AU Update Paper

NHSMUN 2015

National High School Model United Nations

New York City | March 04-07, 2015

IMUNA International Model United Nations Association

Update Paper

NHSMUN

African Union

Shirley Wu Secretary-General

Princeton University

Lily O’Connell Director-General

University of Pennsylvania

Brody Duncan Conference Director

McGill University

Alec Guertin Director of Security

University of California, Berkeley

Jason Toney Chief of External Relations

Bard College

Laura Beltran-Rubio Chief of Staff

Parsons The New School for Design

Jinny Jung Under-Secretary General of

Administrative Affairs University of Michigan

Helen Robertson Under-Secretary General

University of Virginia

Joe Sherlock Under-Secretary General

Bowdoin College

Erin Corcoran Under-Secretary General

Harvard University

Costanza Cicero Under-Secretary General

University of Bologna

Alyssa Greenhouse Under-Secretary General

Duke University

Paula Kates Under-Secretary General

Tufts University

NHSMUN is a project of the International Model

United Nations Association, Incorporated (IMUNA). IMUNA, a not-for-profit, all

volunteer organization, is dedicated to furthering global issues education at the secondary school level.

NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL MODEL UNITED NATIONS T h e 4 1 s t A n n u a l C o n f e r e n c e • M a r c h 4 – M a r c h 7 , 2 0 1 5

February 2015

Dear Delegates, I could not be more excited to welcome you to NHSMUN 2015! My name is Eric Beeler and I am your Assistant Director for the African Union (AU). I am currently a freshman at the George Washington University, majoring in International Affairs with a concentration in International Economics and a minor in Chinese. After graduating from high school, I took a gap year to pursue Chinese language studies at Changzhou Senior High School in Jiangsu, China. This will be my first year as a NHSMUN staff member so I am just as excited as you to be in New York City and work toward finding comprehensive, implementable solutions to the topics we will cover during our committee session. We will be discussing two topics that are not only important to the member-states of the African Union, but also affect other countries beyond the African continent. For example, diamonds mined in areas of conflict will more than likely reach the hands of customers in every continent throughout the world. Chinese investment in Africa is likely to quadruple in the coming years, and the African continent is in dire need of specific framework to guide this influx of investment. Through a firm, dedicated approach to these topics, this session of the African Union will have the opportunity to make a lasting impact on world affairs. Liz Pouya and I are extremely eager to meet each and every one of you. Please do not hesitate to approach us with questions, whether they relate to the upcoming conference or NHSMUN rules in general. I encourage all NHSMUN delegates to take this incredible opportunity to create new friendships, develop a new understanding of world issues, and enjoy a week in one of the world’s most vibrant cities! Sincerely, Eric Beeler Assistant Director, AU @NHSMUN_AU

National High School Model United Nations 2015 AU

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TOPIC A: CHINESE INVESTMENT IN AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT

UPDATE PAPER

Current-day statistics inform us that Chinese investment in Africa’s development has continued to increase in the recent months. According to Chinese Primer Li Keqiang, who toured Africa in the summer of 2014, trade between China and Africa is once again expected to double between 2014 and 2020. Keqiang projects that Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) to the African continent will quadruple, nearing USD 100 billion.1 In response to such a massive influx of Chinese financial investment, immigration, and influence over the African continent, national governments and private corporations within African have begun adopting new, innovative approaches for managing such influence. In early November, Standard Bank Nambia constructed a new position of Client Coverage Manager for Chinese Clientele within its Corporate and Investment Banking Department, an approach perceived by both African and Chinese nationals alike as a significant advancement in handling the influence that Chinese investors will play on the African continent.2 As the member-states of the African Union seem to acknowledge the strength and inevitability of Chinese influence over the continent, the question remains as to how far African leaders will entertain Chinese influence. The pivot towards satisfying the needs of Chinese investors was seen when President Jacob Zuma of South Africa led a high-profile delegation to China on 3 December 2014.3 Accompanying President Zuma were the Ministers of International Relations and Cooperation, Trade and Industry, Transport, Agriculture, and Finance. Chinese President Xi Jinping referred to President Zuma as “the Chinese people’s old and good friend.”4 According to a policy brief put forth in December by the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), a third of Chinese trade with the African continent in 2013 was through South Africa.5 This investment has grown exponentially in the last decade, from USD 59 million in early 2004 to over USD 5 billion in 2014. Released on 15 December 2014, the CCR referred to South Africa as the “leading recipient of investment flows from China to the African continent.” As the relationship between China and its leading investment partner, South Africa, continue to grow in magnitude, many have begun to criticize the South African government for “kowtowing”, acting in an excessively subservient

