chen, Dan Zhang, et al. Study on shaking table test of asteel frame with viscous wall dampers. (under review, ENG STRUCT)
24
3. Structural Walls
Full scale test (VWD-NL×850×60, FUYO, China)
25
3. Structural Walls
Shimao International Plaza(Retrofitting)
3.4 Viscous Wall Dampers (2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)IV. Application of VWDs
Xianmen International Center(340m, 90 x 170ton)
Tangshan Residential Building(32-story, 66 x 40T)
26
3. Structural Walls
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15-10
-5
0
5
10
Deformation (mm)
Dam
ping
forc
e (k
N)
100%, Testing100%, Modeling
3.5 Viscoelastic Dampers with Strong Nonlinearity(2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)I. Performance tests
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
F / k
N
Δ / mm
50% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150% 180% 200% 250% 300%
①
②③
④⑤
① Phase different② Initial stiffness③ Softening under repeated loading④ Softening under great strain⑤ Stiffening under great strain
1 2 1 2
13
21
( )
( )n n
F F FF k u z
F au bu
z u u z z u z
-20 -10 0 10 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Deformation (mm)
Dam
ping
forc
e (k
N)
200%, Testing200%, Modeling
0
0
0.97 0.1
0.83 0.17
0.0937 0.1930.436 1.47
u
u
k ee
II. Mechanical model
Nonlinearity resources
27
3. Structural Walls
III. Shaking table test Numerical simulation
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60
5
10
15
20
VED - Taft VED - El Centro VED - AW09-1 MRF - Taft MRF - El Centro MRF - AW09-1
ζ / %
PGA / g
0 20 40 60 800
1
2
3
4
5
Hei
ght /
m
Displacement / mm
MRF - Taft VED - Taft MRF - El Centro VED - El Centro MRF - AW09-1 VED - AW09-1
PGA=0.1g
0 5 10 15 20 25-10
-5
0
5
10
Time / s
Acc
eler
atio
n / m
·s2
TestOpenSees
0 5 10 15 20 25-40
-20
0
20
40
Time / s
Dis
plac
emen
t / m
m
TestOpenSees
0 5 100
1
2
3
4
5
Acceleration / m/s2
Hei
ght /
m
TestOpenSees
0 20 400
1
2
3
4
5
Displacement / mm
Hei
ght /
m
TestOpenSees
3.5 Viscoelastic Dampers with Strong Nonlinearity(2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)
S. Gong, Y. Zhou. Experimental study and numerical simulation on a new type of viscoelastic damper with strong nonlinear characteristics. STRUCT CONTROL HLTH, 2017; 24: e1897.
28
3. Structural Walls
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Without damperWith dampers
Inter-story Drift
Heig
ht (m
)
-34%
IV. Application in Dabao’en Temple(Steel structure, 99m, 112 VEDs)
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
T (s)
Sa (m
/s2 )
GM35-1MGM35-2MGM35-3MGM35-4MGM35-5MGM35-6GM35-7MeanSpecification
Performance test of VED
Sa of ground motions
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Without damper With dampersDisp
lace
men
t (m
m)
Control effectComparison of top displacement
3.5 Viscoelastic Dampers with Strong Nonlinearity(2010s, Prof. Y. Zhou)
S. Gong, Y. Zhou, P. Ge. Seismic analysis of for tall and irregular temple buildings: A case study of strong nonlinear viscoelastic dampers. STRUCT DES TALL SPEC. 2017, tal.1352
29
4. Damped Outriggers
4.1 Introduction
Shanghai Center Tower
30
4. Damped Outriggers
4.1 Introduction
GoodWith outriggers:
Bad
- The stiffness is helpful to the control of inter-story drift under wind and earthquakes.
- The overturning moment is balanced between peripheral frame and central core walls.
- The change of stiffness would form the vulnerable stories under strong earthquakes.
31
4. Damped Outriggers
4.1 Introduction
Ying Zhou, Hexian Li. Analysis of a high-rise steel structure with viscous damped outriggers. STRUCT DES TALL SPEC, 23(13): 963–979, 2014.
Manila, Philippine (ARUP) Test in Guangzhou Numerical analysis
32
4. Damped Outriggers
Comparison of hysteretic loops
4.2 Damped Outrigger with BRB
Four configurations
Ying Zhou, Cuiqiang Zhang, Xilin Lu. Seismic performance of a damping outrigger system for tall buildings. STRUCT CONTROL HLTH, 2017, stc.1864.
33
4. Damped Outriggers
Hysteretic loops Back bone curves
Comparison of IDRs
4.2 Damped Outrigger with BRB
34
4. Damped Outriggers
4.3 Damped Outrigger Project in China (East China Architectural Design and Research Institute)
Urumqi Greenland Center (258m)
35
5. Eddy‐current Tuned Mass Dampers
5.1 Tuned Mass Damper
36
Eddy-current TMD
Building with ETMD under one earthquake input
5. Eddy‐current Tuned Mass Dampers
5.2 Shanghai Center Tower (Prof. X. Lu and Z. Zhou)
37
5. Eddy‐current Tuned Mass Dampers
Eddy-current TMD can effectively attenuate the response of undampedprimary system with a small weight penalty (1%-2%). The RMS valuesof acceleration response of the top floor were reduced up to 60%.
