ATTITUDESLearning Objectives:

1) Understand the nature andorigin of attitudes.

2) Explore the influences of attitudeson sporting performance and lifestyle.

5 min starter:

What are your attitudes towards these athletes?

What do you think these athletes’ attitudes are?WHY?

ATTITUDES IN SPORTATTITUDE:

A pre-disposition (mixture) of beliefs or feelings or behaviours towards an attitude (object, something, someone).

• a combination of beliefs and feelings about :– objects– people– situations– (called attitude objects)

• this predisposes us to behave in a certain way towards them

• learned or organised through experience (Bandura.......??)

• evaluative• they lead us to think and behave positively or negatively• about an attitude object

• tend to be deep seated• and enduring• but can change or be changed (Bandura.......??)

Attitudes

What are your attitudes towards these athletes?

What do you think these athletes’ attitudes are?

WHY?Beliefs and feelings towards.....

Learned through ......... ExperiencesBehave positively/ negatively because.....

How do others behave towards them/you??

Either for you OR one of the athletes pictured, re-think

your starter Q.

PREJUDICE AND SPORT STEREOTYPESNEGATIVE STEREOTYPES • women in strength, endurance and

contact sports

• participation of the disabled in physical activity

• older age groups interest and ability at sport

• participation of particular ethnic groups in specific sports or positions within teams

• examples : – the black quarterback in American

Football– the black sprinter– the white skier / swimmer

Attitudes

PREJUDICE• a prejudgement of a person,

group, or situation• usually based on inadequate

information• or inaccurate or biased

information• which reinforces stereotypes

• example : – women are often excluded

from male dominated sports clubs or events

POSITIVE STREOTYPES• Favouritism

FORMATION OF ATTITUDES

Attitudes

FOR M ATI ON OFATTI TUD ES

friendsm edia

prejudice

pastexperiences

teacherscoaches

peers

fam ily

Socialisation:Interaction with others that

may modify behaviour.

Culture:• religion

• race• peer groups• social class

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TO SPORT

POSITIVE ATTITUDES• has a positive physical self-

concept• satisfaction from participation in

sport• believe sport promotes health• success at sport• willing to try new activities• encouraged by significant others• participates regularly• opportunity to participate

Attitudes

NEGATIVE ATTITUDES• had negative experiences at

sport• have lifestyle which makes

regular sport difficult• find sport frustrating• lack encouragement• unlikely to participate in sport• have a negative self concept• find sport boring

COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE - THE TRIADIC MODEL

Attitudes

ATTI TUD Eto regular exercise

COGNI TI VEknow ledge and beliefs

exam ple : fitness trainingkeeps m e fit

BEHAVI OURALintended behaviour

exam ple : I attend trainingsessions regularly

AFFECTI VEfeelings and em otions

exam ple : I enjoy training

Exam Q’s• Jan 2011

Having a good attitude towards sport or physical activities is often regarded as important for success and to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Identify what is meant by an attitude and describe the components of attitudes that young people might have towards sport and health.

[4]

• Specimen

Identify the cognitive, affective and behavioural components of a positive attitude towards participation in sport and towards following an active and healthy lifestyle.

Identify the influences that might affect such an attitude.

[5]

Jan 2011

Specimen

ATTITUDE CHANGE BY PERSUASION AND COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION• the person must

– pay attention– understand– accept– retain– the message being given

• the coach must– be expert– be trustworthy

• the message must– be clear– be unambiguous– be balanced between emotion and

logic– be balanced between pros and

cons

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE• the person must

– be consistent between• cognitive• affective• behavioural components

• the person must be consistent between different elements

• cognitive dissonance occurs hence attitudes must change

– if two factual elements of attitude conflict

– example : the smoker who knows that smoking is bad for health

Attitudes

MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDESBY OBSERVATION• related to actual events as they are

happening• difficult to quantify or measure• open to interpretation by observer

USING PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS• indicators such as

– blood pressure– skin conductivity– brain activity (ECG)

• can be interpreted to indicate telling the truth

– about an attitude object• measurable• independent of observer• but takes a long time to set up

requiring special apparatus

QUESTIONNAIRES• only as good as the questions asked• measurable using

– Thurstone scale– Likert scale– Osgood’s Semantic Differential

Scale

Attitudes

Guttman Scaling

                      

                    

                                                     

Thurstone Scaling

General Scalinghttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scalgen.php