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Denise Leung and Lihuan Zhou. "Where Are Chinese Investments in Africa Headed?" World Resources Institute, 15 May 2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/05/where-are-chinese-investments-africa-headed. 2 George Mpofu, "Standard Bank Prepares Specialized Unit To Manage Growing Chinese Investments In Africa," Ventures Africa, 14 November 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://www.ventures-africa.com/2014/11/standard-bank-prepares-specialized-unit-to-manage-growing-chinese-investments-in-africa/. 3 Mabe, Moeletsi. "JZ, Ministers to Visit China on Investment Drive," Times LIVE, 28 November 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2014/11/28/jz-ministers-to-visit-china-on-investment-drive. 4 Tiezzi, "South Africa Prevents Dalai Lama From Attending Nobel Peace Summit," The Diplomat, 6 September 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/south-africa-prevents-dalai-lama-from-attending-nobel-peace-summit/. 5 Dawn Nagar and Rosaline Daniel, "Regional Integration Is the Key to Africa's Prosperity," Business Day, 15 December 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://www.ccr.org.za/index.php/media-release/in-the-media/newspaper-articles/item/1270-regional-integration.


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manner, to Chinese demands. As an organization tasked with simultaneously defending the territorial integrity of African nations and promoting sustainable economic development, the African Union must act in such a way that can manage both productive business trade and continental independence. The ability of the Western world to influence Africa’s political and economic atmosphere seems to be dwindling as China steps-up as one of the most significant players in the African economy. A recent article released by the Brooking Institute pointed to United States President Barack Obama’s first official visit to Africa and the coordination of the first African Leaders Summit in August 2014 as the beginning of “the battle for Africa”.6 In terms of strategy, the United States has held historic relations with three “strategic trading partners” in Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola. The country of Angola has seen Chinese trade surpass the United State’s relatively trivial investment of USD 10.2 billion to USD 37.5 billion, according to figures from the Chinese embassy.7 With decreasing economic investment in the African region, the United States has begun to assume a back-seat approach in regards to African affairs.8 As the influence of the United States seems to decline in these countries, recent global speculation has pointed to France as a possible investment partner for the Chinese government.9 In the past two and a half years, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius has visited China eight times, a record for any French foreign minister. The cordial relations are an important reason why China would rather invest jointly with France than with any other Western country that has previously colonized Africa. Members of the African Union should take note of this possible Sino-French economic collaboration because of France’s colonial ties with the African region and what this might indicate for possible future economic and political motives throughout the continent.10 In the past few years, Chinese investment in overseas agriculture and land leases have steadily increased in agriculturally-based African economies, specifically in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia.11 On 16 December 2014, Chinese state-owned conglomerate Chinese International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) pledged to invest USD 5 billion starting in early-2015 in agriculture in addition to leasing over 20,000 hectares of land in Angola.12 This agricultural investment is not exclusive to Angola, as Chinese investors have seen a multitude of African countries as having a potentially valuable wealth of land, such as Tanzania and Malawi. In Mozambique particularly, a corporation based in northern China recently invested USD 250 million