5.3 ETMD (Applied in Shanghai Center Tower)
5. Eddy‐current Tuned Mass Dampers
A 1000 ton eddy-current TMD was set up on the 125th floor ofShanghai Center Tower, a 632m super-tall building. The TMD canattenuate the acceleration response of top floor by 45%-60% underwind load with long periods, and has relatively insignificant beneficialeffects but no adverse effects under earthquakes.
“Shanghai Eye”
5.3 ETMD (Applied in Shanghai Center Tower)
38Xilin Lu, Qi Zhang*, Dagen Weng, et al. Improving performance of a super tall building using a new eddy-current tuned mass damper. STRUCT CONTROL HLTH, 2016, stc.1882
39
6. Peer Review of Tall Buildings
Preliminary design
Review panel
(2)Nonlinear analysis
of the structure
(3)Dynamic
test of the
structure
(4)Static test of weak joints
(5)Site
measurement of dynamic
property
(3)Dynamic
test of the
structure
Conceptual design
(1)Ground Motion Selecti-
on
(1)Ground Motion Selecti-
on
Construction drawings
40
6. Peer Review of Tall Buildings
6.1 Ground Motion Selection
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
S a(m/s
2 )
T(s)
规范值 120%规范值 80%规范值 WAV01 WAV02 WAV03 均值
输入 X 向 比值 Y 向 比值
反应谱分析 41.16 100% 37.00 100%
WAV01 98.39 239% 56.10 152%
WAV02 83.13 202% 52.26 141%
WAV03 62.82 153% 46.82 127%
均值 81.45 198% 51.73 140%
最小值 62.82 153% 46.82 127%
最大值 98.39 239% 56.10 152%
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
S a(m/s
2 )
T(s)
规范谱 120%规范谱 80%规范谱 WAV01 WAV02 WAV03 WAV04 WAV05 均值
Solutions输入 X 向 比值 Y 向 比值
反应谱分析 41.16 100% 37.00 0%
WAV01 42.65 104% 36.31 98%
WAV02 38.70 94% 28.15 76%
WAV03 43.33 105% 36.63 99%
WAV04 35.90 87% 40.85 110%
WAV05 38.32 93% 34.27 93%
均值 39.78 97% 35.24 95%
最小值 35.90 87% 28.15 76%
最大值 43.33 105% 40.85 110%
Limitation
NO
YES
Applications (19)
Problems
41
6. Peer Review of Tall Buildings
Problems
• Classic similitude theory?• Composite material?• Sound interpretation?• Nonlinear damper?
Solutions
0 tk xtxctxtxm g → 1la
E
SSSS
→ a
lc S
SSS3
物理量质量 系统量纲
已知物理量 未知物理量量纲的线性列变换
L a c ac 22 Lac 322
[ M ] 0 1 0 1 0 0
[ L ] 1 -1 1 0 3 0
[T ] 0 -2 -2 -1 0 0
I. Quasi-static method II. Equivalent internal force method
6.2 Shaking Table Testing Technology
Method and Technology for Shaking Table Model Test of Building Structures
42
6. Peer Review of Tall Buildings
6.2 Shaking Table Testing Technology
43Intelligent high-rise building and structure
I have a dream…
44
ResilienceA resilient system returns to anequilibrium state after disturbance.Most resilient systems have multipleequilibrium points.
Earthquake resilient structuresA resilient structure refers tostructures that do not need to repairor only need slightly repair to restoretheir function after earthquake.
7.1 Definition
Resilient system
Earthquake resilience concept
7. Earthquake Resilience
45
7.2 Technology
Self-centering structures
Replaceablecomponents
Rockingstructures
Replaceableenergy
dissipation devices
Technologies for resilient structures
7. Earthquake Resilience
Ying Zhou, Xilin Lu. State-of-the art on rocking and self-centering structures. Journal of Building Structures in China. 32(9): 1-10, 2011.
4646
0.000 0.004 0.008 0.01202468
1012141618202224262830
N:NosaCAD软件结果A:Abaqus软件结果
楼层
层间位移角
原结构-N 耗能结构-N 原结构-A 耗能结构-A 规范限值
Plan layout of replaceable coupling beam
Connection for replaceable coupling beam
Damage contrastPerformance test Seismic response
7.3 Engineering Application—China
7. Earthquake Resilience
New construction: 29-story residential housing building in Xi’an, 2014
4747
8.1 High Performance Structure
8. Future Direction
Highperformance
material
New Material New Component New System
High performance concrete
Steel reinforced concrete column
Self-centering shear wall with replaceable feet
Highperformance component
Highperformance
system
4848
8.2 Combined Technology (Cross-disciplinary)
8. Future Direction
TMD + damperIsolation +
active control
COMBINED TECHNOLOGIES, BETTER PERFORMANCE!
Drone
Thanks!E‐mail: [email protected]