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 Jonathan Meaney, "U.S.-China: Battle for Africa Comes to Fore in Angola," The Worldfolio, 2 December 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/US-China-Battle-for-Africa-comes-to-fore-in-Angola/3472/. 7 Katarina Kobylinski, "Chinese Investment in Africa: Checking the Facts and Figures," Association for International Affairs 7 (2014): 9, accessed 27 December 2014. http://www.academia.edu/1798405/Chinese_Investment_in_Africa_C hecking_the_Facts_and_Figures. 8 Ibid. 9 Wong Ling, "How China And France Plan To Cash In Together In Africa." WorldCrunch, 3 December 2014, accessed 26 December 2014, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/how-china-and-france-plan-to-cash-in-together-in-africa/xi-jinping-peugeot-citroen-gdp-investment-commerce/c2s17615/. 10 Ibid. 11 Loro Horta, "In Seeking to Feed Itself, China Can Make Sure Others Are Well Fed Too," South China Morning Post, 20 December 2014, accessed December 27, 2014, http://www.scmp.com/comment/insightopinion/article/1665521/seeki ng-feed-itself-china-can-make-sure-others-are-well-fed. 12 Ibid.


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in a single rice farm within the Gaza province.13 Although many African countries have seen these recent agricultural purchases and investments as mere land grabs for future investment security, Lora Horta (a consultant for the United Nations Regional Centre for East Asia Forum) asserts, “China's long-term strategy may be to boost Africa's capability to produce agricultural surplus, both addressing the continent's chronic food shortages and China's demand for imported food.”14 Delegates should take note of this as a possible collaborative opportunity to facilitate Chinese investment while also addressing pressing humanitarian concerns throughout the continent. One of the leading developments in the recent months is China’s commitment of 700 combat troops to South Sudan, what many international analysts have dubbed as a significant shift in China’s stated policy of non-interference in African conflicts.15 In regards to this matter, prominent journalist Richard Poplak of the Guardian Daily News stated: “This does seem to announce a new era in the way China is engaging with Africa. It runs contrary to China’s foreign policy of, ‘We don’t interfere’. It’s an enormous renunciation of that.”16 According to China’s Xinhua news agency, 180 peacekeepers will be deployed to South Sudan in January and the remainder will be deployed by mid-March.17 Following these unprecedented announcements, questions have emerged as to whether these aggressive steps by Chinese authorities have been taken as a response to the human rights conflicts occurring in South Sudan or in concern to the reduction of oil production by one-third due to ongoing civil conflict. China has been notably active in West Africa with sending medical aid workers to take action in the fight against the recent Ebola epidemic plaguing the continent. On 25 December 2014, the Chinese military’s central medical unit surprised the world by announcing that they have developed potential vaccines and begun human trials to test its effectiveness against the Ebola virus. This announcement followed the deployment of nearly 300 Chinese medical personnel to Sierra Leone and Liberia to help control the epidemic that has been occurring since early September 2014.18 Despite claims by Chinese leaders that such aid is completely selfless and altruistic, delegates should consider the possible multi-dimensional agenda of these actions. In response to these recent humanitarian measures taken by China, delegates should keep in mind that policies will differ from state to state as varying countries have different socio-economic standings and infrastructural development needs. On 4 December 2014, China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Department of African Affairs Director-General Lin Song Tian released the name of three African countries that will act as a focal point and model for future Chinese investment programs on the continent: Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Mozambique.19 According to Director-General Lin, these countries have both, “sound laws and regulations for [Chinese] investments.” In November, a Global Microscope 2014 study put forth by !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 David Smith, "China to Send 700 Combat Troops to South Sudan," The Guardian, 23 December 2014, accessed 27 December 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/23/china-700-combat-troops-south-sudan-africa-battalion-un-peacekeeping. 16 Ibid. 17 Yang Yi, "China Sends First Infantry Battalion for UN Peacekeeping," Xinhua English, 22 December 2014, accessed 27 December 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-12/22/c_133871006.htm. 18 Ibid. 19 Abdeul Elinaza, "China Picks Tanzania as Investment Model," DailyNews Tanzania, 4 December 2014, accessed 27 December 2014, http://www.touch.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/38969-china-picks-tanzania-as-investment-model.


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the Economic Intelligence Unit listed the Republic of Tanzania as having the most conducive environment for the delivery of financial services at afforable costs to the general public and the acceptance foreign investment in Sub-Saharan Africa.20 The report showed that the nations of Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Mozambique had some of the most practical and forward-looking regulatory frameworks (tax structures and government regulations) on the continent, citing the Bank of Tanzania as a model case.21 Delegates should be aware that such frameworks promote strong global financial cooperate and are especially advantageous for foreign investments. As Chinese interests in Africa continue to grow in complexity over time, policy responses to such foreign investment by national governments will unquestionably differ. China continues to grow as an actor in the African region through development aid, which some African nations lower on the socio-economic spectrum cannot afford to refuse. Delegates are encouraged to look at recent investments in their country and subsequent Chinese financial agendas in order to best develop solutions that strengthen Africa’s ability to grow as a partner with China, rather than depend on its sizable investments.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20 Leo Abruzzese, Romina Bandura, and Jimena Serrano, "The Enabling Environment for Financial Inclusion," Global Microscope 1, no. 2014 (2014): 85. 21 Ibid.


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TOPIC B: CONFLICT INTRODUCED BY THE BLOOD DIAMOND SUPPLY CHAIN

UPDATE PAPER

While the internationally accepted KP certification system has seen over ten different nations as its respective Chair, KP has faced increasing criticism in recent years.22 Critics such as Professor Gavin Hilson of the Diamond Development Initiative, a multinational non-governmental organization (NGO) that monitors the diamond trade, have claimed that the KP has been suffering from “endemic problems” in the recent months.23 Following the end of 2015, one majorly divisive point of contention of the KP was that of inconsistent leadership, holding national governments and institutions accountable for safeguarding that all imported diamonds are ethically sourced. A prominent flaw in the KP is that countries that lack good governance seem to hinder its successful implementation. The irony of this is that usually the countries absent of just leadership to begin with are the ones most actively involved in the conflict diamond trade.24 Thus, it is difficult to rely on the KP being implemented into national law from within a corrupt country’s borders. Despite these concerns, recent reports seem to indicate that the United States and the delegations of the European Union have eager support for Angola’s presidency of the Kimberley Process, which began in January 2015.25 Angola is slated for a one-year term of leadership, which follows the prior presidency of the People’s Republic of China. Angola is one of the world’s leading diamond producing countries, exporting nearly USD 960 million worth of diamonds between January and September 2014.26 2014 in particular saw a rise in nearly one hundred million dollars from last year’s export value of nearly USD 860 million.27 With these recent increases in production, Angola is on track to beat its annual diamond exports of USD 1.17 billion in 2013.28 14 November 2014 marked the official date of transition to the Angola-led presidency of the Kimberley Process in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, marking the fifteenth presidency of the Kimberley Process.29 Due to an annual disruption of leadership and a lack of a consistent central governing authority, countries often find the lasting improvement of KP to be difficult to both implement and uphold. US Acting Representative at the United Nations General Assembly, Carol Leslie Hamilton specifically mentioned looking forward to collaboration with Angola on “the boosting of cooperation between the civil society and the mining industry, as well as the need to broaden the

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!22 Brenna Daldorph, "Africa - Blood Diamonds: Is the Flow Being Stemmed?" France 24, 6 January 2014, accessed 28 December 2014, http://www.france24.com/en/20140609-blood-diamonds-kimberley-process-conflict/. 23 Ibid. 24 Ian Smillie, "Blood Diamonds and Non-State Actors," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 46, no. 4 (2014) 25 "Angola: UN - EU and USA Satisfied With Angola's Presidency of Kimberley Process," AllAfrica News, 15 December 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201412153159.html. 26 Joe Brock, "Angola Jan-Sept Diamond Sales Rise to $960 Mln." Reuters, 18 December 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN0JW1P120141218. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid. 29 "Angola Takes Over Presidency of Kimberley Process," AllAfrica News, 10 November 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201411101093.html.


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expression of ‘Blood Diamond’.”30 This announcement follows the recent success of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly, which approved 6 resolutions covering areas stemming from humanitarian assistance and the role of diamonds in armed conflicts.31 Another major diamond exporting African country, Liberia, has seen a resurgence in problems stemming from the blood diamond supply chain. On 9 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) renewed sanctions on Liberia due to the lack of border security throughout the country.32 The resolution stressed the need for continued progress on security sector reform in Liberia to ensure that Liberia's military, police, and border security forces are self-sufficient, capable and adequately prepared to protect the Liberian people. Resolution 2188 specifically noted that “the transparent and effective management of natural resources is critical for Liberia's sustainable peace and security.”33 The Security Council-appointed Expert Panel's mandate was extended by 10 months to allow it to undertake several pressing tasks, including investigating and compiling a final report on implementation and on any violations of the sanctions. The final report of the Expert Panel to the UNSC is due by 1 August 2015 on the status of legislation in Liberia to assess the Government's ability to effectively monitor and control arms and border issues. The Secretary-General was asked to provide an update to the Council also by that date on progress made by Liberia's national government, specifically focusing on Liberia’s ability to promote.34 Recent months have also yet to show a decrease in the number or severity of prior diamond-induced conflicts, especially in the Central African Republic. Diamonds worth USD 24 million have been smuggled out of the Central African Republic (CAR) since the suspension of the Kimberley Process in CAR in 2013, both Seleka rebels and "anti-balaka" militia are providing security to local diamond traders, who initially pay the warring groups for safe access to diamond fields and then for ongoing protection during mining.35 International Crisis Group project director Thierry Vircoulon argued, “the Central African Republic is the new epicenter for the blood diamond supply chain.”36 With the traditional government deprived of diamond revenue, the transition towards an election in addition to UN peacekeeping is seen to be in urgent need of support.37 In an effort to prevent the Central African Republic from enduring the same conflict as Sierra Leone, Liberia and other blood diamond countries, International Crisis Group Director Thierry

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!30 "UNGA 69 Opening Highlights Climate Summit, Responsibility for Post-2015 Agenda," Sustainable Development Policy & Practice, 16 September 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://sd.iisd.org/news/unga-69-opening-highlights-climate-summit-responsibility-for-post-2015-agenda/. 31 Ibid. 32 "Liberia: Security Council Adopts Resolution 2188 (2014) Renewing Liberia Sanctions for Nine Months, With View to Lifting Them," AllAfrica News, 11 December 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/20 1412111073.html. 33 "UN Security Council Resolution 2188 (2014)," The United Nations Security Council, 9 December 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2188%20(2014). 34 "Liberia: UN Security Council Renews Sanctions On Liberia," AllAfrica News, 12 December 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://allafrica.com/stories/201412120603.html. 35 Martin Creamer, "Central African Republic New 'Blood Diamond' Hub," Republic of Mining, 18 November 2014, accessed 29 December 2014, http://www.republicofmining.com/2014/11/18/central-african-republic-new-blood-diamond-hub-by-martin-creamer-miningweekly-com-november-18-2014/. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid.


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Vircoulo insisted, “authority over the mining areas needs to be re-established.”38 A lack of government control over the major mining areas only improves the financial backings of dangerous rebels and furthers the disparity in leadership of the legitimate national government. The Katanga province, which is understood to be the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s main mining province, has recently witnessed key issues surrounding local leadership elections. The DRC government will need an estimated USD 800 million to stage the scheduled election, an amount which is approximately equivalent to 10% of the DRC’s national budget.39 Delegates should be aware of the potential financial implications if legitimate government authority is not rapidly established over rebel-controlled mines as this could continue to fund rebel operations throughout the country. In recent times, the African Union has noticed a resurfacing of conflict in once-calm regions. After a relatively quiet several years, the civil war in the Congo has ramped up once again.40 The Rwandan-backed M23 militia was sweeping through the eastern provinces; warlords engaged in mass rape and murder while seizing control of the diamond trade and eastern Congo’s profitable coltan mines.41 Millions of civilians were displaced in a shockingly poor and undeveloped state, while hundreds of militias competed for control of land. In what looked like a replay of past humiliations in Bosnia and Rwanda, M23 conquered even the city of Goma, where the UN had built a headquarters and massive peacekeeping operation. These developments demonstrate to the international community that despite UN forces and international regulations working to keep the peace, the conflict in Africa seems to continue and the Kimberley Process has yet to achieve meaningful impacts in a number of conflict-ridden African countries, namely Liberia, the Central African Republic, and the Congo.42 As the conflict induced by the blood diamond supply chain throughout the continent of Africa surges once again, delegates should be prepared to address any recent updates to the Kimberley Process as well as its notable flaws and loopholes. Delegates should also be aware of the sensitive situation occurring in Liberia, the Central African Republic, and the Congo, in order to find solutions that could prove to be more effective than the international status quo.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!38 Martin Creamer, "Central African Republic New ‘blood Diamond’ Hub," Mining Weekly, 18 November 2014, accessed 30 December 2014, http://www.miningweekly.com/article/ungoverned-central-african-republic-is-new-blood-diamond-country-2014-11-18. 39 Jeff Best, "Katanga Mining Announces 2014 First Quarter Results and Election of Directors," PR Newswire Company, 15 May 2014, accessed 30 December 2014, http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1356255/katanga-mining-announces-2014-first-quarter-results-and-election-of-directors. 40 "Inter-ethnic Conflict Racks Congo's Mining Heartland," Daily Times, 1 December 2014, accessed 30 December 2014, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/01-Dec-2014/inter-ethnic-conflict-racks-congo-s-mining-heartland. 41 Ibid. 42 Sudarsan Raghavan, "Obama’s Conflict Minerals Law Has Destroyed Everything, Say Congo Miners," The Guardian, 2 December 2014, accessed 31 December 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/02/conflict-minerals-law-congo-poverty.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

TOPIC A

Abruzzese, Leo, Romina Bandura, and Jimena Serrano. "The Enabling Environment for Financial Inclusion." Global Microscope 1, no. 2014 (2014): 85.azs

This journal publication emphasizes Africa’s capabilities to be more conducive to foreign investment. Cohen, Mike, Rene Vollgraaff, and Yinka Ibukun. "Booming African Lion Economies Gear Up to

Emulate Asians." Bloomberg. 4 August 2014. This business report focuses on the recent, rapid economic development seen in many African countries. Corcoran, Bill. "China Trades Investment for Resources in Africa." Irish Times. 2 December 2014. This article examines Chinese ambitions towards the purchase of African natural resources. Elinaza, Abduel. "China Picks Tanzania as Investment Model." DailyNews Tanzania. 4 December 2014.

Accessed 27 December 2014. http://www.touch.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/38969-china-picks-tanzania-as-investment-model.

This article explores the announcement by Chinese leaders that Tanzania will serve as an investment model for future African endeavors. Horta, Loro. "In Seeking to Feed Itself, China Can Make Sure Others Are Well Fed Too." South China

Morning Post. 20 December 2014. Accessed 27 December 2014. http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1665521/seeking-feed-itself-china-can-make-sure-others-are-well-fed.

This Chinese-leaning opinions article seeks to prove that Chinese investment is actually in good faith for the recipient. Kobylinski, Katarina. "Chinese Investment in Africa: Checking the Facts and Figures." Association for

International Affairs 7 (2014): 9. Accessed 27 December 2014. http://www.academia.edu/1798405/Chinese_Investment_in_Africa_Checking_the_Facts_and_Figures.

This published academic document provides facts and figures on Chinese investment in Africa. Leung, Denise, and Lihuan Zhou. "Where Are Chinese Investments in Africa Headed?" World

Resources Institute. 15 May 2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/05/where-are-chinese-investments-africa-headed.

This is an interactive article that details China’s investment opportunities in Africa and its future trajectory according to economists at the World Resources Institute. Li, Sean. "Guest Post: Chinese Troops in Africa: Protecting Civilians and Oil," Council on Foreign

Relations, 2014. http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2014/12/02/guest-post-chinese-troops-in-africa-protecting-civilians-and-oil/.

This article examines possible ulterior motives for Chinese peacekeeping troops in Africa.


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Ling, Wong. "How China And France Plan To Cash In Together In Africa." WorldCrunch. 3 December 2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/how-china-and-france-plan-to-cash-in-together-in-africa/xi-jinping-peugeot-citroen-gdp-investment-commerce/c2s17615/

This article explores the possible room for collaboration between China and France in African development. Mabe, Moeletsi. "JZ, Ministers to Visit China on Investment Drive." Times LIVE. 28 November

2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2014/11/28/jz-ministers-to-visit-china-on-investment-drive.

This press release announces the upcoming South African economic delegation to China and provides a brief analysis on its significance. Meaney, Jonathan. "U.S.-China: Battle for Africa Comes to Fore in Angola." The Worldfolio. 2

December 2014. Accessed December 26, 2014. http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/US-China-Battle-for-Africa-comes-to-fore-in-Angola/3472/.

This article takes a two-sided approach to discuss the issue of foreign predominance in African, specifically between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China. Mpofu, George. "Standard Bank Prepares Specialized Unit To Manage Growing Chinese

Investments In Africa." Ventures Africa. 24 November 2014. Accessed December 262014. http://www.ventures-africa.com/2014/11/standard-bank-prepares-specialized-unit-to-manage-growing-chinese-investments-in-africa/.

This article announces the recent appointment of a Chinese Client Coverage Manager by the Standard Bank Nambia. Nagar, Dawn, and Rosaline Daniel. "Regional Integration Is the Key to Africa's Prosperity." Business Day. 15

December 2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://www.ccr.org.za/index.php/media-release/in-the-media/newspaper-articles/item/1270-regional-integration.

This study by the Centre for Conflict Resolution offers insight into the opportunity for African leaders to argue the case for Africa as a crucial destination for global investment. Smialek, Jeanna, and Jeff Kearns. "Africa Is a Chess Board Again as US and China Face off." Business

Report. 18 November 2014. This report dives into the specific role that African plays in the relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Smith, David. "China to Send 700 Combat Troops to South Sudan." The Guardian. 23 December

2014. Accessed 27 December 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/23/china-700-combat-troops-south-sudan-africa-battalion-un-peacekeeping.

This press release detailed China’s decision to send combat troops into South Sudan. Tiezzi, Shannon. "South Africa Prevents Dalai Lama From Attending Nobel Peace Summit." The

Diplomat. 6 September 2014. Accessed 26 December 2014. http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/south-africa-prevents-dalai-lama-from-attending-nobel-peace-summit/.


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This article critically analyzes the decision of the South African government to deny the Dalai Lama an entry visa, as well as the possible political ramifications of such a decision. Yi, Yang. "China Sends First Infantry Battalion for UN Peacekeeping." Xinhua English. 22 December

2014. Accessed 27 December 2014. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-12/22/c_133871006.htm.

This official Chinese government press release details the logistics of Chinese peacekeeping involvement in South Sudan. Zhang, Yi Qian. "China, Morocco Discuss Travel Ties, Investments to African Country." Global

Times. 30 November 2014. This newspaper article examines Chinese investment negotiations with Morocco on behalf of the greater continent.

TOPIC B

"Angola: UN - EU and USA Satisfied With Angola's Presidency of Kimberley Process." AllAfrica News. 15 December 2014. Accessed 29 December 2014. http://allafrica.com/stories/201412153159.html.

This press release announces EU and US satisfaction with the Angolan presidency of the Kimberley Process. "Angola Takes Over Presidency of Kimberley Process." AllAfrica News. 10 November 2014.

Accessed 29 December 2014. http://allafrica.com/stories/201411101093.html. This press release announces Angola as 2015’s Chair of the Kimberley Process. Best, Jeff. "Katanga Mining Announces 2014 First Quarter Results and Election of Directors." PR

Newswire Company. 15 May 2014. Accessed 30 December 2014. http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1356255/katanga-mining-announces-2014-first-quarter-results-and-election-of-directors.

This press release overviews the facts and figures of the Katanga Mining Company. Brock, Joe. "Angola Jan-Sept Diamond Sales Rise to $960 Mln." Reuters. 18 December 2014. Accessed

29 December 2014. http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN0JW1P120141218.

This article provides facts and figures on the Angolan diamond trade. Cambanis, Thanassis. "In Congo, Peacekeepers at War." The Boston Globe. 28 November 2014. This newspaper article looks at the peacekeeping operations in the Congo. Creamer, Martin. "Central African Republic New 'blood Diamond' Hub." Republic of Mining. 18

November 2014. Accessed 29 December 2014. http://www.republicofmining.com/2014/11/18/central-african-republic-new-blood-diamond-hub-by-martin-creamer-miningweekly-com-november-18-2014/.

This opinions article claims that the Central African Republic is the new “hub” of the blood diamond trade. Daldorph, Brenna. "Africa - Blood Diamonds: Is the Flow Being Stemmed?" France 24. 6 January

2014. Accessed December 28, 2014. http://www.france24.com/en/20140609-blood-diamonds-kimberley-process-conflict/.


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This article takes a critical perspective as to whether the Kimberley Process has truly had an effect on the elimination of conflict diamonds from international markets. Diamond World News Service, ed. "A New Hope: Zimbabwe Diamond Conference 2014." Diamond

World Magazine. 7 November 2014. This newspaper article provides an outlook for the 2014 Zimbabwe Diamond Conference. Hamaker, Paul. "Diamond Mine Shuts down for Fossil Recovery." The Examiner, 5 November 2014. This newspaper article examines the possible cultural implications of proper diamond mining. "Inter-ethnic Conflict Racks Congo's Mining Heartland." Daily Times. 1 December 2014. Accessed

30 December 2014. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/01-Dec-2014/inter-ethnic-conflict-racks-congo-s-mining-heartland.

This article provides an in-depth account of the impact that inter-ethnic violence plays in the Congo’s prominent mining regions. Isilow, Hassan. "CAR Youth Leader Blames France for Country's Crisis." News Time Africa, 2

December 2014. This newspaper article examines the root of the Central African Republic’s armed conflict from the perspective of a youth leader. Smillie, Ian. "Blood Diamonds and Non-State Actors." Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 46, no.

4 (2014): 21. This comprehensive journal article discusses the relation between blood diamonds and non-state actors in the African continent. "UNGA 69 Opening Highlights Climate Summit, Responsibility for Post-2015 Agenda." Sustainable

Development Policy & Practice. 16 September 2014. Accessed 29 December 2014. http://sd.iisd.org/news/unga-69-opening-highlights-climate-summit-responsibility-for-post-2015-agenda/.

This policy statement provides an overview of the conclusions of the UNGA 69th session. "Liberia: Security Council Adopts Resolution 2188 (2014) Renewing Liberia Sanctions for Nine

Months, With View to Lifting Them." AllAfrica News. 11 December 2014. Accessed 29 December 2014. http://allafrica.com/stories/201412111073.html.

This press release announces recent sanctions placed on Liberia by the United Nations Security Council and provides a copy of Security Council Resolution 2188. "Liberia: UN Security Council Renews Sanctions On Liberia." AllAfrica News. 12 December 2014.

Accessed 29 December 2014. http://allafrica.com/stories/201412120603.html. This press release announces recent sanctions placed on Liberia by the United Nations Security Council. It also provides some details regarding how exactly these sanctions will be implemented. Raghavan, Sudarsan. "Obama’s Conflict Minerals Law Has Destroyed Everything, Say Congo

Miners." The Guardian. 2 December 2014. Accessed 31 December 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/02/conflict-minerals-law-congo-poverty.


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This article explores upon the possible economic repercussions of US diamond policy on small mining operations in the Congo. "Rebels Retain Control of Rich Mine in Central African Republic." Big News Network. 21

November 2014. Accessed 2 December 2014. This newspaper article looks at the ongoing rebel control of mining operations in the Central African Republic.

Documents

AU Update Paper